Biology 10th Edition by Raven

1. Biological molecules
Lecture #2, Chapter 3
by John Cozza, Biology Dept.
(some material modified from Raven, Biology 9th
ed.)

2. Biological molecules outline
• Elements of life
– Functional groups
• Overview of metabolism
• Macromolecules
– Carbohydrates
– Nucleic acids
– Proteins
– Lipids

3. Biological molecules outline
• Elements of life
– Functional groups
• Overview of metabolism
• Macromolecules
– Carbohydrates
– Nucleic acids
– Proteins
– Lipids

4. Elements of life
(modified by JC)

5. Elements of life
Modified using info
from: Nielsen, F.
1984. Ultratrace
elements in
nutrition. Ann. Rev.
Nutr. 4:21-41
= form covalent bonds: biomolecules
= monoatomic ions: osmosis & transport
= trace elements*: specialized functions
* There may be others!

6. Interactive question #1
The relative amount
of iron, phosphorus,
and sodium required
in the human diet is
A.P > Fe > Na
B.P > Na > Fe
C.Fe > P > Na
D.Fe > Na > P
E.Na > Fe > P

7. Essential nutrients
• All life vs.
some species
• Criteria
– Found in cells
– Deficiency
symptoms
– Biochemical
function

8. Interactive question #2
Fluoride (F ion) is a candidate
essential nutrient in humans.
When tiny amounts are consumed
in drinking water, F binds to the
tooth enamel and has been shown
to reduce cavities. This
information is sufficient to confirm
F as an essential nutrient.
A.True
B.False

9. Elements of life: the big six
Element Symbol Atomic
number
Number of
covalent
bonds
Polarity of
bond with
carbon
Hydrogen H 1 1 Non-polar
Carbon C 6 4 Non-polar
Nitrogen N 7 3 Polar
Oxygen O 8 2 Polar
Phosphorus P 15 3-5 Polar
Sulfur S 16 2 Non-polar

10. Carbon bonding
• C – C bonding
– Chains, branches, rings
– Single, double, triple
• Hydrocarbons: C – C & C – H
– Fossil fuels
• Added functions: N, O, P, S
Chlorophyll b

11. Biological molecules outline
• Elements of life
– Functional groups
• Overview of metabolism
• Macromolecules
– Carbohydrates
– Nucleic acids
– Proteins
– Lipids

12. Functional
groups
Ethane
(hydrocarbon)

13. Functional groups

14. Interactive question #3
Which functional
group(s) does this
molecule have?
A.Amino
B.Carboxyl
C.Hydroxyl
D.(A ) and (B)
E.(B) and (C)

15. Biological molecules outline
• Elements of life
– Functional groups
• Overview of metabolism
• Macromolecules
– Carbohydrates
– Nucleic acids
– Proteins
– Lipids

16. Metabolism
food macromolecules
building
blocks
(monomers)
Small
compounds
(H2O, CO2,
NH3, etc.
structure
other biological molecules
(vitamins, defense, hormones, pigments, etc.)
Catabolism (breakdown)
Anabolism
(synthesis)
+ energy
costs
energy

17. Synthesis and hydrolysis
(in anabolism) (in catabolism)

18. Biological molecules outline
• Elements of life
– Functional groups
• Overview of metabolism
• Macromolecules
– Carbohydrates
– Nucleic acids
– Proteins
– Lipids

19. Biomolecules table:
Fill in using your book and other sources
Macromolecule How to
distinguish
Building
blocks
Examples
(add more)
Functions
Carbohydrates disaccharides
starch
cellulose
Nucleic acids ATP
DNA
RNA
Proteins enzymes
membrane
collagen
Lipids triglycerides
phospholipids
terpenes

20. Biological molecules outline
• Elements of life
– Functional groups
• Overview of metabolism
• Macromolecules
– Carbohydrates
– Nucleic acids
– Proteins
– Lipids

21. Sugars: monosaccharides

22. Isomers in sugars

23. Sugars: disaccharides
http://hasqu
estions.tumb
lr.com/

24. Interactive question #4
This reaction is an example of ______, and it
______ energy.
A.Dehydration synthesis; gives off
B.Dehydration synthesis; requires
C.Hydrolysis; gives off
D.Hydrolysis; requires

25. Starch and cellulose

26. Biological molecules outline
• Elements of life
– Functional groups
• Overview of metabolism
• Macromolecules
– Carbohydrates
– Nucleic acids
– Proteins
– Lipids

27. Nucleotides
ATP molecule
N- base
phosphate groups
ribose sugar

28. Nucleic acids
https://www.idtdna.com/pag
es/decoded/decoded-
articles/core-
concepts/decoded/2011/03/1
6/unraveling-rna-the-
importance-of-a-2'-hydroxyl
http://en.wi
kipedia.org/
wiki/DNA
RNA
DNA

29. Biological molecules outline
• Elements of life
– Functional groups
• Overview of metabolism
• Macromolecules
– Carbohydrates
– Nucleic acids
– Proteins
– Lipids

31. Amino acid
properties
• 20 regular
• Nonpolar
• Polar uncharged
• Charged
• Aromatic
• Special function

32. Essential amino acids
• 8 out of 20
• Traditional diets
– Corn, wheat, squash
(high Met)
– Beans (high Lys)
– Potatoes (balanced)

33. Amino acids and the peptide bond

34. Protein
primary
(1°)
structure
—COO-
Carboxyl end

35. Protein folding: 2° and 3° structure
2° structure

36. Hemoglobin

37. Protein structure: hemoglobin
Protein Data Bank
http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/101/motm
.do?
momID=41&evtc=Suggest&evta=Mol
David Goodsell
http://news.rutgers.edu/focus/issue.20
08-04-09.1171885477/article.2008-04-
22.6247976497/articlepage.2008-04-
22.8524051197

38. Biological molecules outline
• Elements of life
– Functional groups
• Overview of metabolism
• Macromolecules
– Carbohydrates
– Nucleic acids
– Proteins
– Lipids

39. Fatty acids
http://online.santarosa.edu/presentation/page/?48535
(MONO)
polar end

40. Are fatty foods bad for you?
African oil palm
Elaeis guineensis

41. http://www.eufic.org/article/en/nutrition/fats/artid/The-importance-of-omega-3-and-omega-6-fatty-acids/
*
*
Sources in the human diet:
- Cold water fish (salmon,
trout, tuna ,haddock,
mackerel, sardines, cod)
- Flaxseeds and flaxseed oil
- Pumpkin seeds
- Walnuts
- Canola oil
- Olive oil
Omega-3 and -6 fatty acids:
essential!

42. Fats and heart disease
Estimated changes (% with 95% confidence intervals) in risk of coronary heart
disease (CHD) associated with isocaloric dietary substitutions. Adjusted for
coronary risk factors and total energy intake.
Hu, F. et al. 2001. Types
of Dietary Fat and Risk of
Coronary Heart Disease:
A Critical Review. Am Coll
Nutr 20 (1): 5-19
SC
UC
SU
TU
(2%)
lower
risk
higher
risk

43. Interactive question #5
According to this
study, replacing
some saturated
or trans fat with
unsaturated fat
in the diet
reduces the risk
of heart disease.
A.True
B.False

44. Trans fatty acids
“partially hydrogenated
vegetable oil” = trans fat =
BAD
cis unsaturated oils = GOOD
saturated fat = ?
http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/Fat/trans.html

45. Look at the ingredients!

46. Fats and cholesterol
Hu, F. et al.
2001. Types of
Dietary Fat and
Risk of
Coronary Heart
Disease: A
Critical Review.
Am Coll Nutr
20 (1): 5-19
total
“bad”
“good”
saturated trans
long
sat
mono
unsat omega-6
higher
lower

47. Fats and oils: triglycerides
• 3 saturated or
unsaturated fatty
acids + glycerol
• Energy storage
– Fats 9 Kcal/g
– Starch 4 Kcal/g
• Average person
weighs 100 lbs.
less because of fat!
Saturated fat
______

48. Steroids
cholesterol
sex hormones bile salts
metabolic
hormones

49. Phospholipids
Polar “head”

50. Prostaglandins
• Local hormones
• Pain &
inflammation
– Aspirin &
Ibuprofen
• Blood clotting
• Smooth muscle
contraction
– Labor
http://tonga.usp.edu/gmoyna/biochem341/lecture29.html

51. Terpenes
• Plant essential
oils
• Antioxidants
• Carotenes
– Vitamin A
• Insect
pheromones
http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/m
otm/isoprene/isoprenejm.htm

52. Biological molecules summary
• Elements of life
– Functional groups
• Overview of metabolism
• Macromolecules
– Structure
– Function
Next:
• Cells