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PROGRAMA NACIONAL DE FORMACIÓN EN CONTADURIA
Participante:
Claudimar Cañizalez
C.I: 30.301.005
Sección: 0102
Prof.: Elismar Suárez
Barquisimeto Enero 2021
Unidad 1: Expresiones
Algebraicas, Factorización y
Radicación
Unidad 1: Expresiones algebraicas, factorización y radicación.
1. Suma, resta y valor numérico de expresiones algebraicas.
2. Multiplicación y división de expresiones algebraicas.
3. Productos notables de expresiones algebraicas.
4. Factorización por productos notables.
Desarrollo
1. Suma, resta y valor numérico de expresiones algebraicas.
Suma y Resta de expresiones algebraicas
Para sumar o restar expresiones algebraicas los términos de estas
expresiones tienen que ser segmentos.
Dos o más términos son segmentos Si y Solo si la tienen la misma variable y
el mismo exponente.
 𝐚𝐱𝐧
y 𝐛𝐱𝐧
son semejantes.
 𝐚𝐱𝐧
y 𝐛𝐱𝐦
no son semejantes.
 𝐚𝐱𝐧
y 𝐛𝐲𝐧
no son semejantes.
Luego 𝐚𝐱𝐧
+ 𝐛𝐱𝐧
-𝐜𝐱𝐧
= (𝐚 + 𝐛 − 𝐜)𝐱𝐧
Ejemplo a resolver
1. 𝟒𝐱𝟕
+ 𝟓𝐱𝟕
-𝟗𝐱𝟕
= (4 + 5 − 9)x7
= 18x2
2. −𝐦𝐱 − 𝟐𝐦𝐱 − 𝟖𝐦𝐱 = (−1 − 2 − 8)mx
= -11mx
3. 𝟕𝐛𝟓
- 𝟐𝐛𝟓
= (7 − 2)b5
= 5b5
4. −𝟖𝐜𝟑
+ 𝟐𝐜𝟑
= (−8 + 2)c3
= −6c3
5.
4
5
w −
1
2
𝐰𝟒
= (
4
5
−
1
2
)w4
=(
8−5
10
)w4
=(
3
10
)w4
Ejercicios: Resolver las siguientes expresiones algebraicas
1. 𝟖𝐱𝟑
+ 𝟗𝐲𝟓
-𝟓𝐱𝟑
+𝟏𝟐𝐲𝟓
- 𝟔𝐱𝟐
+𝟑𝐱𝟑
= 8x3
-5x3
+3x3
*+ 9y5
+12y5
- 6x2
= (8-5+3) x3
+ (9+12) y5
- 6x2
=6x3
+21y5
-6x2
2.
3
4
𝐚𝐛𝟐
− 𝟐𝐚𝟐
𝐛 + 𝟕𝐚𝐛𝟐
+
9
5
𝐚𝟐
𝐛 =
3
4
ab2
+ 7ab2
− 2a2
b +
9
5
a2
b
= (
3
4
+ 7) ab2
+ (−2 +
9
5
) a2
b
= (
3 + 28
4
) ab2
+ (
−10 + 9
5
) a2
b
=
31
4
ab2
+ (
−1
5
) a2
b
=
31
4
ab2
−
1
5
a2
b
Valor numérico de expresiones algebraicas
Consiste en dar valores a las variables para hallar el resultado general de esa
expresión.
Ejercicios:
1. Sea 𝐱𝟐
+ 𝟒𝐲 − 𝟓𝐳 hallar su valor numérico Si X=-2; y=0 y z=
𝟏
𝟐
𝐱𝟐
+ 𝟒𝐲 − 𝟓𝐳 = (−𝟐)𝟐
+ 𝟒. (𝟎) − 𝟓. (
𝟏
𝟐
)
= 4+0-
5
2
= 4-
5
2
= (
8−5
2
)
=
3
2
1.1) Sea
𝐦.𝐧𝟐
3
+
𝟏
𝟐
𝐧𝟑
- 𝟒𝐦𝟐
+ 𝟖𝐩 hallar su valor mínimo cuando m=1 ; n=-
1 ; p
𝟏
𝟒
𝐦.𝐧𝟐
3
+
𝟏
𝟐
𝐧𝟑
- 𝟒𝐦𝟐
+ 𝟖𝐩 =
1.(−1)2
3
+
1
2
. (−1)3
− 4. (1)2
+8.(
1
4
)
=
1.(1)
3
+
1
2
. (−1) − 4. (1)+8.(
1
4
)
=
1
3
−
1
2
− 4 +
8
4
=
1
3
−
1
2
− 4 + 2
=
1
3
−
1
2
− 2
=
2−3−12
6
=
−13
6
M.C.M (3,2)= 6
2. Multiplicación y división de expresiones algebraicas
Multiplicación de expresiones algebraicas
Consiste en multiplicar cada factor aplicando las propiedades de las potencias.
𝒂𝒙𝒏
. 𝒃𝒙𝒎
= (𝒂. 𝒃)𝒙𝒏+𝒎
Se multiplica los coeficientes de las variables y si las variables son iguales se
escribe una sola y se suman sus exponentes.
En caso de que las variables no sean iguales, entonces se coloca una al lado
de la otra en forma de factor.
𝒂𝒙𝒏
.𝒃𝒚𝒎
= 𝒂. 𝒃. 𝒙𝒏
.𝒚𝒎
Ejercicio:
Efectuar
a. 𝟒𝒙𝟔
𝒚𝟓
. (-2x𝒚𝟒
𝒛) = 4. (−2). 𝑥6+1
. 𝑦5+4
. 𝑧
= -8𝑥7
. 𝑦9
.z
b.
−𝟐
𝟓
𝒎𝟔
.
𝟗
𝟒
𝒎𝟓
n. 6𝒎𝒏𝟐
= (
−2
5
) .
9
4
. 6 . 𝑚6
. 𝑚5
. m.n. 𝑛2
=
108
20
𝑚6+5+1
. 𝑛1+2
=
−27
5
𝑚12
. 𝑛3
División de expresiones algebraicas
Consiste en dividir los coeficientes de las variables y aplicar propiedades de
las potencias.
I.) 𝑎𝑥𝑛
÷ 𝑏𝑥𝑚
= (𝑎 ÷ 𝑏)𝑥𝑛−𝑚
II.)
axn
bxm
=
a
b
xn−m
Ejercicios: 𝑥0
= 1
a. 𝟑𝟒𝒙𝟔
𝒚𝟏𝟎
𝒛𝟒
÷ (−𝟐𝒙𝟔
𝒚𝒛𝟐
) = ⊏ 34 ÷ (−2) ⊐. 𝑥6−6
. 𝑦10−1
. 𝑧4−2
= -17𝑥0
𝑦9
. 𝑧2
= 17. 1𝑦9
. 𝑧2
= -17.𝑦.9
𝑧2
b.
𝟑
𝟕
𝐚𝟔𝐛𝟖𝐜𝟏𝟎
𝟏
𝟓
𝐚𝟐+𝐛𝟓
=
3
7
1
5
a6−2
. b8−5
. c10
=
𝟏𝟓
𝟕
a4
. b3
. c10
3. Productos notables de expresiones algebraicas
Los productos notables son expresiones que se pueden resolver aplicando
formulas generales.
Las formulas son:
I. (a + b)2
= a2
+ 2ª. b + b2
II. (a − b)2
= a2
- 2ª. b + b2
III. (a+b). (a-b)= a2
- b2
IV. (a + b)3
= a3
+ 3a2
b + 3ab2
+ b3
V. (a − b)3
= a3
− 3a2
b + 3ab2
− b3
Ejercicios:
a. (x3
+5) (x3
-5) = (x3
)2
- (5)2
= x6
-25
b. ( 𝐲𝟐
+ 1)𝟑
= (y2
)3
+ 3. (y2
)2
. 1 + 3. y2
. (1)2
+(1)3
= y6
+ 3(y4
). 1 + 3y2
. (1) + 1
= y6
+ 3y4
+3y2
+1
4. Factorización por productos notables
La factorización es el proceso contrario al producto notable.
Factorización por factor común
Consiste en el M.C.D entre los coeficientes y la variable repetida que tenga el
menor exponente.
Ejercicios:
a. 𝟐𝐱𝟑
+ 𝟖𝐱𝟐
– 6x = 2x (
2x3
2𝑥
+
8x2
2x
-
6x
2x
)
= 2𝑥(𝑥2
+ 4𝑥 − 3)
M.C.D (2, 8,6) = 2
b. 𝐱𝟐
− 𝒙 = x (
x2
x
−
x
x
)
= x (x-1)
Factorización binòmica
a. a2
- b2
= (𝑎 + 𝑏)( 𝑎 + 𝑏)
a b
b. a2
+ b2
= a2
+ b2
( No tiene factorización)
c. a3
- b3
= (𝑎 − 𝑏) (a2
+ ab+b2
)
d. a3
+b3
= (𝑎 + 𝑏) (a2
- ab+b2
)
Ejercicios: Factorizar
a. x2
-9 = (x-3) (x-3)
X 3
b. x2
+ 8 = x3
+ 23
= (x+2). (x2
+2.x+22
)
= (x+2) (x2
- 2x + 4)
2
1
2
2=2
8
4
2
2
2
2
8 = 23
6
3
1
2
3
6=2.3
Factorización de trinomios
Trinomios cuadrados perfectos
a2
± 2ab+b2
= (a ±)2
a b
2. a.b
Ejercicios:
a. x2
+4x+4=(x+2)2
X 2
2. x.2 = 4x
b. 36m2
-60mn2
+25n4
= 66m-5n2
)2
6m 5n2
2.6.5n2
= 30mn2
Trinomio de la forma: ax2
+6x+c=0
Ejercicios: Factorizar
a. 𝐱𝟐
+ 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓 = (𝒙 + 𝟓)(𝑥 + 1)
x 5.1=5
b. 𝐦𝟐
-9m+20= (m2
-5).( m2
-4)
m2
5.4=20
Trinomio usando la ecuación cuadrática
ax2
+bx+c=0
𝑥 =
−𝑏±√𝑏2−4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎
Ejercicios: Factorizar
a. 𝐱𝟐
+2x+1= (x+1) (x+1) = (x+1)2
a= 1; b=2; c=1
𝑥 =
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
2𝑎
𝑥 =
−(2) ± √(2)2 − 4(1)(1)
2(1)
𝑥 =
−2±√0
2
𝑥1 =
−2+0
2
=
−2
2
= -1
𝑥2 =
−2−0
2
=
−2
2
= -1
Factorization por Ruffini
Consiste en hallar los ceros de una expresión polinómica.
Ejercicios: Factorizar
P(x)= x3
+2x2
-5x-6
Posibles raíces= {±1, ±2, ±3, ±6}
X=-1
X=2
X=-3
Luego: P (x)= x3
+ 2x2
-5x-6
P(x)= 1. (X+1) (x-2) (X+3)
P(x) = (x+1) (x-2) (x+3)
1 2 -5 -6
-1 -1 -1 +6
1 1 -6 0
2 2 6
1 1 0
-3 -3
1 0

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Expresiones Algebraicas, Factorizaciòn y Radicaciòn

  • 1. PROGRAMA NACIONAL DE FORMACIÓN EN CONTADURIA Participante: Claudimar Cañizalez C.I: 30.301.005 Sección: 0102 Prof.: Elismar Suárez Barquisimeto Enero 2021 Unidad 1: Expresiones Algebraicas, Factorización y Radicación
  • 2. Unidad 1: Expresiones algebraicas, factorización y radicación. 1. Suma, resta y valor numérico de expresiones algebraicas. 2. Multiplicación y división de expresiones algebraicas. 3. Productos notables de expresiones algebraicas. 4. Factorización por productos notables.
  • 3. Desarrollo 1. Suma, resta y valor numérico de expresiones algebraicas. Suma y Resta de expresiones algebraicas Para sumar o restar expresiones algebraicas los términos de estas expresiones tienen que ser segmentos. Dos o más términos son segmentos Si y Solo si la tienen la misma variable y el mismo exponente.  𝐚𝐱𝐧 y 𝐛𝐱𝐧 son semejantes.  𝐚𝐱𝐧 y 𝐛𝐱𝐦 no son semejantes.  𝐚𝐱𝐧 y 𝐛𝐲𝐧 no son semejantes. Luego 𝐚𝐱𝐧 + 𝐛𝐱𝐧 -𝐜𝐱𝐧 = (𝐚 + 𝐛 − 𝐜)𝐱𝐧 Ejemplo a resolver 1. 𝟒𝐱𝟕 + 𝟓𝐱𝟕 -𝟗𝐱𝟕 = (4 + 5 − 9)x7 = 18x2 2. −𝐦𝐱 − 𝟐𝐦𝐱 − 𝟖𝐦𝐱 = (−1 − 2 − 8)mx = -11mx 3. 𝟕𝐛𝟓 - 𝟐𝐛𝟓 = (7 − 2)b5 = 5b5 4. −𝟖𝐜𝟑 + 𝟐𝐜𝟑 = (−8 + 2)c3 = −6c3 5. 4 5 w − 1 2 𝐰𝟒 = ( 4 5 − 1 2 )w4 =( 8−5 10 )w4 =( 3 10 )w4
  • 4. Ejercicios: Resolver las siguientes expresiones algebraicas 1. 𝟖𝐱𝟑 + 𝟗𝐲𝟓 -𝟓𝐱𝟑 +𝟏𝟐𝐲𝟓 - 𝟔𝐱𝟐 +𝟑𝐱𝟑 = 8x3 -5x3 +3x3 *+ 9y5 +12y5 - 6x2 = (8-5+3) x3 + (9+12) y5 - 6x2 =6x3 +21y5 -6x2 2. 3 4 𝐚𝐛𝟐 − 𝟐𝐚𝟐 𝐛 + 𝟕𝐚𝐛𝟐 + 9 5 𝐚𝟐 𝐛 = 3 4 ab2 + 7ab2 − 2a2 b + 9 5 a2 b = ( 3 4 + 7) ab2 + (−2 + 9 5 ) a2 b = ( 3 + 28 4 ) ab2 + ( −10 + 9 5 ) a2 b = 31 4 ab2 + ( −1 5 ) a2 b = 31 4 ab2 − 1 5 a2 b Valor numérico de expresiones algebraicas Consiste en dar valores a las variables para hallar el resultado general de esa expresión. Ejercicios: 1. Sea 𝐱𝟐 + 𝟒𝐲 − 𝟓𝐳 hallar su valor numérico Si X=-2; y=0 y z= 𝟏 𝟐 𝐱𝟐 + 𝟒𝐲 − 𝟓𝐳 = (−𝟐)𝟐 + 𝟒. (𝟎) − 𝟓. ( 𝟏 𝟐 ) = 4+0- 5 2 = 4- 5 2 = ( 8−5 2 ) = 3 2
  • 5. 1.1) Sea 𝐦.𝐧𝟐 3 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝐧𝟑 - 𝟒𝐦𝟐 + 𝟖𝐩 hallar su valor mínimo cuando m=1 ; n=- 1 ; p 𝟏 𝟒 𝐦.𝐧𝟐 3 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝐧𝟑 - 𝟒𝐦𝟐 + 𝟖𝐩 = 1.(−1)2 3 + 1 2 . (−1)3 − 4. (1)2 +8.( 1 4 ) = 1.(1) 3 + 1 2 . (−1) − 4. (1)+8.( 1 4 ) = 1 3 − 1 2 − 4 + 8 4 = 1 3 − 1 2 − 4 + 2 = 1 3 − 1 2 − 2 = 2−3−12 6 = −13 6 M.C.M (3,2)= 6 2. Multiplicación y división de expresiones algebraicas Multiplicación de expresiones algebraicas Consiste en multiplicar cada factor aplicando las propiedades de las potencias. 𝒂𝒙𝒏 . 𝒃𝒙𝒎 = (𝒂. 𝒃)𝒙𝒏+𝒎 Se multiplica los coeficientes de las variables y si las variables son iguales se escribe una sola y se suman sus exponentes. En caso de que las variables no sean iguales, entonces se coloca una al lado de la otra en forma de factor. 𝒂𝒙𝒏 .𝒃𝒚𝒎 = 𝒂. 𝒃. 𝒙𝒏 .𝒚𝒎
  • 6. Ejercicio: Efectuar a. 𝟒𝒙𝟔 𝒚𝟓 . (-2x𝒚𝟒 𝒛) = 4. (−2). 𝑥6+1 . 𝑦5+4 . 𝑧 = -8𝑥7 . 𝑦9 .z b. −𝟐 𝟓 𝒎𝟔 . 𝟗 𝟒 𝒎𝟓 n. 6𝒎𝒏𝟐 = ( −2 5 ) . 9 4 . 6 . 𝑚6 . 𝑚5 . m.n. 𝑛2 = 108 20 𝑚6+5+1 . 𝑛1+2 = −27 5 𝑚12 . 𝑛3 División de expresiones algebraicas Consiste en dividir los coeficientes de las variables y aplicar propiedades de las potencias. I.) 𝑎𝑥𝑛 ÷ 𝑏𝑥𝑚 = (𝑎 ÷ 𝑏)𝑥𝑛−𝑚 II.) axn bxm = a b xn−m Ejercicios: 𝑥0 = 1 a. 𝟑𝟒𝒙𝟔 𝒚𝟏𝟎 𝒛𝟒 ÷ (−𝟐𝒙𝟔 𝒚𝒛𝟐 ) = ⊏ 34 ÷ (−2) ⊐. 𝑥6−6 . 𝑦10−1 . 𝑧4−2 = -17𝑥0 𝑦9 . 𝑧2 = 17. 1𝑦9 . 𝑧2 = -17.𝑦.9 𝑧2 b. 𝟑 𝟕 𝐚𝟔𝐛𝟖𝐜𝟏𝟎 𝟏 𝟓 𝐚𝟐+𝐛𝟓 = 3 7 1 5 a6−2 . b8−5 . c10 = 𝟏𝟓 𝟕 a4 . b3 . c10
  • 7. 3. Productos notables de expresiones algebraicas Los productos notables son expresiones que se pueden resolver aplicando formulas generales. Las formulas son: I. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ª. b + b2 II. (a − b)2 = a2 - 2ª. b + b2 III. (a+b). (a-b)= a2 - b2 IV. (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3 V. (a − b)3 = a3 − 3a2 b + 3ab2 − b3 Ejercicios: a. (x3 +5) (x3 -5) = (x3 )2 - (5)2 = x6 -25 b. ( 𝐲𝟐 + 1)𝟑 = (y2 )3 + 3. (y2 )2 . 1 + 3. y2 . (1)2 +(1)3 = y6 + 3(y4 ). 1 + 3y2 . (1) + 1 = y6 + 3y4 +3y2 +1 4. Factorización por productos notables La factorización es el proceso contrario al producto notable. Factorización por factor común Consiste en el M.C.D entre los coeficientes y la variable repetida que tenga el menor exponente. Ejercicios: a. 𝟐𝐱𝟑 + 𝟖𝐱𝟐 – 6x = 2x ( 2x3 2𝑥 + 8x2 2x - 6x 2x ) = 2𝑥(𝑥2 + 4𝑥 − 3) M.C.D (2, 8,6) = 2
  • 8. b. 𝐱𝟐 − 𝒙 = x ( x2 x − x x ) = x (x-1) Factorización binòmica a. a2 - b2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)( 𝑎 + 𝑏) a b b. a2 + b2 = a2 + b2 ( No tiene factorización) c. a3 - b3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏) (a2 + ab+b2 ) d. a3 +b3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏) (a2 - ab+b2 ) Ejercicios: Factorizar a. x2 -9 = (x-3) (x-3) X 3 b. x2 + 8 = x3 + 23 = (x+2). (x2 +2.x+22 ) = (x+2) (x2 - 2x + 4) 2 1 2 2=2 8 4 2 2 2 2 8 = 23 6 3 1 2 3 6=2.3
  • 9. Factorización de trinomios Trinomios cuadrados perfectos a2 ± 2ab+b2 = (a ±)2 a b 2. a.b Ejercicios: a. x2 +4x+4=(x+2)2 X 2 2. x.2 = 4x b. 36m2 -60mn2 +25n4 = 66m-5n2 )2 6m 5n2 2.6.5n2 = 30mn2 Trinomio de la forma: ax2 +6x+c=0 Ejercicios: Factorizar a. 𝐱𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓 = (𝒙 + 𝟓)(𝑥 + 1) x 5.1=5 b. 𝐦𝟐 -9m+20= (m2 -5).( m2 -4) m2 5.4=20
  • 10. Trinomio usando la ecuación cuadrática ax2 +bx+c=0 𝑥 = −𝑏±√𝑏2−4𝑎𝑐 2𝑎 Ejercicios: Factorizar a. 𝐱𝟐 +2x+1= (x+1) (x+1) = (x+1)2 a= 1; b=2; c=1 𝑥 = −𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 2𝑎 𝑥 = −(2) ± √(2)2 − 4(1)(1) 2(1) 𝑥 = −2±√0 2 𝑥1 = −2+0 2 = −2 2 = -1 𝑥2 = −2−0 2 = −2 2 = -1 Factorization por Ruffini Consiste en hallar los ceros de una expresión polinómica. Ejercicios: Factorizar P(x)= x3 +2x2 -5x-6 Posibles raíces= {±1, ±2, ±3, ±6}
  • 11. X=-1 X=2 X=-3 Luego: P (x)= x3 + 2x2 -5x-6 P(x)= 1. (X+1) (x-2) (X+3) P(x) = (x+1) (x-2) (x+3) 1 2 -5 -6 -1 -1 -1 +6 1 1 -6 0 2 2 6 1 1 0 -3 -3 1 0