2. OUTLINE
• Introduction
• History
• Data Representation
• Why Quantum Computers?
• Quantum Computing Vs Conventional Computing
• Progress In Quantum Computing
• Applications
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3. INTRODUCTION
• A Quantum Computer is a machine that
performs calculations based on the laws of
quantum mechanics, which is the behavior of
particles at the sub-atomic level
• Quantum theory is the theoretical basis of
modern physics that explains the nature and
behavior of matter and energy on the atomic and
subatomic level. The nature and behavior of
matter and energy at that level is sometimes
referred to as quantum physics and quantum
mechanics
• Qubits
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4. HISTORY
1980 – Physicist Paul Benioff proposed a quantum mechanical
model of the Turing Machine.
1982 – Richard Feynman proposed the idea of creating
machines based on the laws of quantum mechanics instead of
the laws of classical physics.
1985 – David Deutsch developed the quantum turing machine, showing that
quantum circuits are universal.
1994 – Peter Shor came up with a quantum algorithm to factor very large
numbers in polynomial time.
1997 – Lov Grover develops a quantum search algorithm with o(√n) complexity
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5. • Moore’s Law is slowing down
in 2020, it is flattened out.
• Transistor cannot be made
smaller due to the laws of
Quantum Mechanics starts to
takeover, i.e. Quantum
Tunneling.
• Post Silicon Era.
WHY QUANTUM COMPUTERS?
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6. DATA REPRESENTATION - QUBIT
• A bit of data is represented by a single atom that is in one of two states
denoted by |0> and |1>. A single bit of this form is known as a qubit.
• A physical implementation of a qubit could use the two energy levels of
|1> and a ground state
excited state representing
Light pulse
of frequency
for time
interval t
State
|0>
State
|1>
Electron
an atom. An
representing |0>.
Excited
State
Ground
State
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7. • Superposition refers to the Quantum phenomenon where a Quantum
system can exist in multiple states or places at the exact same time.
DATA REPRESENTATION – SUPERPOSITION
AND ENTANGLEMENT
A qubit in superposition is in both of the states
|1> and |0 at the same time
• Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon that occurs when
pairs or groups of particles are generated, interact, or share spatial
proximity in ways such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be
described independently of the state of the others, even when the
particles are separated by a large distance.
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8. Quantum Computing Vs Conventional
Computing
• In Conventional Computing (CC), bits are used which are either on or off in a given time
but in Quantum Computing (QC), Qubits are used which follows the phenomenon of
superposition and entanglement where it is possible to be in more than one state at
time.
• Storage is based on bits in CC while in QC, it is based on Quantum Bits, i.e. Qubits.
• The circuit behavior is govern by classical physics in CC while it is govern by quantum
physics in QC.
• CMOS transistors are the basic building blocks of CC while Superconducting Quantum
Interference Devices of Quantum Transistors are the basic building block ofQC.
• Processing is done by CPU which consists of ALU, registers and control unit in CC but in
QC, processing is done by QPU which is consists of a number of interconnected Qubits.
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9. Progress In Quantum Computing
supremacy with the new google quantum computer using the sycamore
processor (53-qubit). It produces a sequence of random generated
streams in 200s while it is estimated to take 10,000 years with a current
fastest supercomputer to simulate the same result.
• IBM has an initiative called IBM Q. Since 2016, IBM has provided access to cloud based
quantum hardware. In Jan 2019, IBM unveiled the IBM Q System One CommercialQC.
• In February 2019, Microsoft Quantum Network. In May 2019, Microsoft to open source its
Quantum Development Kit, including a Q Sharp Quantum Computing programming language.
• March 2018, Alibaba launched their Superconducting Quantum ComputingCloud.
• Google is also working on quantum hardware and software. In June
2019, the power of Google’s quantum processors is increasing at a
doubly exponential rate.
• In November 2019, Google has made a major claim in quantum
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10. Applications
• Artificial Intelligence
• Cryptography
• Quantum Teleportation
• Quantum Communication
• Weather Forecasting
• Searching Databases with the help of Glover’s SearchAlgorithm
• Optimization (Mapping)
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