44. Fig. 35-9
Very hairy pod
(10 trichomes/
mm2
)
Slightly hairy pod
(2 trichomes/
mm2
)
Bald pod
(no trichomes)
Very hairy pod:
10% damage
Slightly hairy pod:
25% damage
Bald pod:
40% damage
EXPERIMENT
RESULTS
71. Fig. 35-12
Apical bud
This year’s growth
(one year old)
Bud scale
Axillary buds
Leaf
scar
Bud
scar
Node
Internode
One-year-old side
branch formed
from axillary bud
near shoot tip
Last year’s growth
(two years old) Leaf scar
Stem
Bud scar left by apical
bud scales of previous
winters
Leaf scar
Growth of two
years ago
(three years old)
77. Fig. 35-14a1
Root with xylem and phloem in the center
(typical of eudicots)
(a)
100 µm
Epidermis
Cortex
Endodermis
Vascular
cylinder
Pericycle
Xylem
Phloem
Dermal
Ground
Vascular
Key
to labels
87. Fig. 35-17
Phloem Xylem
Sclerenchyma
(fiber cells)
Ground tissue
connecting
pith to cortex
Pith
Cortex
1 mm
Epidermis
Vascular
bundle
Cross section of stem with vascular bundles forming
a ring (typical of eudicots)
a)
Key
to labels
Dermal
Ground
Vascular
Cross section of stem with scattered vascular bundles
(typical of monocots)
(b)
1 mm
Epidermis
Vascular
bundles
Ground
tissue
88. Fig. 35-17a
Sclerenchyma
(fiber cells)
Phloem Xylem
Ground tissue
connecting
pith to cortex
Pith
CortexEpidermis
Vascular
bundle
1 mm
Cross section of stem with vascular bundles forming
a ring (typical of eudicots)
(a)
Dermal
Ground
Vascular
Key
to labels
98. Fig. 35-19
Primary and secondary growth
in a two-year-old stem
)
pidermis
Cortex
rimary
hloem
ascular
mbium
rimary
ylem
ith
eriderm
mainly cork
mbia
nd cork)
Primary
phloem
econdary
hloem
ascular
ambium
econdary
ylem
Primary
xylem
Pith
Pith
Primary xylem
Vascular cambium
Primary phloem
Epidermis
Cortex
GrowthVascular
ray
Primary
xylem
Secondary xylem
Vascular cambium
Secondary phloem
Primary phloem
First cork cambium Cork
Secondary
Xylem (two
years of
production)
Vascular cambium
Secondary phloem
Most recent
cork cambium Cork
Bark
Layers of
periderm
Growth
Secondary phloem
Vascular cambium
Secondary xylem
Bark
Cork
Late wood
Early wood
Cork
cambium Periderm
Vascular ray Growth ring
Cross section of a three-year-
old Tilia (linden) stem (LM)
(b)
0.5 mm
0.5mm
99. Fig. 35-19a1
Epidermis
Cortex
Primary phloem
Vascular cambium
Primary xylem
Pith
Primary and secondary growth
in a two-year-old stem
(a)
Periderm (mainly
cork cambia
and cork)
Secondary phloem
Secondary
xylem
Epidermis
Cortex
Primary phloem
Vascular cambium
Primary xylem
Pith
100. Fig. 35-19a2
Epidermis
Cortex
Primary phloem
Vascular cambium
Primary xylem
Pith
Primary and secondary growth
in a two-year-old stem
(a)
Periderm (mainly
cork cambia
and cork)
Secondary phloem
Secondary
xylem
Epidermis
Cortex
Primary phloem
Vascular cambium
Primary xylem
Pith
Vascular ray
Secondary xylem
Secondary phloem
First cork cambium
Cork
Growth
101. Fig. 35-19a3
Epidermis
Cortex
Primary phloem
Vascular cambium
Primary xylem
Pith
Primary and secondary growth
in a two-year-old stem
(a)
Periderm (mainly
cork cambia
and cork)
Secondary phloem
Secondary
xylem
Epidermis
Cortex
Primary phloem
Vascular cambium
Primary xylem
Pith
Vascular ray
Secondary xylem
Secondary phloem
First cork cambium
Cork
Growth
Cork
Bark
Most recent cork
cambium
Layers of
periderm
102. Fig. 35-19b
Secondary phloem
Vascular cambium
Secondary xylem
Bark
Early wood
Late wood Cork
cambium
Cork
Periderm
0.5mm
Vascular ray Growth ring
Cross section of a three-year-
old Tilia (linden) stem (LM)
(b)
0.5 mm
105. Fig. 35-20
Vascular cambium Growth
Secondary
xylem
After one year
of growth
After two years
of growth
Secondary
phloem
Vascular
cambium
X X
X X
X
X
P P
P
P
C
C
C
C
C
C
C C
C
C
C
C
C
115. Fig. 35-24
DNA or RNA metabolism (1%)
Signal transduction (2%)
Development (2%)
Energy pathways (3%)
Cell division and
organization (3%)
Transport (4%)
Transcription
(4%)
Response to
environment
(4%)
Protein
metabolism
(7%)
Other biological
processes (11%)
Other cellular
processes (17%)
Other
metabolism
(18%)
Unknown
(24%)
142. Fig. 35-34
Sepals
Petals
Stamens
Carpels (a) A schematic diagram of the ABC hypothesisA
A + B
gene
activity
B
C
A gene
activity
B + C
gene
activity
C gene
activity
Carpel
Petal
Stamen
Sepal
Active
genes:
Whorls:
Stamen
Carpel
Petal
Sepal
Wild type Mutant lacking A Mutant lacking B Mutant lacking C
A A A A
B B B B
C C C C
B B B B
C C C C C C C C A A A AC C C C A A A AB B B B
A A A A
(b) Side view of flowers with organ identity mutations