This document discusses phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) technology. It begins with an introduction to the company, Magnum, which provides both conventional x-ray and advanced technologies like PAUT. It then explains that PAUT allows the direction and focus of ultrasound beams to be changed electronically using arrays of transducer elements and delay laws. Examples are given of how PAUT can be used to detect weld flaws like porosity, slag inclusions, cracks, incomplete penetration, and incomplete fusion. The document also outlines the process for certification in phased array testing.

1. PHASED ARRAY
Your NDT Solutions Provider
TECHNOLOGY
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2. INTRO
• Magnum is an NDT Solutions Provider, not just an
X-ray company.
• We have conventional X-ray as well as an Advanced
Technology Program.
• Today, we are here to talk to you about that Advanced Tech,
particularly Phased Array Technology (PAUT), and how it is
changing the way we approach safety and efficiency.
• Tommy Ellis: Director of Advanced Services

3. Midstream DownstreamUpstream

4. FEATURESOF
ULTRASONIC
TESTING

5. X-Ray Testing Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing
THE PERIMETER DIFFERENCE

6. RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING
IQI’S (IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS)
PHASED ARRAY ULTRASONIC TESTING
REFERENCE STANDARDS
RELATABLE POINTS OF REFERENCE

7. WELD FLAWS

8. Choice of 45°, 60°, or 70°
CONVENTIONAL ULTRASONICS
Surface Distance
T OR
Depth

9. Skip Distance
T
OR
V Path

10. AMPLITUDE
TIME AND DISTANCE
0%
50%
100%
A-SCAN
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11. A phased array transducer can be compared to a large single-
element transducer whose active area has been subdivided into
small segments or elements. When connected to a phased array
instrument, the direction and focus of the sound beam can be
changed on each pulse repetition by pulsing individual elements
at slightly different times or in different order.
Software known as a focal law calculator establishes specific
delay times for firing each group of elements in order to
generate the desired beam shape through wave interaction,
taking into account probe and wedge characteristics as well as
the geometry and acoustical properties of the test material.
PHASED ARRAY TRANSDUCER

12. PHASED
ARRAY
EXAMPLE

16. Porosity:Gas trapped by solidified weld metal before the gas can rise to the surface and escape the weld metal.
Creating a void in the material.
The radiographic image shows circular spots darker than the surrounding area because they will have a higher
radiographic density. (Individual, scattered and wormhole)

17. POROSITY

18. SlagInclusions:Nonmetallic materialentrapped in weld metalor between weld and base metal.
The radiographicimage shows dark jagged asymmetrical shapes within the weld or along the weld joint

19. SLAG INCLUSIONS

20. Cracks: Cracks can only be detected when they have spread in a direction that produces a change in the weld thickness that is
parallelto the x-ray beam.
The radiographicimage shows indicationsthat appear as jagged and often very faint irregular lines

21. CRACKS

22. IncompletePenetrationorLackofPenetration:Incomplete fillingofthe weldrootwhenthe weldmetal failstopenetrate the joint. High vulnerability to
cracking.
The radiographicshowsa dark area withwell-defined,straightedges that followthe rootfacedownthe center ofthe weld.
Lack of penetration

23. INCOMPLETE PENETRATION

24. IncompleteFusion:A subsurface imperfection between the fusion of the weld metal and the base metal.
The radiographic shows lines oriented in the direction of the weld seam along the weld preparation or joining
area

25. SECTORIAL SCAN WITH WELD OVERLAY

26. Road Map to certification as a
Phased Array Level II
Trainee – On-the-job with certified UT Level II (Conventional)
Classroom Theory training for Level I qualification – 40 Hours
Additional OJT with certified UT Level II – Documentation of hours
Classroom Theory training for UT Level II qualification – 40 Hours
Additional Field work with certified UT Level II – Documentation of hours
SNT-TC-1A Requirement of 840 Hours minimum in Method and 1600 Hours in NDT
Certification to UT Level II after verification of logged hours and passing a Practical exam

27. DATA DELIVERY & QC PROCESS

28. Click here to learn more about
Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing