HR and Technology

2. DBMS
Database Management System

3.  A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application
that interacts with the user, other applications, and the database itself to
capture and analyze data.
 It is a collection of programs that enables you to store, modify, and extract
information from a database.
DBMS
A database is an organized collection of data.
Example of DBMS Software: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle

4. Sample Flow Diagram of DBMS

5.  Chance of Missing Documents
 If someone accidentally puts a file in the wrong place, or takes a file out of a
cabinet and forgets to put it back, it can lead to lost data or the creation of
additional copies of files. Sometimes documents may sitting on the wrong desk,
which leads to remove it from office.
Limitations of maintaining records
using paper based filing system

6.  Can be destroyed easily
 paper files can be lost in fires and floods
Limitations of maintaining records
using paper based filing system

7.  Sharing Difficulties
 Paper-based filing systems allow paper documents to reside in
only one place at a time. To share documents, office workers
often needs to copy it multiple times.
Limitations of maintaining records
using paper based filing system

8.  Security Issues
 It is hard to keep track of who has used or copied which paper documents. Paper
documents are often maintained with very low security control. Your company risks
leaking critical information to unauthorized personnel
Limitations of maintaining records
using paper based filing system

9.  Slow and time consuming retrieving system
 One of the primary disadvantages of traditional file systems is the time it takes to access data.
It can take minutes if not hours to locate a few files in a large paper filing system.
Limitations of maintaining records
using paper based filing system

10.  Storage problem
 It needs huge physical space to store paper documents.
Limitations of maintaining records
using paper based filing system
 High Cost
 Company needs to consider huge space for manual data
maintenance which is costly directly (rent space) or as an
opportunity cost (space for production floor, sitting arrangement)
or both. Maintenance cost such as pest control is high for paper
based filing system.

11. Digital Firm
 The Digital Firm is a general term for organizations that have enabled core
business relationships with employees, customers, suppliers, and other
external partners through digital networks
 Advantage:
 Operate business 24 hours ("Time Shifting“)
 Operate business in a global workplace ("Space Shifting")
 Adapt business strategies to meet market demands
 Create business value from technology investments
 Drive efficiency improvements in inventory and supply chain
 Enhance the management of customer relationships
 Improve organizational productivity

12. Digital Firm

13. Internet
 The Internet, sometimes called simply "the Net," is a worldwide system of
computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one
computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other
computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers). Today,
the Internet is a public, cooperative and self-sustaining facility accessible to
hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Physically, the Internet uses a
portion of the total resources of the currently existing public
telecommunication networks. The most widely used part of the Internet is the
World Wide Web (often abbreviated "WWW" or called "the Web"). Using the
Web, one can have access to billions of pages of information. The Internet has
continued to grow and evolve over the years of its existence. The Internet has
no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies
for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own policies.

14. Internet
 World Wide Web browser software, such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer, Mozilla
Firefox, Opera, Apple's Safari, and Google Chrome, lets users navigate from one
web page to another via hyperlinks embedded in the documents. These
documents may also contain any combination of computer data, including
graphics, sounds, text, video, multimedia and interactive content that runs while
the user is interacting with the page. Client-side software can include animations,
games, office applications and scientific demonstrations. Through keyword-driven
Internet research using search engines like Yahoo! and Google, users worldwide
have easy, instant access to a vast and diverse amount of online information.
Compared to printed media, books, encyclopedias and traditional libraries, the
World Wide Web has enabled the decentralization of information on a large
scale.
 The Web has also enabled individuals and organizations to publish ideas and
information to a potentially large audience online at greatly reduced expense and
time delay. Publishing a web page, a blog, or building a website involves little
initial cost and many cost-free services are available.

15. HRIS
 A human resource information system (HRIS) is an information system or
managed service that provides a single, centralized view of the data that a
human resource management (HRM) or human capital management (HCM)
group requires for completing Human Resource (HR) processes.
 Features of HRIS software
 Applicant tracking and recruitment
 Training and development tracking
 Risk management
 Payroll
 Flexible-benefits administration
 Succession planning
 Time and attendance tracking
 Financial planning and analytics
 Turnover reporting
 Compliance reporting and assistance
 Accident reporting and prevention.

16. Information System
 Information system is an academic study of systems with a specific reference
to information and the complementary networks of hardware and software
that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and also
distribute data. Information Systems are composed in three main portions,
hardware, software and communications with the purpose to help identify
and apply information security industry standards.
 Information system helps HRIS software collects data’s of HR activities of the
organization which is most essential to run the software effectively. Any
wrong data provided by the information system to HRIS software will result in
end up showing wrong information by the HRIS software.

17. ICT and HRM
 ICT acts as a tool for HRM Managers to implement and enforce Policies.
 Automating existing work practices
 Exploring new ways of structuring work processes
 Paperless office
 Disaster Recovery
 Time Attendance Monitoring & Enforcement
 Eliminating errors in salary payments (Payrolls)
 Better Inventory Management
 Data Banks for efficient organizational growth and planning
 Eliminating the boundaries separating the various parts of the organization located in different centers

18.  Automating existing work practices
 Few staff accomplishing more work
 Optimum utilization of staff
 Timely and efficient delivery of products and services
 Doing more in short time
 Reducing administrative costs
 reduced human or machine error
 Exploring new ways of structuring work processes
 F Making work less tedious
 Reducing workload
 Standardization of HR process
 Virtual organizations Tele working &Telecommuting
ICT and HRM

19.  Paperless Office
 Reduction of paper handling and error- prone manual processes
 Reduction of paper storage
 Reduction of lost documents
 Faster access to information
 Online access to information that was formerly available only on paper, microfilm,
or microfiche
 Improved control over documents and document -oriented processes
 Streamlining of time -consuming business processes
 Security over document access and modification
Disaster Recovery
provides an easy way to back up documents for offsite storage and disaster recovery providing failsafe
archives and an effective disaster recovery strategy. Paper is a bulky and expensive way to backup records
and is vulnerable to fire, flood, vandalism, theft and other ‘Acts of God’
ICT and HRM

20.  Time Attendance
A time and attendance system can reduce errors in enforcement of an organization’s attendance
policies.
 Accurate pay and award interpretation
 Reduce payroll errors
 Reduced Administration
 Reduce Absenteeism
 Inventory
An automated inventory system can help reduce internal theft and keep track of assets used by
employees
ICT and HRM

21.  DataBank
Data bank is a repository of information on one or more subjects that is organized in a way that
facilitates local or remote information retrieval. This can be used for storing staff profiles and
generating reports.
ICT and HRM

22. Management Information System (MIS)
 MIS is system of collecting, processing, storing, disseminating and utilizing
data in the form of information needed to carry out the functions of
management. In a management information system, modern, computerized
systems continuously gather relevant data, both from inside and outside of an
organization. This data is then processed, integrated, and stored in a
centralized database (or data warehouse) where it is constantly updated and
made available to all who have the authority to access it, in a form that suits
their purpose.
Management Information System
MIS

23. DATA VS INFORMATION
Data
1. Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be
processed. Data can be something simple and
seemingly random and useless until it is
organized.
2. Data is the input language for a computer
3. Data is unprocessed facts or mere figures
4. Data does not depend on information
5. Data is not specific
6. Data is the raw material that is collected
7. Example: Each student's test score is one piece of
data.
Information
1. When data is processed, organized, structured or
presented in a given context so as to make it
useful, it is called information.
2. information is the output language for human
3. information is processed data which has been
made sense of
4. information depends on data and without it,
information cannot be processed
5. information is specific enough to generate
meaning
6. information is a detailed meaning generated from
the data.
7. Example: The average score of a class or of the
entire school is information that can be derived
from the given data.

24. Internet and Communication
 The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet
protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link billions of devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that
consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local
to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking
technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services.
 Most traditional communications media, including telephony and television, are being
reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as Internet telephony
and Internet television. Newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website
technology, or are reshaped into blogging and web feees. The entertainment industry was
initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet
 Email is an important communications service available on the Internet. The concept of
sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or
memos predates the creation of the Internet. Pictures, documents, and other files are sent as
email attachments. It has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through
VOIP, instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking.
 The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies
for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own policies.

25. Internet and Communication

26. Simplex and Duplex Communication
 Networks are designed to allow communication to occur between individual
devices that are interconnected. The flow of information, or data, between
nodes can take a variety of forms such as Simplex and Duplex.
 With simplex communication, all data flow is unidirectional: from the
designated transmitter to the designated receiver. No information is ever sent
back. Example: TV and Radio Broadcasting
Transmitter Receiver
Simplex Communication

27. Simplex and Duplex
 A Duplex communication system is a point-to-point system composed of two
connected parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both
directions. Duplex Communication can be Half Duplex or Full Duplex.
 A Half-duplex system provides communication in both directions, but only
one direction at a time (not simultaneously). Typically, once a party begins
receiving a signal, it must wait for the transmitter to stop transmitting,
before replying. An example of a half-duplex system is a two-party system
such as a walkie-talkie.
 A Full-duplex system, or sometimes called double-duplex, allows
communication in both directions, and, unlike half-duplex, allows this to
happen simultaneously. Land-line telephone networks are full-duplex, since
they allow both callers to speak and be heard at the same time, with the
transition from four to two wires being achieved by a hybrid coil in a
telephone hybrid. Modern cell phones are also full-duplex.

28. Topology
 Topology is the schematic description of a network arrangement, connecting
various nodes(sender and receiver) through lines of connection.
RING Topology
BUS Topology STAR Topology
MESH TopologyTREE Topology
HYBRID Topology

29. BUS Topology
Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to
single cable. When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is called Linear Bus topology.
Features of Bus Topology
It transmits data only in one direction.
Every device is connected to a single cable
Advantages of Bus Topology
•It is cost effective.
•Cable required is least compared to other network
topology.
•Used in small networks.
•It is easy to understand.
•Easy to expand joining two cables together.
Disadvantages of Bus Topology
•Cables fails then whole network fails.
•If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the
performance of the network decreases.
•Cable has a limited length.
•It is slower than the ring topology.
BUS Topology

30. RING Topology
It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another
computer, with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbors for each
device.
Features of Ring Topology
•A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with large number of nodes, because if
someone wants to send some data to the last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes, then
the data will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to prevent data
loss repeaters are used in the network.
Advantages of Ring Topology
•Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding more nodes, as only the
nodes having tokens can transmit data.
•Cheap to install and expand
Disadvantages of Ring Topology
•Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.
•Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity.
•Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.
RING Topology

31. STAR Topology
In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable. This
hub is the central node and all others nodes are connected to the central node.
Features of Star Topology
•Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.
•Hub acts as a repeater for data flow.
•Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fibre or coaxial cable.
Advantages of Star Topology
•Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
•Hub can be upgraded easily.
•Easy to troubleshoot.
•Easy to setup and modify.
•Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the nodes can work smoothly.
Disadvantages of Star Topology
•Cost of installation is high.
•Expensive to use.
•If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped because all the nodes depend on the hub.
•Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on its capacity
STAR Topology

32. MESH Topology
It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. All the network nodes are connected to
each other. Mesh has n(n-2)/2 physical channels to link n devices.
There are two techniques to transmit data over the Mesh topology, they are :
• Routing
• Flooding
Types of Mesh Topology
Partial Mesh Topology : In this topology some of the systems are connected in the same
fashion as mesh topology but some devices are only connected to two or three devices.
Full Mesh Topology : Each and every nodes or devices are connected to each other.
Features of Mesh Topology
•Fully connected.
•Robust.
•Not flexible.
Advantages of Mesh Topology
•Each connection can carry its own data load.
•It is robust.
•Fault is diagnosed easily.
•Provides security and privacy Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
•Installation and configuration is difficult.
•Cabling cost is more.
•Bulk wiring is required.
MESH Topology

33. TREE Topology
It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy. It is also
called hierarchical topology. It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy.
Features of Tree Topology
•Ideal if workstations are located in groups.
•Used in Wide Area Network.
Advantages of Tree Topology
•Extension of bus and star topologies.
•Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
•Easily managed and maintained.
•Error detection is easily done.
Disadvantages of Tree Topology
•Heavily cabled.
•Costly.
•If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.
•Central hub fails, network fails.
TREE Topology

34. HYBRID Topology
It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies. For
example if in an office in one department ring topology is used and in another star topology
is used, connecting these topologies will result in Hybrid Topology (ring topology and star
topology).
Features of Hybrid Topology
•It is a combination of two or topologies
•Inherits the advantages and disadvantages of the topologies included
Advantages of Hybrid Topology
•Reliable as Error detecting and trouble shooting is easy.
•Effective.
•Scalable as size can be increased easily.
•Flexible.
Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology
•Complex in design.
•Costly
HYBRID Topology

35. RDMS
 A Relational Database management System(RDBMS) is a database management system based
on relational model introduced by E.F Codd. In relational model, data is represented in terms
of tuples(rows). RDBMS is used to manage Relational database. Relational database is a
collection of organized set of tables from which data can be accessed easily. Relational
Database is most commonly used database. It consists of number of tables and each table has
its own primary key.