2. Marine Biology: the scientific study of the
organisms of the sea
Life on earth probably originated in the sea
Marine life helps determine the very nature of
our planet
3. Marine biology is
closely related to
oceanography,
but the two are
not synonymous
Oceanography:
the scientific
study of the
oceans
4.
5. Aristotle
◦ considered by many to be
the first marine biologist
◦ lived in the 4th century B.C.
Greece
◦ recognized many basics of
marine biology, including
that fish breathe using gills
6. James Cook
◦ one of the first explorers to make scientific
observations along the way and to include a full-
time naturalist among his crew
◦ created first dependable charts
◦ brought back plant and animal specimens
7. James Cook (cont.)
◦ one observation he made was when the crew ate
citrus fruits they did not develop scurvy
◦ today we know that scurvy is caused by a lack of
vitamin C in the diet
◦ he proved that through careful observation,
scientific discoveries can be made by non scientists
8. Charles Darwin
◦ most likely the most famous shipboard naturalist
◦ sailed around the world on the HMS Beagle for 5
years
◦ best known for his theory of evolution
9. The “Wilkes Expedition”
◦ 1838-1842 (United States Exploring Expedition)
◦ Led by Lt. Charles Wilkes of the U.S. Navy
◦ discovered at least 2,000 previously unknown
species
◦ Laid the foundation for government funding of
scientific research
10. Edward Forbes
◦ discovered many previously unknown organisms
and recognized that sea floor life at different
depths
11. The Challenger Expedition
◦ 1872-1876
◦ Led scientifically by Charles Wyville Thompson
often considered the “founder of oceanography”
◦ took 19 years and 50 volumes to publish all the
results
◦ brought back more information about the ocean
than had been previously recorded in all human
history
◦ set new standards for studying the ocean
12.
13.
14. Henri Milne Edwards and Victor Andowin
◦ French zoologists and naturalists
◦ first to study shore life and bring equipment to the
shore
15. The first U.S. marine laboratory was founded
in 1930 in Woods Hole, MA
◦ It is now called the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution
16.
17. SONAR: SOund
NAvigation Ranging
◦ developed in response to
the growing importance of
submarine warfare
◦ based on the principles of
echolocation used by
marine organisms
◦ refers to the use of sound
to discover the location
and distribution of
underwater objects or
features.
18. It can also be used to generate underwater
images and measure the speed of objects
Sound travels more efficiently through water than
it does through air, radar does not work well in
water
19.
20. Passive sonar detects sound waves given off
by objects
◦ involves listening to underwater sounds from
marine mammals, such as whales, or from
submarines or other underwater vessels
21. Passive sonar can
primarily determines the
direction of objects
Submersibles and
submarines utilize
passive sonar as it does
not reveal their location
in the water
22. With active SONAR, sound is emitted into the
ocean in short bursts or “pings” and then the
reflections are detected
23. The distance to an object is calculated from
the echo transmission and return interval and
the speed of sound in water (~ 1 mile per
second or 1.6 km/s)
24.
25.
26. Self Contained
Underwater Breathing
Apparatus
British inventor William
James made the first
scuba unit in 1825.
However, Frenchman
Jacques-Yves Cousteau
and Emile Gagnan did
not develop the
aqualung used today
until 1942.
27. A scuba diver wears metal tanks that hold
compressed air.
They supply air to the diver at the same
pressure as the surrounding water pressure.
◦ A diver uses air more quickly at deeper depths
The diver exhales used air into the water
The limit of a scuba device is commonly
considered to be 50m (160 ft)
29. “Open-circuit” scuba: The scuba equipment
most often used by amateur divers (all
nonhelmeted divers).
This consists of a compressed air tank that is
carried by the diver.
Its mouthpiece is a regulator supplying air at
normal atmospheric pressure into a face
mask. The diver exhales into the mask and
the characteristic stream of bubbles is
produced.
30.
31. “Closed-circuit”
scuba: This
apparatus involves
either pure oxygen
or an oxygen-
helium mixture.
Neither of these
techniques is safe
without extensive
training or
preparation.
35. Submersible: small,
underwater research
vessels
Two common types are
AUVs and ROVs
◦ The most famous of which
are the Alvin and the Jason
36. ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle): A robotic
device controlled from a distance that is used
to explore inhospitable environments such as
the deep sea.
AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle): A
robotic device programmed to its job
independently of direct human control that is
also used to explore inhospitable
environments such as the deep sea.
37.
38.
39. Remote sensing
technology:
technology used
to study the earth
and its oceans
from afar
track ocean
currents, animal
migration
patterns, natural
disasters
40. Research tool designed to be worn by wild
animals.
It combines video and audio recording with
collection of environmental data such as
depth, temperature, and acceleration.
41. The Crittercam was created in 1986 by marine
biologist and filmmaker Greg Marshall
A shark approached Greg during a diving trip off
Belize, then disappeared into the murk with three
quick strokes of its tail. Greg noticed a remora
clinging to the shark.
As Greg watched the shark disappear, it occurred
to him that if he could put a camera in the place
of the remora, he could see the shark's behavior
unfold without disturbing the shark.
43. These compact systems allow scientists to
study animal behavior without interference by
a human observer
44. There are a constant improvements on this
technology, including a new tracking camera
called the Shark Cam
Shark Cam - Return of Jaws - Shark
Week 2013
45. Scientific Method: The
set of procedures by
which scientists learn
about the world
◦ Scientific knowledge is
fundamentally derived
from the observation of
nature
◦ a way to check and
verify any one person’s
observations
46. Theory: refers to a hypothesis that has
passed so many tests that it is generally
accepted as true
◦ it is still subject to rejection if enough evidence
accumulates against it
◦ the scientific method still has its limitations
47.
48. Inductive reasoning draws conclusions
through the logical process of induction
Repeat specific observations can lead to
important generalizations
◦ For example, “the sun always rises in the east”
49. Deductive reasoning
uses general
premises to make
specific predictions
For example, if
organisms are made
of cells (premise 1),
and humans are
organisms (premise
2), then humans are
composed of cells
(deductive
prediction)
