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Theories of Personality in Freudian Psychoanalysis
1.
psychology CHAPTER Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White third edition theories of personality 13
2.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Learning Objectives • LO 13.1Personality from various perspectives • LO 13.2Freud’s historical views of personality • LO 13.3Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson’s modifications • LO 13.4 How does modern psychoanalytic theory differ from Freud • LO 13.5 Behavioral and social cognitive explanations of personality • LO 13.6 How humanists explain personality • LO 13.7 The history and current views of the trait perspective • LO 13.8 Biology, heredity and cultural roles in personality • LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality
3.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Personality • Personality - the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave. • Character - value judgments of a person’s moral and ethical behavior. • Temperament - the enduring characteristics with which each person is born. LO 13.1 Personality
4.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Four Perspectives in Study of Personality • Psychoanalytic • Behavioristic (including social cognitive theory) • Humanistic • Trait perspectives LO 13.1 Personality
5.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Sigmund Freud • Founder of the psychoanalytic movement in psychology. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
6.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Sigmund Freud • Europe during the Victorian age. – Men were understood to be unable to control their "animal" desires at times, and a good Victorian husband would father several children with his wife and then turn to a mistress for sexual comfort, leaving his virtuous wife untouched. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
7.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Sigmund Freud • Europe during the Victorian age. – Women, especially those of the upper classes, were not supposed to have sexual urges. – Backdrop for this theory. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
8.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Divisions of Consciousness • Preconscious mind - level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious. • Conscious mind - level of the mind that is aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
9.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Divisions of Consciousness • Unconscious mind - level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness. – Can be revealed in dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
10.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Figure 13.1 Freud’s Conception of the Personality This iceberg represents the three levels of the mind. The part of the iceberg visible above the surface is the conscious mind. Just below the surface is the preconscious mind, everything that is not yet part of the conscious mind. Hidden deep below the surface is the unconscious mind, feelings, memories, thoughts, and urges that cannot be easily brought into consciousness. While two of the three parts of the personality (ego and superego) exist at all three levels of awareness, the id is completely in the unconscious mind.
11.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Freud’s Theory: Parts of Personality • Id - part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious. – Libido - the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society’s standards for behavior. – Pleasure principle - principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
12.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Freud’s Theory: Parts of Personality • Ego - part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical. – Reality principle - principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
13.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Freud’s Theory: Parts of Personality • Superego - part of the personality that acts as a moral center. – Ego ideal - part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior. – Conscience - part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
14.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Defense Mechanisms • Psychological defense mechanisms - unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety. • Denial - psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
15.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Defense Mechanisms • Repression - psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind. • Rationalization - psychological defense mechanism in which a person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
16.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Defense Mechanisms • Projection - psychological defense mechanism in which unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feelings. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
17.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Defense Mechanisms • Reaction formation - psychological defense mechanism in which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others. • Displacement - redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
18.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Defense Mechanisms • Regression - psychological defense mechanism in which a person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations. • Identification - defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
19.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Defense Mechanisms • Compensation (substitution) - defense mechanism in which a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area. • Sublimation - channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
20.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Freud’s Theory: Stages of Personality Development • Fixation - disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage. • Psychosexual stages - five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
21.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
22.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Freud’s Theory: Stages of Personality Development • Oral stage - first stage occurring in the first year of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict. Id dominated. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
23.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Freud’s Theory: Stages of Personality Development • Anal stage - second stage occurring from about 1 to 3 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict. Ego develops. – Anal expulsive personality - a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
24.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Freud’s Theory: Stages of Personality Development • Anal stage - second stage occurring from about 1 to 3 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict. Ego develops. – Anal retentive personality - a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
25.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Freud’s Theory: Stages of Personality Development • Phallic stage - third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings. Superego develops. – Oedipus complex- situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
26.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Freud’s Theory: Stages of Personality Development • Phallic stage - third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings. Superego develops. – Identification - defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
27.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Freud’s Theory: Stages of Personality Development • Latency - fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways. • Genital – sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
28.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Freud’s Psychoanalysis • Psychoanalysis - Freud’s term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it. LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality
29.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Neo-Freudians • Neo-Freudians - followers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis. – Jung developed a theory of a collective unconscious. • Personal unconscious - Jung’s name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud. LO 13.3 Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson’s modifications
30.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Neo-Freudians • Collective unconscious – Jung’s name for the memories shared by all members of the human species. • Archetypes - Jung’s collective, universal human memories. LO 13.3 Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson’s modifications
31.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Neo-Freudians • Adler proposed feelings of inferiority as the driving force behind personality and developed birth order theory. LO 13.3 Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson’s modifications
32.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Neo-Freudians • Horney developed a theory based on basic anxiety and rejected the concept of penis envy. – Basic anxiety - anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults. – Neurotic personalities – maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney’s theory. LO 13.3 Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson’s modifications
33.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Neo-Freudians • Erikson developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span. LO 13.3 Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson’s modifications
34.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Modern Psychoanalytic Theory • Current research has found support for: – Defense mechanisms – Concept of an unconscious mind that can influence conscious behavior • Other concepts cannot be scientifically researched. LO 13.4 Modern psychoanalytic theory
35.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Behaviorism and Personality • Behaviorists define personality as a set of learned responses or habits. – Habits - in behaviorism, sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic. • Social cognitive learning theorists – theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people’s behavior and of a person’s own expectancies on learning. LO 13.5 Behavioral and social cognitive explanations of personality
36.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Behaviorism and Personality • Social cognitive view – learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models. • Reciprocal determinism - Bandura’s explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior. LO 13.5 Behavioral and social cognitive explanations of personality
37.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Behaviorism and Personality • Self-efficacy – individual’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance (NOT the same as self-esteem). LO 13.5 Behavioral and social cognitive explanations of personality
38.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Figure 13.2 Reciprocal Determinism In Bandura’s model of reciprocal determinism, three factors influence behavior: the environment, which consists of the physical surroundings and the potential for reinforcement; the person (personal/cognitive characteristics that have been rewarded in the past); and the behavior itself, which may or may not be reinforced at this particular time and place.
39.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Humanistic Theories of Personality • Humanistic perspective - the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice. • Developed as a reaction against the negativity of psychoanalysis and the deterministic nature of behaviorism. LO 13.6 How humanists explain personality
40.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Roger’s Theory of Personality • Self-actualizing tendency – the striving to fulfill one’s innate capacities and capabilities. • Self-concept - the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one’s life. • Self - archetype that works with the ego to manage other archetypes and balance the personality. LO 13.6 How humanists explain personality
41.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Roger’s Theory of Personality • Real self - one’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities. • Ideal self - one’s perception of whom one should be or would like to be. • Positive regard – warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one’s life. LO 13.6 How humanists explain personality
42.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Figure 13.3 Real and Ideal Selves According to Rogers, the self-concept includes the real self and the ideal self. The real self is a person’s actual perception of traits and abilities, whereas the ideal self is the perception of what a person would like to be or thinks he or she should be. When the ideal self and the real self are very similar (matching), the person experiences harmony and contentment. When there is a mismatch between the two selves, the person experiences anxiety and may engage in neurotic behavior.
43.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Roger’s Theory of Personality • Unconditional positive regard - positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached. • Conditional positive regard- positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish. LO 13.6 How humanists explain personality
44.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Roger’s Theory of Personality • Fully functioning person – a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings. LO 13.6 How humanists explain personality
45.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Trait Theories of Personality • Trait theories - theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior. – Trait - a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving. • Allport first developed a list of about 200 traits and believed that these traits were part of the nervous system. LO 13.7 Trait perspective
46.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Trait Theories of Personality • Cattell reduced the number of traits to between 16 and 23 with a computer method called factor analysis. • Surface traits - aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person. LO 13.7 Trait perspective
47.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Figure 13.4 Cattell’s Self-Report Inventory This is an example of personality profiles based on Cattell’s 16PF self-report inventory. The two groups represented are airline pilots and writers. Notice that airline pilots, when compared to writers, tend to be more conscientious, relaxed, selfassured, and far less sensitive. Writers, on the other hand, are more imaginative and better able to are think abstractly. Source: Cattell (1973).
48.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Trait Theories of Personality • Source traits - the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality. – Example: Introversion - dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation. LO 13.7 Trait perspective
49.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White The Big Five Theory • Five-factor model (Big Five) - model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions. – Openness - one of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences. – Conscientiousness - the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability. LO 13.7 Trait perspective
50.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White The Big Five Theory • Five-factor model (Big Five) - model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions. – Extraversion - dimension of personality referring to one’s need to be with other people. LO 13.7 Trait perspective
51.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White The Big Five Theory • Extraverts - people who are outgoing and sociable. • Introverts - people who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention. – Agreeableness - the emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant. LO 13.7 Trait perspective
52.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White The Big Five Theory • Introverts - people who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention. – Neuroticism - degree of emotional instability or stability. LO 13.7 Trait perspective
53.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Trait Theories Today • Cross-cultural research has found support for the five-factor model of personality traits in a number of different cultures. – Future research will explore the degree to which child-rearing practices and heredity may influence the five personality factors. LO 13.7 Trait perspective
55.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Trait Theories Today • Trait-situation interaction - the assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed. LO 13.7 Trait perspective
56.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Biology and Personality • Behavior genetics - a field of study of the relationship between heredity and personality. – Twin and adoption studies have found support for a genetic influence on many personality traits. LO 13.8 Biology, heredity and cultural roles in personality
57.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Figure 13.5 Personalities of Identical and Fraternal Twins Identical and fraternal twins differ in the way they express the Big Five personality factors. The scores of identical twins have a correlation of about 50 percent, whereas those of fraternal twins have a correlation of only about 15 to 20 percent. These findings give support to the idea that some aspects of personality are genetically based. Source: Loehlin (1992)
58.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White James Arthur Springer and James • Edward Lewis, otherwise known as the "Jim" twins. Although separated shortly after birth and reunited at age 39, they exhibited many similarities in personality and personal habits. LO 13.8 Biology, heredity and cultural roles in personality
59.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Cultural Personality • Four basic dimensions of personality along which cultures may vary: – individualism/collectivism – power distance – masculinity/femininity – uncertainty avoidance LO 13.8 Biology, heredity and cultural roles in personality
60.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Measuring Personality: Interviews • Interview - method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion. • Halo effect – tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client’s behavior and statements. LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality
61.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Measuring Personality: Projective Tests • Projection - defense mechanism involving placing, or "projecting," one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged to those others and not to oneself. • Projective tests - personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind. LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality
62.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Measuring Personality: Projective Tests • Rorschach inkblot test - projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli. • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) - projective test that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli. LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality
63.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Figure 13.6 Rorschach Inkblot Example A facsimile of a Rorschach inkblot. A person being tested is asked to tell the interviewer what he or she sees in an inkblot similar to the one shown. Answers are neither right nor wrong but may reveal unconscious concerns. What do you see in this inkblot?
64.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Figure 13.7 Thematic Apperception Test Example A sample from the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). When you look at this picture, what story does it suggest to you? Who are the people? What is their relationship?
65.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Measuring Personality: Projective Tests • Subjective - concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person’s perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences. This is a problem with projective tests. LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality
66.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Measuring Personality: Behavioral Measures • Direct observation - assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting. • Rating scale- assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale. LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality
67.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Measuring Personality: Behavioral Measures • Frequency count - assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted. LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality
68.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Measuring Personality: Personality Inventory • Personality inventory - paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test. – NEO-PI - based on the five-factor model – Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - based on Jung’s theory of personality types. LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality
69.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Measuring Personality: Personality Inventory • Personality inventory - paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test. – MMPI-2 - designed to detect abnormal personality. LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality
70.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White Personality Tests and Internet • There are numerous personality tests available on the Internet. • Not all equal in quality, reliability, or validity. • Lack of professional interpretation of the results of such tests. LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality
71.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychology, Third Edition Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White
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