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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 1
Civilization And Traditional Jihad
Shanee’ Ellington
Helms School of Government, Liberty University
Author Note
Shanee’ Ellington
I have no known conflict of interest to disclose. Correspondence
concerning this article
should be addressed to Shanee’ Ellington. Email:
[email protected]
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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 2
Abstract
The following research paper offers a review of the recent
literature as well as evidence
associated with the concept on violent jihad as well as the
cultural jihad. It is important to note that
the research paper effectively argues that the identified
West would gain from a lens that is
associated with combining the two kinds of threats instead
of viewing them as different issues.
The authors effectively attempt to enhance comprehensive
understanding among the individuals
associated with the manner in which the concept of jihad has
transitioned towards the commonly
perceived strict interpretation regarding a holy war All in
the name of Islam as well as in the
illustration of the key themes applied to both kinds of Jihad
which have been waged against the
identified West (Agus et al., 2021).
Keywords: jihad
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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 3
Following that, researchers discovered a number of common
operational elements in violent and
cultural Jihad, as well as the fact that the Western Intelligence
Community is uniquely qualified
to provide a vital basis. The response of the West to the shared
kind of strategies that exist
between the violent and the cultural Jihad. As an outcome, the
identified Western Homeland
Security apparatus, specifically the identified intelligence
community, may gain from the general
approach to a combined form of threat from the cultural and the
violent Jihad. This research
paper also emphasizes the critical need for the Academic kind
of research, which usually adds
cultural Jihad into the comprehensive literal works.
Even though most of the individuals are usually aware of the
given threat associated with the
violent Jihad, a lesser-known kind of threat is the one regarding
cultural Jihad. The identified
combined threat regarding the violence as well as the cultural
Jihad is associated with the
creation of some unique issues. However, it is also linked to the
development of some recurring
threads that could serve as focal points for the identified
intelligence community's efforts to
combat the threats effectively. Overall, this study describes the
difficulties linked with violent
and cultural Jihadism, with the goal of expanding the small
body of academic work that is related
to the combined risks from both.
Background and Problem Statement
Traditionally most of the individuals are associated with
focusing on the manned in which was as
well as conflicts are seemingly carried out for the religious
reasons or even at least carried out in
the name that it is for religious purposes. Indeed, it is vital to
understand that it is not challenging
to find any data and statistics in the given support for this kind
of hypothesis. There are
numerous wars and armed conflicts that entail a direct or even
an indirect form of a religious
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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 4
component that authors and researchers have documented over
time. As the Cold War has come
to an end, and the inter-ethnic kind of conflicts have reemerged
in most of the world regions, it
has indeed been a famous and familiar thesis for the distinct
writers to effectively argue that
these kinds of interethnic conflicts have some religious
component.
Further studies suggest that cultural Jihad could be an equally
devastating long-term threat to the
established West. Furthermore, while there are certain
functional variations between physical
and cultural Jihad, the most of the active topics are realized to
be comparable. As a result, the
designated US Homeland Security infrastructure as well as the
Western Intelligence Community
may benefit from the increased focus on fundamental themes
found in all varieties of Jihad. At
the same time, a framework is being created for visualizing not
only the immediate concerns
posed by violent Jihad, but also the long-term and entirely
legitimate threats posed by Cultural
Jihad to a given identity in Western Culture. (Agus et al.,
2021).
Literature Review
Violent Jihad
Jihad has always been thought of as a conflict. Exterior Jihad is
commonly defined as activities
taken in the name of the island against any external person or
entity. Most people in today's
culture associate jihad with holy war and brutality in the name
of Islam. According to authors
and researchers, the identified Wahhabi regarded any group
opposed to the determined Wahhabi
movement as non-Muslim and potentially deserving of Jihad in
the form of a holy war. The
beginning of two ideas that will be skillfully revisited in the
next parts may be noted by readers.
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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 5
One key theme is used in the reflection of a shift toward a
commitment to the identification of
any non-fundamentalists Muslim and being a non-Muslim.
Another critical theme is used in the
review of a trend toward extreme violence in the crucial name
regarding the fundamentalist
specific Interpretation regarding Islam (Osim, 2021).
Historical underpinnings
Modern Islamism has dominated by the groups that, along with
the identified ideals regarding
the Muslim Brotherhood, stemming back to its identified
inception in 1920. Essentially, the
Muslim Brotherhood's stated goals were to overturn any secular
government in which the
Muslim Brotherhood operated and implemented Sharia rule in
the country. The identified
Muslim Brotherhood, which is influenced by Saudi Arabian
Wahhabi austere interpretations of
Islam, began in Egypt in part as a reaction to British
colonialism and other systems of
discrimination. At that time, the political and social justice
kind of orient was an outcome in the
identified formation regarding a political sort of ideology
combined with the given Islam, which
became recognized as Islamism (Alexander, 2021).
For the first time in recent history, Islamists found themselves
addressing the defined Islamic
state in the same way that a politician might define a socialist
or democratic state. This kind of
shift was thought to be critical in the Jihad's development into
its current form. People identified
as religious began to be influenced by political viewpoint,
perceived social injustice, and even
the volatility of social upheaval and unrest. It involved
espousing an increment in acceptance
regarding violence reflected within the holy book of Islam and
even its roots in the struggle.
Cultural Jihad
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Cultural jihadists are usually said to possess the same kind of
goals along with objectives as
those of violent jihadists; however, it is vital to understand that
they typically utilize different
mechanisms to operate towards the given purpose. Similarly,
like the Jihadists Salafists, the
cultural jihadists usually hope to eventually overtake Western
culture and significantly establish
a global fundamentalist Islamic kind of state. However, it is
important to emphasize that Jihadists
of this cultural kind frequently work inside current Western
legal and political structures to
achieve their objectives. In their deliberate attempt to enforce
the defined sharia rule, they make
use of the identified safeguards about the current legal
structure, including the identified US
Constitution. They stated to utilize government technology and
public relations savvy to help
build influence and put racial Islamism into influential positions
(Alexander, 2021).
The exhibit in different researches reveals that the civilization
jihad is a kind of grand Jihad
associated with the damage of Western Civilization from Within
the given sabotage. Therefore,
the presented concept regarding cultural Jihad has existed
within the identified radical Islamists
communities since the late 1990s. The utility regarding
asymmetrical tactics and an extreme
level of attention to planning and even patience are critical
ways the identified radical Islamists
have proven to be successful in the identified Violent Jihad
(Agus et al., 2021).
Among the key figures in modern Islamism, it is vital to
understand that Sayed Qutb was highly
known for his various publications. It is essential to understand
that peace that the Muslims
usually seek also is involved in the translation to submission to
Allah. The critical intention
regarding Islam was considered to be peace. However, it is
essential to consider that a closer
examination of his texts frequently reveals that peace cannot be
achieved until people surrender
to Allah. As a result, any positive or even peaceful ideals inside
a particular Islam might easily
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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 7
be interpreted as the vital need for offensive action by the given
Muslims if an individual's lens is
regarded extremist or even violent. Individuals who usually
claim that the Right to the identified
legislates for the individuals and the exclusion of the legislation
of God are considered to be
aggressors and are deemed liable to the identified divine
punishment.
Therefore, any secular government is usually considered an
aggressor against the identified
Islam, and even defense is generally justified. He also
illustrated that it usually takes one of the
three specified courses when handling its identified Islam. They
need to adopt the recognized
religion or even in the payment of tribute or even fight. The
identified logic and arguments as a
critical foundation, the identified radicals would highly likely
feel justified in resorting to the
identified cultural Jihad as being a supplement to the identified
violent Jihad as being one of the
three critical options for handling with the enemies. Therefore,
careful consideration regarding
the provable threat regarding Cultural Jihad is usually
warranted (Agus et al., 2021).
Historical Underpinnings
To some people, Jihad is considered the essence of radical
Islamist ideology, which is regarded
as a synonym for terrorism. To some other individuals, Jihad is
a term that means peaceful and
individual and internal spiritual striving. Jihad is a complex set
regarding doctrines and practices
that have been altered over time and progressively evolved. The
messages of the Quran
regarding fighting and Jihad are considered inseparable from its
necessities regarding generosity
and care of the poor (Osim, 2021).
It is vital to understand the history associated with Jihad. The
term jihad is a term used for a
struggle regarding causes in a religious and secular manner. It
was used to refer to the word holy
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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 8
war, unlike the civilization jihad. Moreover, it is often utilized
in the religious sense. Its
identified beginnings are usually traced back to the identified
Quran and even the recognized
words and actions regarding Muhammad. The notion associated
with Jihad is considered to have
its origin in the identified Islamic principle that all humankind
ought to embrace Islam. In the
Quran and later Muslin usage, Jihad is usually followed by the
determined expression Fi sabil
Allah in the specified path regarding God. It is used in the
illustration of the way regarding the
Truth and justice inclusive of all the identified teachings it
offers on the key justifications and
even the conditions for the specified conduct of war and peace.
It is sometimes utilized without
the religious connotation, with a critical meaning similar to the
identified English word crusade
(Osim, 2021).
Threats posed to the United States and the West
Cultural Jihad is also an identified realistic tactic, specifically
given the history regarding
extreme patience in Jihadists in their shared approach along
with their specified display
regarding the unmatched imagination and resourcefulness and
even the willingness to utilize the
given system against itself in their given plots. Readers should
also remember that the Violent
Jihadists have a history of probing potential targets for
vulnerabilities and methodically building
effective relationships and even history within a given
community or facility before attacking. In
short, it is vital to under that the identified operationalization
regarding the cultural Jihad against
the identified West would be an identified complicated and
coordinated and even decades-long.
In General, a high loft goal. However, so was the defeating the
determined Russian invasion
regarding Afghanistan and in the management to significantly
transform the identified aircraft
into some form of weapons regarding mass destruction utilizing
box cutters solely. Indications
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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 9
regarding the cultural Jihad have been effectively observed
within the specified US education
kind of system and houses regarding worship and the identified
government (Alexander, 2021).
Another critical issue in combatting cultural Jihad is that it is
usually meant not to alter existing
opinions regarding Islam but to effectively build later kinds of
views for generations regarding
Islam via the systematic embedding within the existent social
support and government and even
government education structures. One can effectively imagine
the numerous challenges related to
educating a generation regarding the Americans who are not
solely ignorant regarding the
difference between Islam and radical Islam but also who
exclusively possess the identified lens
offered by the radical Islamists in the social education kind
programs. Cultural Jihad is also
considered a proactive way regarding the development of Jihad
or even in the assessment of
crucial western infrastructure, specifically for the radical
Muslims who are not usually suited for
any violence or even have other essential skills (Osim, 2021).
The Role of the Intelligence Community
The nature of intelligence
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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 10
Intelligence can be defined as an informational product or even
process usually generated from
the practical analysis of data. Counterintelligence is a closely
related term used to define the
various kinds of activities that are formulated to stifle the given
kinds of attempts to collect
intelligence associated with a company or even an entity.
Synthesis and analysis are all
considered to be the distinctions that exist between the concept
of intelligence and that one of
information (Rahman & Ritonga, 2021).
Intelligence is never attained after sustained labor. It is
considered to be a gift from nature.
Intelligence is not all about memory. To comprehend the nature
of intelligence, there is a need to
know about the classification of intelligence. First and
foremost, there is concrete Intelligence,
which is the capability of a person to understand real situations
and react to them sufficiently
effectively. It is a type of intelligence applicable when the
person is handling any concrete
objects or even medicines (Okeke, 2021).
Abstract Intelligence is defined as being the capability to
respond to words and numbers and
even symbols. This is the type of intelligence attained After the
comprehensive study regarding
books and literature. Social Intelligence is the capability of a
person to react to social situations
regarding their daily life effectively. The nature of intelligence
can be defined as being the
capability for adjustment to the environment and the ability of a
person to perceive the existing
relationship between the various kinds of objects and methods
(Okeke 2021).
The global intelligence community works collaboratively and
effectively coordinates with the
given law enforcement to help fight terrorism. One key
impediment to the successful intelligence
is considered as being the diffusion of nature regarding the
given threat as well as the various
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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 11
laws that are associated with governing the utility of the
particular intelligence firms to facilitate
the collection of data from as well as on the persons and even
the respective entity.
Another issue with that kind of coordination is that the
identified intelligence entities usually
desire to gather information progressively. They possess a high-
level threshold for overtly acting
on the given intelligence and are explicitly generated when
carrying out so would be associated
with rendering the given gathering mechanism or even source to
be no longer essential.
Typically, law enforcement forces are drawn to removing
people from the streets. Both kinds of
approaches are deemed to have some utility; however, it is vital
to note that those distinctive
approaches may also cause a limitation to the aspect of
information sharing between the given
agencies. The exceedingly restrictive kind of laws, as well as
policies, are associated with being
a limiting factor to the appropriate utility of the human
resources related to the terrorist
intelligence collection (Okeke, 2021).
The role of the intelligence community in the engagement of
Jihad
With the exception of the CIA's relatively limited covert forms
of activity, US intelligence
services are rarely involved in tactical or even ground-level
enforcement operations. These are
carried out with the critical goal of combating terrorism, as
recognized by US intelligence. The
first step in detecting and preventing assaults is to have a
product. Typically, the intelligence
community's discovered intelligence is used by the military or
recognized law enforcement
during tactical moves or operations. Th FBI and various law
enforcement agencies and the Air
Force Office in charge of the specific investigations, are
involved in the execution of critical
intelligence missions and their usual law enforcement functions.
The recognized Western
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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 12
popular culture is associated with assigning a hierarchy to such
kinds of agencies with the given
CIA as well as the FBI usually taking the topmost seats
(Alexander, 2021).
However, the fact is that the shared resource constraints, as well
as the need for specified
specialists within the given intelligence and law enforcement
organizations, are linked to the
establishment's necessity. The only approach to investigate
terrorism in the most appropriate way
is through task groups made up of many authorities. The
identified FBI joint terrorism Task
Force is an excellent example of the given type of task force. In
theory, the FBI's dual position as
an intelligence and law enforcement organization would aid to
facilitate information exchange
between intelligence and law enforcement, with a focus on the
FBI's Les task force. It's worth
noting, though, that the specified law enforcement officials do
not have access to the provided
information collected from the indicated intelligence sources
since federal rules prevent
information sharing. (Azam, 2021).
Intelligence and violent Jihad
The Intelligence Community will go on supporting the
identified law enforcement community
and the given military via the collection as well as in the
prioritization and even the distribution
of intelligence for utility by the law enforcement and even
military personnel. The given
intelligence community can offer valuable intelligence towards
the identified defensive anti-
terrorism efforts, including law enforcement activities, usually
intended to intercept the violent
kind of jihadists. The given intelligence community offers
valuable intelligence to effectively
inform the offensive counter-terrorism operations by the
identified military personnel overseas
(Momodu, 2021).
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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 13
Strategic intelligence is frequently used to help long-term
planning efforts. It enables law
enforcement to gain a better understanding of some of the
important capabilities and threats
linked with the violent jihadists who have been recognized in
their societies. It's important to
remember that Strategic Intelligence can be used to achieve the
same purpose for offensive-
oriented counter-terrorism actions by deployed military men.
One may also note that law
enforcement and military personnel can play a prominent role in
gathering tactical intelligence
during the given intelligence collection cycle that strives to
combat violent Jihad (Maisaia,
2021).
However, despite the significance of intelligence agencies in
combating the violent Jihad, the
intelligence agencies may be even highly uniquely located to
effectively combat the identified
cultural jihadist threat to the identified West. The intelligence
assets and abilities usually
remains true to the given spirit regarding the Federal laws, thus
restricting the utility of
intelligence domestically (Mahasneh, 2021).
Intelligence and cultural jihad
Public education is vital in enhancing counter-radicalization
efforts against any cultural Jihad
since ignorance regarding mainstream Islam versus radical
Islamism usually allows for the latter
kind of perspective to grow undetected within the identified
legitimate programs and even
agencies. However, it is vital to note
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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 14
that similarly to the tactical counter-terrorism kinds of
operations, counter-radicalization efforts
starry with a quality intelligence kind of product. Counter
radicalization will not be efficient
unless it is aimed at the influential groups and at the adequate
time and via effective methods.
Quality intelligence is involved in the information of awareness
(Alexander, 2021).
An individual may argue that external cultural Jihad may be the
more significant long-term threat
to the West. Indeed, it is vital to note that the immediate danger
regarding violence exhibited by
the identified violent jihadists is considered the most pressing
threat, and tactical intelligence
regarded as an essential part of the defense systems. However,
the efficient and successful
installation regarding the fundamentalist's Islamic ideals in the
entire West and the US has the
critical potential to effectively expand the identified existing
overt threats into millions of threats.
As such, the given intelligence community will play a key role
in abating not solely the current
external, violent jihad threat but also the undercurrent cultural
form of Jihad kind of threat to the
West (Alexander, 2021).
In general, the given Intelligence Community intended to
support the larger anti-terrorism and
the counter-terrorism impact. As a result, the recognized
intelligence community will be viewed
as critical in directly supporting law enforcement and military
anti-terrorism and counter-
terrorism actions. The Intelligence Community must focus its
efforts on gaining a full
understanding and suffocating the identified shared themes
highlighted throughout the research
report, as they all have an impact on the radical agenda in the
short and long term. Strategic
intelligence may prove to be the most appropriate in combatting
cultural Jihad since the long-
term trends and activities are of heightened significance
(Dunning, 2021).
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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 15
Conclusion
Overall, the identified authors have found that the identified
over-presentation regarding violence
within the identified radical Islamism usually starts with the
literal fundamentalist's interpretation
regarding the Quran. It is revealed that a specified form of the
pathway and series regarding the
key influencers associated with shifting the violent Jihad so that
the identified radicals can
perceive it. It's the only option for change and an offensive and
even universally oriented strategy
(Azam, 2021).
The shift usually starts with the Wahhabi fundamentalist's
interpretation of the Quran's highly
violent passages. Four prominent, Charismatic Islamist leaders
and educators have been priory
exposed to as well. We're accountable for an ever-rising
escalation regarding violence on all
sides regarding the given conflict. Due in part to the identified
factors illustrated above, the four
main, charismatic kinds of figured have vitally structured the
given sort of framework for the
globally-focused and offensive-oriented violent Jihad type that
the West currently experiences.
Violent Jihad is presently considered the primary threat to the
identified West (Alexander, 2021).
It's worth noting that the research suggests that cultural Jihad
could be an equally significant
long-term threat to the Western world. Furthermore, while
violent Jihad and cultural Jihad have
certain operational differences, the majority of the functional
elements are shared. As a result,
the US Homeland Security apparatus and the Western
Intelligence Community may profit from
the increased focus on essential themes present in all varieties
of Jihad. While at the same time
building an outline that is associated with mapping not solely
the immediate kind of threats from
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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 16
the violent Jihad but also the long-term and wholly legal threats
to the given identity regarding
the Western Culture via Cultural Jihad (Alexander, 2021).
The research was highly appropriate as it helped identify the
variety of the shared operational
themes that are present in the violent kind of Jihad and the
cultural Jihad. It also identified that
the intelligence community is uniquely qualified to offer an
essential foundation for the response
of the West to these kinds of shared tactics between the
identified violent Jihad and the cultural
Jihad. The research paper also offers suggestions on the more
long term kind of method to be
used in the effective combating of cultural Jihad via the peer -
reviewed academic research on the
cultural Jihad, to effectively expose the future generations
regarding the intelligent students as
well as the security students to the given threat regarding the
cultural Jihad and also to add to the
existent body regarding the work on the violent Jihad (Agus et
al., 2021). The bible says
Matthew 26:52-54 that "Then Jesus said to him, "Put your sword
back into its place. For all who
take the sword will perish by the sword. Do you think that I
cannot appeal to my Father, and he
will at once send me more than twelve legions of angels? But
how then should the Scriptures be
fulfilled, that it must be so?" (King James Bible)
1
1
6
17
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22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187
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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 17
References
Agus, C., Hasanah, N. A. I., Jihad, A. N., Cahyanti, P. A. B., &
Sulaiman, M. (2021).
Implementing a green co-learningcenter to support sustainable
campus development.
In Handbook on Teaching and Learning for Sustainable
Development. Edward Elgar
Publishing.
Alexander, Y. (2021). Palestinian religious terrorism: Hamas
and Islamic jihad. BRILL.
Azam, M. (2021). Western Rhetoric on Jihad: A Critical
Appraisal. Al-Azv̤ ā, 36(55), 75-86.
Dunning, M. (2021). Britain and Salafi-Jihadist Terrorism. In
Britain and Terrorism (pp. 257-
291). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
King James Bible. (2017). King James Bible Online.
https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/
(Original work published 1769)
Mahasneh, A. A. (2021). The Translation of Jihad Verses After
the Emergence of ISIS:
Distortion or Reality. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary
Studies, 10(5), 129-129.
Maisaia, V. (2021). Jihadist Hybrid War as an Asymmetric
Military Threat to the Euro-Atlantic
Security System: Fourth War Generation Doctrine, Asymmetric
Warfare Strategy,
Hybrid War Concept. In NATO and the Future of European and
Asian Security (pp. 127-
148). IGI Global.
Momodu, J. A. (2021). Islamising Education in Northeast of
Nigeria: Understanding the Key
Motivations of Boko Haram Jihadists Attacks on Educational
Institutions. African
Journal of Terrorism and Insurgency Research, 2(2), 5-35.
12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx
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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 18
Okeke, I. (2021). AN ENCOUNTER WITH RELIGIOUS
CHANGE IN UBOMA
LAND. IGWEBUIKE: African Journal of Arts and Humanities,
7(2).
Osim, S. (2021). JIHAD IN ISLAM. International Journal of
Social Sciences and
Education, 2(1), 12-29.
Rahman, Y., & Ritonga, A. R. (2021). The Topic of Jihad in
Islamic Education and its
Implications in Students’ Character Building.
12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx
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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 19
Appendices
Themes present in cultural jihad and violent jihad. 1
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CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 20
Pathways and factors in the development of modern violent
jihad.1

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12221, 1037 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2

  • 1. 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 1 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en Civilization+And+Traditional+Jihad.docx Dec 2, 2021 4176 words / 23366 characters Civilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Sources Overview 43% OVERALL SIMILARITY 17% 10% 3% 3% 2% 2% 1%
  • 2. <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% 1 digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu INTERNET 2 Liberty University on 2021-09-23 SUBMITTED WORKS 3 Liberty University on 2021-08-02 SUBMITTED WORKS 4 Liberty University on 2021-11-22 SUBMITTED WORKS 5 Liberty University on 2021-07-26 SUBMITTED WORKS
  • 3. 6 Liberty University on 2021-07-25 SUBMITTED WORKS 7 Laredo Community College on 2014-05-15 SUBMITTED WORKS 8 Liberty University on 2021-11-21 SUBMITTED WORKS 9 Mediterranean School of Business - MSB on 2019-05-26 SUBMITTED WORKS 10 Liberty University on 2021-07-27 SUBMITTED WORKS 11 Liberty University on 2021-08-05 SUBMITTED WORKS 12 Liberty University on 2021-07-19 SUBMITTED WORKS 13 Liberty University on 2021-11-22 SUBMITTED WORKS 14 Liberty University on 2021-11-30 SUBMITTED WORKS
  • 4. 15 Liberty University on 2021-07-26 SUBMITTED WORKS 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 2 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% Excluded search repositories: Excluded from document: Excluded sources: 16 Liberty University on 2021-11-16 SUBMITTED WORKS 17 Kennett High School on 2020-12-11 SUBMITTED WORKS
  • 5. 18 Liberty University on 2021-11-24 SUBMITTED WORKS 19 Liberty University on 2021-08-01 SUBMITTED WORKS 20 Liberty University on 2021-09-20 SUBMITTED WORKS None Bibliography Quotes None 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 3 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 1 Civilization And Traditional Jihad Shanee’ Ellington Helms School of Government, Liberty University Author Note
  • 6. Shanee’ Ellington I have no known conflict of interest to disclose. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Shanee’ Ellington. Email: [email protected] 5 8 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 4 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 2 Abstract The following research paper offers a review of the recent literature as well as evidence associated with the concept on violent jihad as well as the cultural jihad. It is important to note that the research paper effectively argues that the identified West would gain from a lens that is associated with combining the two kinds of threats instead of viewing them as different issues. The authors effectively attempt to enhance comprehensive
  • 7. understanding among the individuals associated with the manner in which the concept of jihad has transitioned towards the commonly perceived strict interpretation regarding a holy war All in the name of Islam as well as in the illustration of the key themes applied to both kinds of Jihad which have been waged against the identified West (Agus et al., 2021). Keywords: jihad 1 2 6 14 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 5 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 3 Following that, researchers discovered a number of common operational elements in violent and
  • 8. cultural Jihad, as well as the fact that the Western Intelligence Community is uniquely qualified to provide a vital basis. The response of the West to the shared kind of strategies that exist between the violent and the cultural Jihad. As an outcome, the identified Western Homeland Security apparatus, specifically the identified intelligence community, may gain from the general approach to a combined form of threat from the cultural and the violent Jihad. This research paper also emphasizes the critical need for the Academic kind of research, which usually adds cultural Jihad into the comprehensive literal works. Even though most of the individuals are usually aware of the given threat associated with the violent Jihad, a lesser-known kind of threat is the one regarding cultural Jihad. The identified combined threat regarding the violence as well as the cultural Jihad is associated with the creation of some unique issues. However, it is also linked to the development of some recurring threads that could serve as focal points for the identified intelligence community's efforts to combat the threats effectively. Overall, this study describes the
  • 9. difficulties linked with violent and cultural Jihadism, with the goal of expanding the small body of academic work that is related to the combined risks from both. Background and Problem Statement Traditionally most of the individuals are associated with focusing on the manned in which was as well as conflicts are seemingly carried out for the religious reasons or even at least carried out in the name that it is for religious purposes. Indeed, it is vital to understand that it is not challenging to find any data and statistics in the given support for this kind of hypothesis. There are numerous wars and armed conflicts that entail a direct or even an indirect form of a religious 2 2 3 6 7 7
  • 10. 7 10 13 14 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 6 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 4 component that authors and researchers have documented over time. As the Cold War has come to an end, and the inter-ethnic kind of conflicts have reemerged in most of the world regions, it has indeed been a famous and familiar thesis for the distinct writers to effectively argue that these kinds of interethnic conflicts have some religious component. Further studies suggest that cultural Jihad could be an equally devastating long-term threat to the established West. Furthermore, while there are certain functional variations between physical
  • 11. and cultural Jihad, the most of the active topics are realized to be comparable. As a result, the designated US Homeland Security infrastructure as well as the Western Intelligence Community may benefit from the increased focus on fundamental themes found in all varieties of Jihad. At the same time, a framework is being created for visualizing not only the immediate concerns posed by violent Jihad, but also the long-term and entirely legitimate threats posed by Cultural Jihad to a given identity in Western Culture. (Agus et al., 2021). Literature Review Violent Jihad Jihad has always been thought of as a conflict. Exterior Jihad is commonly defined as activities taken in the name of the island against any external person or entity. Most people in today's culture associate jihad with holy war and brutality in the name of Islam. According to authors and researchers, the identified Wahhabi regarded any group opposed to the determined Wahhabi movement as non-Muslim and potentially deserving of Jihad in the form of a holy war. The
  • 12. beginning of two ideas that will be skillfully revisited in the next parts may be noted by readers. 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 7 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 7 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 5 One key theme is used in the reflection of a shift toward a commitment to the identification of any non-fundamentalists Muslim and being a non-Muslim. Another critical theme is used in the
  • 13. review of a trend toward extreme violence in the crucial name regarding the fundamentalist specific Interpretation regarding Islam (Osim, 2021). Historical underpinnings Modern Islamism has dominated by the groups that, along with the identified ideals regarding the Muslim Brotherhood, stemming back to its identified inception in 1920. Essentially, the Muslim Brotherhood's stated goals were to overturn any secular government in which the Muslim Brotherhood operated and implemented Sharia rule in the country. The identified Muslim Brotherhood, which is influenced by Saudi Arabian Wahhabi austere interpretations of Islam, began in Egypt in part as a reaction to British colonialism and other systems of discrimination. At that time, the political and social justice kind of orient was an outcome in the identified formation regarding a political sort of ideology combined with the given Islam, which became recognized as Islamism (Alexander, 2021). For the first time in recent history, Islamists found themselves addressing the defined Islamic
  • 14. state in the same way that a politician might define a socialist or democratic state. This kind of shift was thought to be critical in the Jihad's development into its current form. People identified as religious began to be influenced by political viewpoint, perceived social injustice, and even the volatility of social upheaval and unrest. It involved espousing an increment in acceptance regarding violence reflected within the holy book of Islam and even its roots in the struggle. Cultural Jihad 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 18
  • 15. 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 8 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 6 Cultural jihadists are usually said to possess the same kind of goals along with objectives as those of violent jihadists; however, it is vital to understand that they typically utilize different mechanisms to operate towards the given purpose. Similarly, like the Jihadists Salafists, the cultural jihadists usually hope to eventually overtake Western culture and significantly establish a global fundamentalist Islamic kind of state. However, it is important to emphasize that Jihadists of this cultural kind frequently work inside current Western legal and political structures to achieve their objectives. In their deliberate attempt to enforce the defined sharia rule, they make use of the identified safeguards about the current legal structure, including the identified US Constitution. They stated to utilize government technology and public relations savvy to help
  • 16. build influence and put racial Islamism into influential positions (Alexander, 2021). The exhibit in different researches reveals that the civilization jihad is a kind of grand Jihad associated with the damage of Western Civilization from Within the given sabotage. Therefore, the presented concept regarding cultural Jihad has existed within the identified radical Islamists communities since the late 1990s. The utility regarding asymmetrical tactics and an extreme level of attention to planning and even patience are critical ways the identified radical Islamists have proven to be successful in the identified Violent Jihad (Agus et al., 2021). Among the key figures in modern Islamism, it is vital to understand that Sayed Qutb was highly known for his various publications. It is essential to understand that peace that the Muslims usually seek also is involved in the translation to submission to Allah. The critical intention regarding Islam was considered to be peace. However, it is essential to consider that a closer examination of his texts frequently reveals that peace cannot be achieved until people surrender
  • 17. to Allah. As a result, any positive or even peaceful ideals inside a particular Islam might easily 1 1 1 2 3 15 20 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 9 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 7 be interpreted as the vital need for offensive action by the given Muslims if an individual's lens is regarded extremist or even violent. Individuals who usually claim that the Right to the identified legislates for the individuals and the exclusion of the legislation of God are considered to be
  • 18. aggressors and are deemed liable to the identified divine punishment. Therefore, any secular government is usually considered an aggressor against the identified Islam, and even defense is generally justified. He also illustrated that it usually takes one of the three specified courses when handling its identified Islam. They need to adopt the recognized religion or even in the payment of tribute or even fight. The identified logic and arguments as a critical foundation, the identified radicals would highly likely feel justified in resorting to the identified cultural Jihad as being a supplement to the identified violent Jihad as being one of the three critical options for handling with the enemies. Therefore, careful consideration regarding the provable threat regarding Cultural Jihad is usually warranted (Agus et al., 2021). Historical Underpinnings To some people, Jihad is considered the essence of radical Islamist ideology, which is regarded as a synonym for terrorism. To some other individuals, Jihad is a term that means peaceful and individual and internal spiritual striving. Jihad is a complex set
  • 19. regarding doctrines and practices that have been altered over time and progressively evolved. The messages of the Quran regarding fighting and Jihad are considered inseparable from its necessities regarding generosity and care of the poor (Osim, 2021). It is vital to understand the history associated with Jihad. The term jihad is a term used for a struggle regarding causes in a religious and secular manner. It was used to refer to the word holy 1 1 9 9 11 12 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 10 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en
  • 20. CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 8 war, unlike the civilization jihad. Moreover, it is often utilized in the religious sense. Its identified beginnings are usually traced back to the identified Quran and even the recognized words and actions regarding Muhammad. The notion associated with Jihad is considered to have its origin in the identified Islamic principle that all humankind ought to embrace Islam. In the Quran and later Muslin usage, Jihad is usually followed by the determined expression Fi sabil Allah in the specified path regarding God. It is used in the illustration of the way regarding the Truth and justice inclusive of all the identified teachings it offers on the key justifications and even the conditions for the specified conduct of war and peace. It is sometimes utilized without the religious connotation, with a critical meaning similar to the identified English word crusade (Osim, 2021). Threats posed to the United States and the West Cultural Jihad is also an identified realistic tactic, specifically given the history regarding
  • 21. extreme patience in Jihadists in their shared approach along with their specified display regarding the unmatched imagination and resourcefulness and even the willingness to utilize the given system against itself in their given plots. Readers should also remember that the Violent Jihadists have a history of probing potential targets for vulnerabilities and methodically building effective relationships and even history within a given community or facility before attacking. In short, it is vital to under that the identified operationalization regarding the cultural Jihad against the identified West would be an identified complicated and coordinated and even decades-long. In General, a high loft goal. However, so was the defeating the determined Russian invasion regarding Afghanistan and in the management to significantly transform the identified aircraft into some form of weapons regarding mass destruction utilizing box cutters solely. Indications 1 1 1
  • 22. 1 3 3 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 11 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 9 regarding the cultural Jihad have been effectively observed within the specified US education kind of system and houses regarding worship and the identified government (Alexander, 2021). Another critical issue in combatting cultural Jihad is that it is usually meant not to alter existing opinions regarding Islam but to effectively build later kinds of views for generations regarding Islam via the systematic embedding within the existent social support and government and even government education structures. One can effectively imagine the numerous challenges related to educating a generation regarding the Americans who are not solely ignorant regarding the
  • 23. difference between Islam and radical Islam but also who exclusively possess the identified lens offered by the radical Islamists in the social education kind programs. Cultural Jihad is also considered a proactive way regarding the development of Jihad or even in the assessment of crucial western infrastructure, specifically for the radical Muslims who are not usually suited for any violence or even have other essential skills (Osim, 2021). The Role of the Intelligence Community The nature of intelligence 1 1 1 1 2 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 12 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en
  • 24. CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 10 Intelligence can be defined as an informational product or even process usually generated from the practical analysis of data. Counterintelligence is a closely related term used to define the various kinds of activities that are formulated to stifle the given kinds of attempts to collect intelligence associated with a company or even an entity. Synthesis and analysis are all considered to be the distinctions that exist between the concept of intelligence and that one of information (Rahman & Ritonga, 2021). Intelligence is never attained after sustained labor. It is considered to be a gift from nature. Intelligence is not all about memory. To comprehend the nature of intelligence, there is a need to know about the classification of intelligence. First and foremost, there is concrete Intelligence, which is the capability of a person to understand real situations and react to them sufficiently effectively. It is a type of intelligence applicable when the person is handling any concrete objects or even medicines (Okeke, 2021).
  • 25. Abstract Intelligence is defined as being the capability to respond to words and numbers and even symbols. This is the type of intelligence attained After the comprehensive study regarding books and literature. Social Intelligence is the capability of a person to react to social situations regarding their daily life effectively. The nature of intelligence can be defined as being the capability for adjustment to the environment and the ability of a person to perceive the existing relationship between the various kinds of objects and methods (Okeke 2021). The global intelligence community works collaboratively and effectively coordinates with the given law enforcement to help fight terrorism. One key impediment to the successful intelligence is considered as being the diffusion of nature regarding the given threat as well as the various 2 2 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx
  • 26. Page 13 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 11 laws that are associated with governing the utility of the particular intelligence firms to facilitate the collection of data from as well as on the persons and even the respective entity. Another issue with that kind of coordination is that the identified intelligence entities usually desire to gather information progressively. They possess a high- level threshold for overtly acting on the given intelligence and are explicitly generated when carrying out so would be associated with rendering the given gathering mechanism or even source to be no longer essential. Typically, law enforcement forces are drawn to removing people from the streets. Both kinds of approaches are deemed to have some utility; however, it is vital to note that those distinctive approaches may also cause a limitation to the aspect of information sharing between the given agencies. The exceedingly restrictive kind of laws, as well as policies, are associated with being
  • 27. a limiting factor to the appropriate utility of the human resources related to the terrorist intelligence collection (Okeke, 2021). The role of the intelligence community in the engagement of Jihad With the exception of the CIA's relatively limited covert forms of activity, US intelligence services are rarely involved in tactical or even ground-level enforcement operations. These are carried out with the critical goal of combating terrorism, as recognized by US intelligence. The first step in detecting and preventing assaults is to have a product. Typically, the intelligence community's discovered intelligence is used by the military or recognized law enforcement during tactical moves or operations. Th FBI and various law enforcement agencies and the Air Force Office in charge of the specific investigations, are involved in the execution of critical intelligence missions and their usual law enforcement functions. The recognized Western 1 2
  • 28. 2 2 6 10 16 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 14 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 12 popular culture is associated with assigning a hierarchy to such kinds of agencies with the given CIA as well as the FBI usually taking the topmost seats (Alexander, 2021). However, the fact is that the shared resource constraints, as well as the need for specified specialists within the given intelligence and law enforcement organizations, are linked to the establishment's necessity. The only approach to investigate terrorism in the most appropriate way is through task groups made up of many authorities. The
  • 29. identified FBI joint terrorism Task Force is an excellent example of the given type of task force. In theory, the FBI's dual position as an intelligence and law enforcement organization would aid to facilitate information exchange between intelligence and law enforcement, with a focus on the FBI's Les task force. It's worth noting, though, that the specified law enforcement officials do not have access to the provided information collected from the indicated intelligence sources since federal rules prevent information sharing. (Azam, 2021). Intelligence and violent Jihad The Intelligence Community will go on supporting the identified law enforcement community and the given military via the collection as well as in the prioritization and even the distribution of intelligence for utility by the law enforcement and even military personnel. The given intelligence community can offer valuable intelligence towards the identified defensive anti- terrorism efforts, including law enforcement activities, usually intended to intercept the violent
  • 30. kind of jihadists. The given intelligence community offers valuable intelligence to effectively inform the offensive counter-terrorism operations by the identified military personnel overseas (Momodu, 2021). 1 1 1 2 2 3 6 19 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 15 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 13 Strategic intelligence is frequently used to help long-term planning efforts. It enables law
  • 31. enforcement to gain a better understanding of some of the important capabilities and threats linked with the violent jihadists who have been recognized in their societies. It's important to remember that Strategic Intelligence can be used to achieve the same purpose for offensive- oriented counter-terrorism actions by deployed military men. One may also note that law enforcement and military personnel can play a prominent role in gathering tactical intelligence during the given intelligence collection cycle that strives to combat violent Jihad (Maisaia, 2021). However, despite the significance of intelligence agencies in combating the violent Jihad, the intelligence agencies may be even highly uniquely located to effectively combat the identified cultural jihadist threat to the identified West. The intelligence assets and abilities usually remains true to the given spirit regarding the Federal laws, thus restricting the utility of intelligence domestically (Mahasneh, 2021). Intelligence and cultural jihad
  • 32. Public education is vital in enhancing counter-radicalization efforts against any cultural Jihad since ignorance regarding mainstream Islam versus radical Islamism usually allows for the latter kind of perspective to grow undetected within the identified legitimate programs and even agencies. However, it is vital to note 1 2 2 2 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 16 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 14 that similarly to the tactical counter-terrorism kinds of operations, counter-radicalization efforts starry with a quality intelligence kind of product. Counter radicalization will not be efficient
  • 33. unless it is aimed at the influential groups and at the adequate time and via effective methods. Quality intelligence is involved in the information of awareness (Alexander, 2021). An individual may argue that external cultural Jihad may be the more significant long-term threat to the West. Indeed, it is vital to note that the immediate danger regarding violence exhibited by the identified violent jihadists is considered the most pressing threat, and tactical intelligence regarded as an essential part of the defense systems. However, the efficient and successful installation regarding the fundamentalist's Islamic ideals in the entire West and the US has the critical potential to effectively expand the identified existing overt threats into millions of threats. As such, the given intelligence community will play a key role in abating not solely the current external, violent jihad threat but also the undercurrent cultural form of Jihad kind of threat to the West (Alexander, 2021). In general, the given Intelligence Community intended to support the larger anti-terrorism and the counter-terrorism impact. As a result, the recognized
  • 34. intelligence community will be viewed as critical in directly supporting law enforcement and military anti-terrorism and counter- terrorism actions. The Intelligence Community must focus its efforts on gaining a full understanding and suffocating the identified shared themes highlighted throughout the research report, as they all have an impact on the radical agenda in the short and long term. Strategic intelligence may prove to be the most appropriate in combatting cultural Jihad since the long- term trends and activities are of heightened significance (Dunning, 2021). 1 1 2 2 2 2 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx
  • 35. Page 17 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 15 Conclusion Overall, the identified authors have found that the identified over-presentation regarding violence within the identified radical Islamism usually starts with the literal fundamentalist's interpretation regarding the Quran. It is revealed that a specified form of the pathway and series regarding the key influencers associated with shifting the violent Jihad so that the identified radicals can perceive it. It's the only option for change and an offensive and even universally oriented strategy (Azam, 2021). The shift usually starts with the Wahhabi fundamentalist's interpretation of the Quran's highly violent passages. Four prominent, Charismatic Islamist leaders and educators have been priory exposed to as well. We're accountable for an ever-rising escalation regarding violence on all sides regarding the given conflict. Due in part to the identified factors illustrated above, the four
  • 36. main, charismatic kinds of figured have vitally structured the given sort of framework for the globally-focused and offensive-oriented violent Jihad type that the West currently experiences. Violent Jihad is presently considered the primary threat to the identified West (Alexander, 2021). It's worth noting that the research suggests that cultural Jihad could be an equally significant long-term threat to the Western world. Furthermore, while violent Jihad and cultural Jihad have certain operational differences, the majority of the functional elements are shared. As a result, the US Homeland Security apparatus and the Western Intelligence Community may profit from the increased focus on essential themes present in all varieties of Jihad. While at the same time building an outline that is associated with mapping not solely the immediate kind of threats from 1 1 1 1
  • 37. 3 3 12 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 18 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 16 the violent Jihad but also the long-term and wholly legal threats to the given identity regarding the Western Culture via Cultural Jihad (Alexander, 2021). The research was highly appropriate as it helped identify the variety of the shared operational themes that are present in the violent kind of Jihad and the cultural Jihad. It also identified that the intelligence community is uniquely qualified to offer an essential foundation for the response of the West to these kinds of shared tactics between the identified violent Jihad and the cultural Jihad. The research paper also offers suggestions on the more long term kind of method to be
  • 38. used in the effective combating of cultural Jihad via the peer - reviewed academic research on the cultural Jihad, to effectively expose the future generations regarding the intelligent students as well as the security students to the given threat regarding the cultural Jihad and also to add to the existent body regarding the work on the violent Jihad (Agus et al., 2021). The bible says Matthew 26:52-54 that "Then Jesus said to him, "Put your sword back into its place. For all who take the sword will perish by the sword. Do you think that I cannot appeal to my Father, and he will at once send me more than twelve legions of angels? But how then should the Scriptures be fulfilled, that it must be so?" (King James Bible) 1 1 6 17 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 19 of
  • 39. 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 17 References Agus, C., Hasanah, N. A. I., Jihad, A. N., Cahyanti, P. A. B., & Sulaiman, M. (2021). Implementing a green co-learningcenter to support sustainable campus development. In Handbook on Teaching and Learning for Sustainable Development. Edward Elgar Publishing. Alexander, Y. (2021). Palestinian religious terrorism: Hamas and Islamic jihad. BRILL. Azam, M. (2021). Western Rhetoric on Jihad: A Critical Appraisal. Al-Azv̤ ā, 36(55), 75-86. Dunning, M. (2021). Britain and Salafi-Jihadist Terrorism. In Britain and Terrorism (pp. 257- 291). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. King James Bible. (2017). King James Bible Online. https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/ (Original work published 1769) Mahasneh, A. A. (2021). The Translation of Jihad Verses After the Emergence of ISIS:
  • 40. Distortion or Reality. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(5), 129-129. Maisaia, V. (2021). Jihadist Hybrid War as an Asymmetric Military Threat to the Euro-Atlantic Security System: Fourth War Generation Doctrine, Asymmetric Warfare Strategy, Hybrid War Concept. In NATO and the Future of European and Asian Security (pp. 127- 148). IGI Global. Momodu, J. A. (2021). Islamising Education in Northeast of Nigeria: Understanding the Key Motivations of Boko Haram Jihadists Attacks on Educational Institutions. African Journal of Terrorism and Insurgency Research, 2(2), 5-35. 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 20 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 18 Okeke, I. (2021). AN ENCOUNTER WITH RELIGIOUS CHANGE IN UBOMA
  • 41. LAND. IGWEBUIKE: African Journal of Arts and Humanities, 7(2). Osim, S. (2021). JIHAD IN ISLAM. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education, 2(1), 12-29. Rahman, Y., & Ritonga, A. R. (2021). The Topic of Jihad in Islamic Education and its Implications in Students’ Character Building. 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 21 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oi d:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 19 Appendices Themes present in cultural jihad and violent jihad. 1 12/2/21, 10:37 PMCivilization And Traditional Jihad-2.docx Page 22 of 22https://liberty.turnitin.com/viewer/submissions/oid:7293:1187 06986/print?locale=en CIVILIZATION AND TRADITIONAL JIHAD 20
  • 42. Pathways and factors in the development of modern violent jihad.1