2. July 16, 1990; Intensity 8
1,666 dead – 3,500 injured
P11B cost of damage in property
P1.2B in agriculture
Geological Hazards
a. Earthquake
3. a. Earthquake
- An earthquake is a shaking
of the ground caused by
sudden slippage of rock masses bel
ow or at the surface
of the earth.
- It is a wave-like movement o f
the earth’s surface.
4. Preparedness and Mitigation (What t
o do before):
•Evaluate the structural soundness of school bui
ldings and important infrastructures and recom
mend for strengthening or retrofitting if found ne
cessary.
•Determine whether the school site is alo
ng the active fault and/or liquefaction or la
ndslide prone areas which may cause scho
ol building to fall;
5. •Make sure that proper structural design and
engineering practice is followed when constru
cting a school building;
•Make sure that all classrooms shall have a n
entry and exit doors to include an entry and
exit gates, both doors at swing-out mode.
•Familiarize students as well as school pers
onnel with the easiest exit or route to take
•Teach the school children on how to use fir e
extinguishers, first aid kits, alarms and emer
gency exits.
6. • Do not use the elevator during and after the ea
rthquake. Structural and power failure may lea
d you to get stranded in the elevator.
• Identify strong parts of the building like door ja
mbs, near elevator shafts, sturdy tables where
the pupils/students can take refuge during an e
arthquake.
• Prepare and maintain an earthquake survival k
it consisting of a battery-powered radio, flashlig
ht, first aid kit, potable water, candies, ready to
eat food, whistle and dust mask.
• Develop a School Earthquake Evacuation Plan.
• Conduct Orientation and Earthquake Drill.
7. •Acquire the most recent school grounds layou
t or planning to identify open spaces and deter
mine the total area of available space that can
be utilized as “area of temporary refuge” that w
ill be designated for the occupants of each sch
ool building.
•Obtain a building lay out/floor plan for each b
uilding that shows the rooms, corridors, stairca
ses and exit points.
•Conduct building watching exercise and identi
fy safe and unsafe spots inside the school gro
unds.
8. Response (What to do during):
•Stay inside a structurally sound building.
•Advise students to protect their body from fall
ing debris by bracing themselves in a doorwa
y or by getting under a sturdy desk or table.
•Pull to the side of the road and stop, when in
side a vehicle,. Do not attempt to cross bridg
es or overpasses which may have been dama
ged.
9. • Direct students to move to an open area
when they are in the outside.
• Stay away from buildings with large glass
panes.
• Move away from steep escarpments whic
h may be affected by landslides particular
ly if they are on a mountain or near a ste
ep hill slopes.
• Stay away from power lines, posts, walls,
and other structures that may fall or colla
pse
10. Rehabilitation (What to do after):
•Advise students to take the fastest and saf
est way out if caught in an old and weak cl
assroom. They should be advised to :
•Get out calmly and in an orderly manner.
Not to rush or push one another.
•Do not use elevators instead use the stair
s;
•Check themselves for cuts and for injuries
and approach the nearest teacher for assi
stance.
11. • Check the surroundings of the schools
•Call the authority to clean up chemical spills, to
xic and flammable materials since this is hazardou
s to untrained people.
• Check for fire and if any, have it controlled.
•Check the water and electrical lines for defects. If
any damage is suspected, turn the system off in
the main valve or switch.
•Help reduce the number of casualties from the e
arthquake:
•Do not enter partially damaged school buildings,
as strong aftershocks may cause these to collap
se.
12. • Gather information and disaster preventio
n instructions from battery-operated radio
s.
• Obey public safety precautions.
• Do not use your telephone to call relatives
and friends. Disaster prevention authoritie
s may need the lines for emergency calls
and communications.
• Do not use your car and drive around area
s of damage. Rescue and relief operation
s need the roads for mobility.
13. Affects the country’’s coastal areas up to four meters
above sea level. The coastal areas of southwest
Mindanao are most vulnerable
Geological Hazards
(Effect of an Earthquake)
b. Tsunami
14. TSUNAMI
- Tsunamis are giant sea w
aves generated by under-the s
ea earthquakes and volcanic er
uptions.
Not all submarine earthquakes
, however, can cause the occurrenc
e of tsunamis.
15. Preparedness and Mitigation (What t
o do before):
•Conduct school advocacy on tsunami awar
eness, preparedness and mitigation. Regula
r tsunami drills should be conducted.
•Turn on your radio to learn if there is a tsun
ami warning if an earthquake occurs and yo
u are in a coastal area.
•Assign a focal person to monitor and obser
ve the water recession after an earthquake.
16. Response (What to do during):
•CAUTION: Move away immediately, if
there is noticeable recession in water a
way from the shoreline.
•Move inland to predetermined higher g
round immediately and stay there.
•Stay away from the beach. Never go d
own to the beach to watch a tsunami co
me in. If you can see the wave you are
too close to escape it.
17. Rehabilitation (What to do after):
•Stay away from flooded and damage
d areas until officials say it is safe to r
eturn.
•Stay away from debris in the water; i
t may pose a safety hazard to boats a
nd people.
•Save yourself – not your possession
s.
21. Mt. Pinatubo
The worst volcanic eruption
of the century June 1991
800 - dead P10.6B - damage
Geological Hazards
d. Volcanic Eruption
22. d. Volcanic Eruption
Volcanic Eruption is a process wher
ein volcanic materials such as molten o
r hot fragmented rocks or gaseous mat
erials are ejected from a volcano. Haza
rds from volcanoes may be of different
nature. These hazards include flowing
of fast-moving molten rocks and other e
jected.
23. Three Phases of Strategy
1. Preparedness and Mitigation (
what to do before)
2. Response (what to do during)
3. Rehabilitation (what to do afte
r)
