The document discusses theories of transnationalism and how views of migration have changed over time. It addresses how nation-states were previously seen as bounded entities but globalization disrupted this. Early migration studies focused on rural-urban movements but failed to consider international migration. World War I led to ideas of ethnic identity being tied to the nation-state. Recent scholarship rejects the notion that individuals belong solely to one nation and recognizes that migrants maintain ties across borders. The concept of "transmigrants" emerged to capture how immigrants live transnationally through social networks that cross borders. While most research focuses on Latin American and Caribbean migrants, transnationalism exists among other groups as well, as shown through a study of Singaporeans in London.
A review of diplomatic and democratic governance in egyptAlexander Decker
This document examines governance and diplomacy in Egypt and Libya under Mubarak and Gaddafi. Both leaders deliberately excluded citizens from participatory democracy, undermining diplomatic relations and international order. Civil revolutions overthrew the regimes, ushering in democratic governance and integrative diplomacy reflecting citizens' views. National councils now govern Egypt and Libya temporarily until elections established democracy and improved international engagement.
This document summarizes a talk given by Michael Keith on migration and transnationalism. It discusses several key topics:
1) It examines different frameworks for understanding migration like assimilation, multiculturalism, and integration. It also looks at how concepts of "home" and identity are changing in a globalized world.
2) It analyzes the economic, social, political and cultural dimensions and implications of transnationalism. This includes how transnational ties impact areas like remittances, trade, politics and rights.
3) It discusses several case studies of migrant settlements to illustrate the complex ways migrants make a home across borders and the policy challenges this poses around citizenship, belonging and scale.
The document
Nationalism is a complex concept with no agreed-upon definition. It is generally associated with the French Revolution but some scholars argue it emerged earlier. Nationalism can be viewed as an abstract group identity or as a natural distinction between groups. It has been argued to have both constructive and destructive effects. While nationalism may promote isolation, some scholars believe it can also facilitate global integration as local identities are strengthened alongside growing international connections. The relationship between colonizers and colonized was sometimes positive with cultural exchange and economic development, contradicting arguments that colonialism inherently caused underdevelopment.
This document provides an overview of required readings and core concepts for Week 19 of a course on media transnationalism. It includes a list of required and additional readings from various authors on topics like globalization, cultural imperialism, and media flows. It summarizes key ideas from the readings such as Appadurai's five dimensions of global cultural flow and the disjunctures created by uneven global flows. It also briefly outlines concepts discussed in readings by Tunstall on Anglo-American and Euro-American media and Schlesinger on the contradictory communicative space in Europe. The document concludes by noting questions for seminar discussion and announcing readings for the following week.
This lecture provides with an overview over the position of radicalization within International Relations. How can we approach the issue of radicalization from the perspectives of the international system?
This document discusses the shift in migration studies from examining "sites" to studying "fields" through a transnational lens. It outlines three main points:
1) Transnational theory considers migrants as both immigrants and emigrants, examining sending, transit, and receiving contexts as well as social, economic, and cultural flows between places.
2) Research focuses on dispersed social fields rather than geographic locations, requiring multi-sited fieldwork across places. This revives comparative approaches and makes ethnography transnational.
3) Practicing multi-sited research involves following actors and objects across places, balancing between sites, and piecing together different local ethnographies while managing challenges of access and cultural competence.
Understanding Newark’s conflict and violence within the scope of urban space ...Nieves L. Garcia Pimienta
This paper analyzes violence in Newark within the context of urban space and segregation. It discusses how segregation solidified African American ghettos and isolated this group, preventing upward mobility. This lack of opportunity likely contributed to higher crime rates. The paper applies Massey's "twin processes" theory to explain why African Americans experienced less assimilation than earlier immigrant groups. Specifically, African Americans faced larger influxes and slower economic gains due to discrimination, becoming hyper-segregated in neighborhoods over multiple generations. The lasting effects of this historical segregation and isolation are suggested as root causes perpetuating conflict and violence in Newark to this day.
This document summarizes the perspectives of an Iranian feminist collective, Raha, on building solidarity with popular uprisings in Iran and the Middle East, while opposing foreign military intervention. It argues that the anti-war movement should stand in solidarity with struggles for self-determination and against state repression in Iran by recognizing the humanity and agency of the Iranian people. It critiques refusing to take a position on internal affairs in Iran as hypocritical and disconnecting the movement from social justice. The document advocates building grassroots cross-border solidarity instead of looking to governments or NGOs to support human rights.
A review of diplomatic and democratic governance in egyptAlexander Decker
This document examines governance and diplomacy in Egypt and Libya under Mubarak and Gaddafi. Both leaders deliberately excluded citizens from participatory democracy, undermining diplomatic relations and international order. Civil revolutions overthrew the regimes, ushering in democratic governance and integrative diplomacy reflecting citizens' views. National councils now govern Egypt and Libya temporarily until elections established democracy and improved international engagement.
This document summarizes a talk given by Michael Keith on migration and transnationalism. It discusses several key topics:
1) It examines different frameworks for understanding migration like assimilation, multiculturalism, and integration. It also looks at how concepts of "home" and identity are changing in a globalized world.
2) It analyzes the economic, social, political and cultural dimensions and implications of transnationalism. This includes how transnational ties impact areas like remittances, trade, politics and rights.
3) It discusses several case studies of migrant settlements to illustrate the complex ways migrants make a home across borders and the policy challenges this poses around citizenship, belonging and scale.
The document
Nationalism is a complex concept with no agreed-upon definition. It is generally associated with the French Revolution but some scholars argue it emerged earlier. Nationalism can be viewed as an abstract group identity or as a natural distinction between groups. It has been argued to have both constructive and destructive effects. While nationalism may promote isolation, some scholars believe it can also facilitate global integration as local identities are strengthened alongside growing international connections. The relationship between colonizers and colonized was sometimes positive with cultural exchange and economic development, contradicting arguments that colonialism inherently caused underdevelopment.
This document provides an overview of required readings and core concepts for Week 19 of a course on media transnationalism. It includes a list of required and additional readings from various authors on topics like globalization, cultural imperialism, and media flows. It summarizes key ideas from the readings such as Appadurai's five dimensions of global cultural flow and the disjunctures created by uneven global flows. It also briefly outlines concepts discussed in readings by Tunstall on Anglo-American and Euro-American media and Schlesinger on the contradictory communicative space in Europe. The document concludes by noting questions for seminar discussion and announcing readings for the following week.
This lecture provides with an overview over the position of radicalization within International Relations. How can we approach the issue of radicalization from the perspectives of the international system?
This document discusses the shift in migration studies from examining "sites" to studying "fields" through a transnational lens. It outlines three main points:
1) Transnational theory considers migrants as both immigrants and emigrants, examining sending, transit, and receiving contexts as well as social, economic, and cultural flows between places.
2) Research focuses on dispersed social fields rather than geographic locations, requiring multi-sited fieldwork across places. This revives comparative approaches and makes ethnography transnational.
3) Practicing multi-sited research involves following actors and objects across places, balancing between sites, and piecing together different local ethnographies while managing challenges of access and cultural competence.
Understanding Newark’s conflict and violence within the scope of urban space ...Nieves L. Garcia Pimienta
This paper analyzes violence in Newark within the context of urban space and segregation. It discusses how segregation solidified African American ghettos and isolated this group, preventing upward mobility. This lack of opportunity likely contributed to higher crime rates. The paper applies Massey's "twin processes" theory to explain why African Americans experienced less assimilation than earlier immigrant groups. Specifically, African Americans faced larger influxes and slower economic gains due to discrimination, becoming hyper-segregated in neighborhoods over multiple generations. The lasting effects of this historical segregation and isolation are suggested as root causes perpetuating conflict and violence in Newark to this day.
This document summarizes the perspectives of an Iranian feminist collective, Raha, on building solidarity with popular uprisings in Iran and the Middle East, while opposing foreign military intervention. It argues that the anti-war movement should stand in solidarity with struggles for self-determination and against state repression in Iran by recognizing the humanity and agency of the Iranian people. It critiques refusing to take a position on internal affairs in Iran as hypocritical and disconnecting the movement from social justice. The document advocates building grassroots cross-border solidarity instead of looking to governments or NGOs to support human rights.
This summary analyzes scholarly theories on the influence of Western media on developing nations. Early theories like Modernization Theory praised Western media's potential to aid development. However, Dependency Theory argued Western corporations created dependencies that maintained underdevelopment. Structural Imperialism and Cultural Imperialism described unequal global power structures. More recent theories argue for asymmetrical interdependence and the influence of local entrepreneurs. Ultimately, the dominance of transnational capitalist media corporations shapes global culture by promoting consumerism and individualism to reinforce capitalist ideology and relationships. Reform requires publicly-funded media as an alternative to serve democratic goals.
This document discusses whether the partition of India and accompanying violence was inevitable. It argues that while there were socioeconomic differences between Hindu and Muslim communities, political elites accentuated and manipulated these differences to the point that the divisions became seen as irreconcilable. As nationalism spread in India, it allowed communal differences to be articulated on a larger scale, and the introduction of democratic reforms and separate electorates further entrenched religious divisions. Therefore, while the communal divide was partly a political construction, it was at the point that the divisions became seen as irreconcilable that partition and violence became inevitable outcomes.
Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International RelationsRommel Regala
George W. Bush's foreign policy argued that old methods of dealing with challenges were obsolete. It changed sharply after 9/11 to emphasize unilateralism. This led to the controversial war in Iraq, whose reasons and effects are still highly debated. The end of the Cold War led to American primacy, but also new issues like inequality, the rise of China, and challenges to European integration and Russian authoritarianism. Globalization became a major topic of discussion around increasing interconnectedness and its contested impacts.
This document discusses the definition and causes of civil war. It defines civil war as involving armed conflict between a government and identifiable rebel groups that results in over 1,000 battle-related deaths in a year. The document explores various perspectives on the root causes of civil war, including identity hatred, globalization, bad governance, greed and grievances over resources, as well as the impact of the post-Cold War international system and involvement of warlords, militias and private military companies. It notes there is no consensus but that the impact on civilians through violence and landmines is immense and long-lasting.
What is just and moral in international politicsDaria Globenko
This document discusses the debate between cosmopolitanism and communitarianism in international relations, specifically regarding what is just and moral. Cosmopolitanism argues for universal human rights and values regardless of cultural differences, while communitarianism emphasizes the importance of cultural identity and the norms of individual communities. The document uses the Syrian refugee crisis in Europe as a case study to analyze how these approaches apply in practice. It finds that states' responses to the crisis, such as prioritizing certain nationalities and countries for resettlement, better reflect communitarian values of protecting citizens over cosmopolitan ideals of universal human rights.
Ulrich Beck presents his view of globalization as an open, multi-dimensional process with paradoxical effects. He sees the need for transnational political structures beyond the nation-state, like the EU, to manage globalization. Beck analyzes how traditional sociological models centered on the nation-state have been challenged by increasing global interconnectedness. He argues that global risks create a new kind of global society and that sociology must account for both national and transnational forces in the world system.
Feminism and Citizenship: Multiculturalism and GlobalisationStar Lyngdoh
Feminism and citizenship were once distinct areas, but feminism argues that without basic rights and duties, women cannot truly be considered citizens. Multiculturalism encourages cultural diversity and global integration, while globalization leads to interconnectedness between nations and the spread of ideas, goods, and people. Together, multiculturalism and globalization can create opportunities by embracing diversity, but they also risk weakening morality and centralized decision-making. Modern changes have supported greater gender equality and participation in public life as full citizens.
The document discusses Samuel Huntington's theory of a "clash of civilizations" between Western and Islamic societies. It provides an overview of Huntington's argument that civilizations will increasingly conflict along cultural and religious lines. However, it also critiques Huntington's thesis as overly simplistic. It argues he fails to recognize complexity within and between civilizations. While differences exist, the document suggests conflict arises more from extremism than civilizations themselves clashing. Overall, the summary critiques Huntington's framework as reductionist while acknowledging religious differences as an international issue.
An Appraisal Of Nigeria’s Democratic Consolidation And Economic Development: ...inventionjournals
After years of military and authoritarian rule, great expectations accompanied the resumption of
civilian rule in Nigeria in May 1999. For a country that has suffered severe deterioration in its economy and
politics over the fifty years of military rule, the assumption that a civilian rule would herald a dawn of peace
and a deepening of democratic values and norms in the society was understandable. This paper sets out to
analytically x-ray the country’s political cum economic penchant and to ascertain to what degree its democratic
principles have been consolidated upon from the inception of its democratic rule. The paper finds that
consolidating democracy in Nigeria is tough and challenging but not entirely hopeless. Nigeria is a country with
thriving democratic spirit but is ruled by tyrants and despots who have both the inclination and resources to
scupper agitations for democratic reforms. Nigeria’s, like citizens in established democracies, want
constitutional democracy and all the rights, privileges and benefits associated with democracy
A brief discussion about globalization through media imperialism.
Researchers focused their effort on mostly nation-states as primary actors in international relations. The flow of news and entertainment was biased in favor of industrialized countries. Developing nations received scant and prejudicial coverage in Western Media. Emphasis on commercialization of sphere of culture. On the second stage of research in Cultural imperialism, it focused on transnational corporations as the primary actors on international relations ; and on transnational capital flows
The end of cold war as a global framework for ideological, Geopolitical, and Economic competition calls for a rethinking of the analytical categories and paradigms of thought. The nation state is no longer the sale or dominant player since transnational transactions occur on sub national, national, and supranational levels. According to John Tomlinson (1991) Globalization replaced cultural imperialism because it conveys a process with less coherence and direction, which will weaken the cultural unity of all nation -states ,Not only those in the developing world. Globalization has emerged as a key perspective across the humanities and social sciences, a current undoubtedly affecting the discipline of communication.
Globalization of culture has become a conceptual magnet attracting research and theorizing efforts from a variety of disciplines and interdisciplinary formations such as anthropology, comparative literature, cultural studies, communication and media studies, geography, and sociology.
The document discusses Samuel Huntington's theory of the clash of civilizations, focusing on the clash between Western and Islamic civilizations. It summarizes that Huntington argued civilizations are distinguished by factors like religion, and conflicts between civilizations will often be caused by religious differences. It then discusses how the 9/11 attacks highlighted the clash between the secular West and religious East. After 9/11, Islam became seen as a threat in the West, leading to Islamophobia and hate crimes against Muslims. The document concludes that multiculturalism is doomed to fail due to the irreconcilable differences between Western secularism and Eastern religious traditions.
The document discusses the concept of cosmopolitanism and cosmopolitan social democracy. It traces the origins of cosmopolitanism back to ancient Greek philosophers. It examines Kant's formulation of cosmopolitan right and defines cosmopolitanism as the ideology that all humans belong to a single community based on shared morality. The document then analyzes the regulatory principles of cosmopolitan social democracy, such as egalitarianism and treating all individuals with equal worth. However, critics argue that cosmopolitan social democracy is inappropriate, impractical, and irrelevant given cultural diversity and challenges of effective global governance.
This document summarizes and critiques Samuel Huntington's theory of a "Clash of Civilizations". It outlines Huntington's division of the world into major civilizations and his premise that conflicts will emerge along fault lines between these civilizations. The document critiques Huntington's perspective as overly simplistic, arguing it ignores cross-civilization exchanges and portrays non-Western civilizations in an adversarial manner to justify Western military dominance. Overall, the document casts doubt on Huntington's thesis by highlighting its ideological biases and lack of nuance.
Graham, Stephen. "When life itself is war: On the urbanization of military an...Stephen Graham
It is now well established that both the ‘war on terror’ and its offshoots have been conspicuously marked by overwhelmingly urban discourses, materialities and practices. Deliberately transdisciplinary, synthetical and polemical in scope, this article seeks to demonstrate that new ideologies of permanent and boundless war are radically intensifying the militarization of urban life in the contemporary period. The article delineates the ways in which contemporary processes of militarization — which surround what I label the ‘new military urbanism’ — raise fundamental questions for critical urban scholarship because of the ways in which they work to normalize the permanent targeting of everyday urban sites, circulations and populations. Focusing primarily on US security and military doctrine, culture and technology, this article exploresthenewmilitaryurbanism’sfiveinterrelatedfoundationsindetail,namely:the urbanization of military and security doctrine; the links between militarized control technologies and digitized urban life; the cultural performances of militarized media consumption; the emerging urban political economies of the ‘security’ industries; and the new state spaces of violence. Following the elaboration of each of these themes, the article concludes by identifying ways forward for critical urban research in exposing and confronting the normalization of the new military urbanism.
This document discusses two approaches to analyzing sub-national movements: 1) a rational choice perspective focusing on political actors manipulating identity and interests, and 2) a transcultural perspective accounting for cultural flows and hybridization. It uses the Telengana movement in India as a case study, first analyzing it through the rational choice lens, then considering how a transcultural approach could provide additional insights. Key points addressed include how the Telengana movement challenges theories of sub-national movements being resolved once accommodated, implications for understanding cultural nationalism, and policy recommendations for states facing sub-national challenges.
This report summarizes and analyzes Samuel Huntington's article "The Clash of Civilizations". Huntington argues that future conflicts will occur along cultural and religious lines between civilizations, rather than ideological or economic divisions. He defines civilizations based on common language, history, religion, and customs. Huntington predicts clashes between civilizations will increase due to factors like modernization weakening national identity, anti-Western sentiment, and economic regionalization fostering an "us vs. them" mentality. While conflicts may not all be violent, divisions along Islamic fault lines appear more threatening. The analysis discusses how kin-country rallying could exacerbate clashes and the implications of heightened civilization consciousness.
This document summarizes an ethnographic study of cultural events organized by young Russian Israelis in Tel Aviv to celebrate their collective memory and claim belonging. The study is based on participant observation of four public celebrations held by the Fishka cultural association: International Women's Day, Passover Seder, Memouna celebrations, and Holocaust Remembrance Day. These events blend Russian-Soviet, Jewish, and Israeli traditions and allow the young immigrants to express their hybrid identity and reinforce their visibility and place in Tel Aviv's diverse urban culture.
This document is a curriculum vitae that provides biographical and professional details about Adebamowo Mark Kehinde Omoniyi. It summarizes his educational background which includes obtaining an HND in Accountancy from Yaba College of Technology in 1992 and an OND in Accountancy from Ogun State Polytechnic in 1986. It also outlines his professional qualifications which include being an Associate member of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) since 2012 and an Associate member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria since 2010. Finally, it provides a detailed chronology of his professional experience working in finance and accounting roles for various organizations since 1986.
This document is a curriculum vitae that provides biographical information about Adebamowo Mark Kehinde Omoniyi, including his education history, professional qualifications, work experience, skills, and responsibilities in various finance and accounting roles. It details his academic background, including degrees in accountancy and an MBA program in progress. It also lists his professional qualifications and over 10 years of work experience in finance leadership positions at various organizations.
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a dissertation examining how the 1951 UN Refugee Convention's definition of a refugee impacts the status and experience of Syrian refugees in Turkey. The introduction notes that while many have criticized the Convention's shortcomings, few have applied this to real-world situations. It argues that Turkey has been able to interpret the Convention in a way that limits external support for Syrian refugees through its use of terminology like "guest." The dissertation will use the Syrian refugee situation in Turkey to demonstrate how states can leverage ambiguities in the Convention to prioritize national security over refugee needs.
Tasha Gerrard provides art and science of improving the decorations, often including the external, of a space or developing, to achieve a healthier and more aesthetically pleasing environment for the end user. An interior designer is someone who plans, researches, harmonizes, and controls such assignments
This summary analyzes scholarly theories on the influence of Western media on developing nations. Early theories like Modernization Theory praised Western media's potential to aid development. However, Dependency Theory argued Western corporations created dependencies that maintained underdevelopment. Structural Imperialism and Cultural Imperialism described unequal global power structures. More recent theories argue for asymmetrical interdependence and the influence of local entrepreneurs. Ultimately, the dominance of transnational capitalist media corporations shapes global culture by promoting consumerism and individualism to reinforce capitalist ideology and relationships. Reform requires publicly-funded media as an alternative to serve democratic goals.
This document discusses whether the partition of India and accompanying violence was inevitable. It argues that while there were socioeconomic differences between Hindu and Muslim communities, political elites accentuated and manipulated these differences to the point that the divisions became seen as irreconcilable. As nationalism spread in India, it allowed communal differences to be articulated on a larger scale, and the introduction of democratic reforms and separate electorates further entrenched religious divisions. Therefore, while the communal divide was partly a political construction, it was at the point that the divisions became seen as irreconcilable that partition and violence became inevitable outcomes.
Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International RelationsRommel Regala
George W. Bush's foreign policy argued that old methods of dealing with challenges were obsolete. It changed sharply after 9/11 to emphasize unilateralism. This led to the controversial war in Iraq, whose reasons and effects are still highly debated. The end of the Cold War led to American primacy, but also new issues like inequality, the rise of China, and challenges to European integration and Russian authoritarianism. Globalization became a major topic of discussion around increasing interconnectedness and its contested impacts.
This document discusses the definition and causes of civil war. It defines civil war as involving armed conflict between a government and identifiable rebel groups that results in over 1,000 battle-related deaths in a year. The document explores various perspectives on the root causes of civil war, including identity hatred, globalization, bad governance, greed and grievances over resources, as well as the impact of the post-Cold War international system and involvement of warlords, militias and private military companies. It notes there is no consensus but that the impact on civilians through violence and landmines is immense and long-lasting.
What is just and moral in international politicsDaria Globenko
This document discusses the debate between cosmopolitanism and communitarianism in international relations, specifically regarding what is just and moral. Cosmopolitanism argues for universal human rights and values regardless of cultural differences, while communitarianism emphasizes the importance of cultural identity and the norms of individual communities. The document uses the Syrian refugee crisis in Europe as a case study to analyze how these approaches apply in practice. It finds that states' responses to the crisis, such as prioritizing certain nationalities and countries for resettlement, better reflect communitarian values of protecting citizens over cosmopolitan ideals of universal human rights.
Ulrich Beck presents his view of globalization as an open, multi-dimensional process with paradoxical effects. He sees the need for transnational political structures beyond the nation-state, like the EU, to manage globalization. Beck analyzes how traditional sociological models centered on the nation-state have been challenged by increasing global interconnectedness. He argues that global risks create a new kind of global society and that sociology must account for both national and transnational forces in the world system.
Feminism and Citizenship: Multiculturalism and GlobalisationStar Lyngdoh
Feminism and citizenship were once distinct areas, but feminism argues that without basic rights and duties, women cannot truly be considered citizens. Multiculturalism encourages cultural diversity and global integration, while globalization leads to interconnectedness between nations and the spread of ideas, goods, and people. Together, multiculturalism and globalization can create opportunities by embracing diversity, but they also risk weakening morality and centralized decision-making. Modern changes have supported greater gender equality and participation in public life as full citizens.
The document discusses Samuel Huntington's theory of a "clash of civilizations" between Western and Islamic societies. It provides an overview of Huntington's argument that civilizations will increasingly conflict along cultural and religious lines. However, it also critiques Huntington's thesis as overly simplistic. It argues he fails to recognize complexity within and between civilizations. While differences exist, the document suggests conflict arises more from extremism than civilizations themselves clashing. Overall, the summary critiques Huntington's framework as reductionist while acknowledging religious differences as an international issue.
An Appraisal Of Nigeria’s Democratic Consolidation And Economic Development: ...inventionjournals
After years of military and authoritarian rule, great expectations accompanied the resumption of
civilian rule in Nigeria in May 1999. For a country that has suffered severe deterioration in its economy and
politics over the fifty years of military rule, the assumption that a civilian rule would herald a dawn of peace
and a deepening of democratic values and norms in the society was understandable. This paper sets out to
analytically x-ray the country’s political cum economic penchant and to ascertain to what degree its democratic
principles have been consolidated upon from the inception of its democratic rule. The paper finds that
consolidating democracy in Nigeria is tough and challenging but not entirely hopeless. Nigeria is a country with
thriving democratic spirit but is ruled by tyrants and despots who have both the inclination and resources to
scupper agitations for democratic reforms. Nigeria’s, like citizens in established democracies, want
constitutional democracy and all the rights, privileges and benefits associated with democracy
A brief discussion about globalization through media imperialism.
Researchers focused their effort on mostly nation-states as primary actors in international relations. The flow of news and entertainment was biased in favor of industrialized countries. Developing nations received scant and prejudicial coverage in Western Media. Emphasis on commercialization of sphere of culture. On the second stage of research in Cultural imperialism, it focused on transnational corporations as the primary actors on international relations ; and on transnational capital flows
The end of cold war as a global framework for ideological, Geopolitical, and Economic competition calls for a rethinking of the analytical categories and paradigms of thought. The nation state is no longer the sale or dominant player since transnational transactions occur on sub national, national, and supranational levels. According to John Tomlinson (1991) Globalization replaced cultural imperialism because it conveys a process with less coherence and direction, which will weaken the cultural unity of all nation -states ,Not only those in the developing world. Globalization has emerged as a key perspective across the humanities and social sciences, a current undoubtedly affecting the discipline of communication.
Globalization of culture has become a conceptual magnet attracting research and theorizing efforts from a variety of disciplines and interdisciplinary formations such as anthropology, comparative literature, cultural studies, communication and media studies, geography, and sociology.
The document discusses Samuel Huntington's theory of the clash of civilizations, focusing on the clash between Western and Islamic civilizations. It summarizes that Huntington argued civilizations are distinguished by factors like religion, and conflicts between civilizations will often be caused by religious differences. It then discusses how the 9/11 attacks highlighted the clash between the secular West and religious East. After 9/11, Islam became seen as a threat in the West, leading to Islamophobia and hate crimes against Muslims. The document concludes that multiculturalism is doomed to fail due to the irreconcilable differences between Western secularism and Eastern religious traditions.
The document discusses the concept of cosmopolitanism and cosmopolitan social democracy. It traces the origins of cosmopolitanism back to ancient Greek philosophers. It examines Kant's formulation of cosmopolitan right and defines cosmopolitanism as the ideology that all humans belong to a single community based on shared morality. The document then analyzes the regulatory principles of cosmopolitan social democracy, such as egalitarianism and treating all individuals with equal worth. However, critics argue that cosmopolitan social democracy is inappropriate, impractical, and irrelevant given cultural diversity and challenges of effective global governance.
This document summarizes and critiques Samuel Huntington's theory of a "Clash of Civilizations". It outlines Huntington's division of the world into major civilizations and his premise that conflicts will emerge along fault lines between these civilizations. The document critiques Huntington's perspective as overly simplistic, arguing it ignores cross-civilization exchanges and portrays non-Western civilizations in an adversarial manner to justify Western military dominance. Overall, the document casts doubt on Huntington's thesis by highlighting its ideological biases and lack of nuance.
Graham, Stephen. "When life itself is war: On the urbanization of military an...Stephen Graham
It is now well established that both the ‘war on terror’ and its offshoots have been conspicuously marked by overwhelmingly urban discourses, materialities and practices. Deliberately transdisciplinary, synthetical and polemical in scope, this article seeks to demonstrate that new ideologies of permanent and boundless war are radically intensifying the militarization of urban life in the contemporary period. The article delineates the ways in which contemporary processes of militarization — which surround what I label the ‘new military urbanism’ — raise fundamental questions for critical urban scholarship because of the ways in which they work to normalize the permanent targeting of everyday urban sites, circulations and populations. Focusing primarily on US security and military doctrine, culture and technology, this article exploresthenewmilitaryurbanism’sfiveinterrelatedfoundationsindetail,namely:the urbanization of military and security doctrine; the links between militarized control technologies and digitized urban life; the cultural performances of militarized media consumption; the emerging urban political economies of the ‘security’ industries; and the new state spaces of violence. Following the elaboration of each of these themes, the article concludes by identifying ways forward for critical urban research in exposing and confronting the normalization of the new military urbanism.
This document discusses two approaches to analyzing sub-national movements: 1) a rational choice perspective focusing on political actors manipulating identity and interests, and 2) a transcultural perspective accounting for cultural flows and hybridization. It uses the Telengana movement in India as a case study, first analyzing it through the rational choice lens, then considering how a transcultural approach could provide additional insights. Key points addressed include how the Telengana movement challenges theories of sub-national movements being resolved once accommodated, implications for understanding cultural nationalism, and policy recommendations for states facing sub-national challenges.
This report summarizes and analyzes Samuel Huntington's article "The Clash of Civilizations". Huntington argues that future conflicts will occur along cultural and religious lines between civilizations, rather than ideological or economic divisions. He defines civilizations based on common language, history, religion, and customs. Huntington predicts clashes between civilizations will increase due to factors like modernization weakening national identity, anti-Western sentiment, and economic regionalization fostering an "us vs. them" mentality. While conflicts may not all be violent, divisions along Islamic fault lines appear more threatening. The analysis discusses how kin-country rallying could exacerbate clashes and the implications of heightened civilization consciousness.
This document summarizes an ethnographic study of cultural events organized by young Russian Israelis in Tel Aviv to celebrate their collective memory and claim belonging. The study is based on participant observation of four public celebrations held by the Fishka cultural association: International Women's Day, Passover Seder, Memouna celebrations, and Holocaust Remembrance Day. These events blend Russian-Soviet, Jewish, and Israeli traditions and allow the young immigrants to express their hybrid identity and reinforce their visibility and place in Tel Aviv's diverse urban culture.
This document is a curriculum vitae that provides biographical and professional details about Adebamowo Mark Kehinde Omoniyi. It summarizes his educational background which includes obtaining an HND in Accountancy from Yaba College of Technology in 1992 and an OND in Accountancy from Ogun State Polytechnic in 1986. It also outlines his professional qualifications which include being an Associate member of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) since 2012 and an Associate member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria since 2010. Finally, it provides a detailed chronology of his professional experience working in finance and accounting roles for various organizations since 1986.
This document is a curriculum vitae that provides biographical information about Adebamowo Mark Kehinde Omoniyi, including his education history, professional qualifications, work experience, skills, and responsibilities in various finance and accounting roles. It details his academic background, including degrees in accountancy and an MBA program in progress. It also lists his professional qualifications and over 10 years of work experience in finance leadership positions at various organizations.
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a dissertation examining how the 1951 UN Refugee Convention's definition of a refugee impacts the status and experience of Syrian refugees in Turkey. The introduction notes that while many have criticized the Convention's shortcomings, few have applied this to real-world situations. It argues that Turkey has been able to interpret the Convention in a way that limits external support for Syrian refugees through its use of terminology like "guest." The dissertation will use the Syrian refugee situation in Turkey to demonstrate how states can leverage ambiguities in the Convention to prioritize national security over refugee needs.
Tasha Gerrard provides art and science of improving the decorations, often including the external, of a space or developing, to achieve a healthier and more aesthetically pleasing environment for the end user. An interior designer is someone who plans, researches, harmonizes, and controls such assignments
This document contains the academic and professional experience of an individual. It lists their experience giving guest lectures at various colleges from 2014-2015. It also outlines their research experience working on projects related to women's empowerment, television lessons, and pollution of the Musi River. Finally, it provides a lengthy list of their publications in academic journals, presentations at national and international seminars, and participation in workshops.
P4-based VNF and Micro-VNF Chaining for Servers With Intelligent Server AdaptersOpen-NFP
Commodity servers equipped with intelligent server adapters (ISAs) are being used as platforms for Network Functions Virtualization (NFV). The network traffic processing required by a specific use case is frequently expressed by forming a chain of Virtual Network Functions (VNFs). This demonstration illustrates that VNFs in the chain can be hosted on the server CPU or on the ISA. It furthermore illustrates that VNFs can be decomposed into components called Micro-VNFs, with the components again being hosted on the server CPU and/or the ISA. A P4 program (compiled to native code running on the ISA) defines the overall semantics of the datapath within an ISA equipped server and expresses how VNFs and Micro-VNFs should be composed within this platform. We show how mechanisms like tunnels and service headers programmed using P4 are employed to establish the VNF service chain across multiple network nodes.
David George
Lead Engineer, Netronome
David George is a lead engineer on the Netronome SDK team and is primarily responsible for Netronome's P4 data plane. He has previously been worked on the SDK simulator and x86 data plane components. He holds a Masters of Electrical Engineering from the University of Cape Town.
Protecting the Privacy of the Network – Using P4 to Prototype and Extend Netw...Open-NFP
o protect the privacy of sensitive application data, we encrypt it before sending it over networks. However, we do not treat sensitive information about the network in the same way. Instead, headers are sent in plain text and leak sensitive information about the network – especially valid host addresses, type of service markings. In our research, we are developing a protocol to also encrypt Layer 3 headers. Using P4, we are able to rapidly stand up and prototype our proposed solution in real code running across real devices. In this webinar, I will introduce our approach and how we used and extended P4 functionality to stand up a prototype.
Mark Matties
The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab
Mark Matties is the Chief Scientist in the Communication and Networking Systems group at JHU APL, where he develops and evaluates SDN solutions to improve network security and performance. He holds a B.S. in Chemistry and a Ph.D. in Polymer Science and has worked for over 20 years in computing, networking, and security.
P4 for Custom Identification, Flow Tagging, Monitoring and ControlOpen-NFP
This tutorial will show the use of P4 on an Agilio CX intelligent server adapter (ISA) to enable identification and custom tagging for the rerouting of elastic traffic within a telecoms data center for virtualized compute nodes. The identification is done using real time dynamic measurements of flows on the ISA. Real time dynamic measurement of flows on the ISA is critical for cloud centric service models and service automation. Enabling applications such as security, root cause analysis, big data analytics, and traffic engineering to adjust the depth and complexity of flow monitoring could enable a new wave of sophisticated features and opportunities. The purpose of the talk is to illustrate how these types of applications would benefit from a P4 framework through utilizing P4 interfaces for advanced and customized flow measurements.
Nic Viljoen
Software Engineer
Nic Viljoen is a Software Engineer at Netronome, focusing on the enablement of real time analytics at the compute node in the data plane using intelligent server adapters. He is currently collaborating with the CORD project at ON.Lab to apply this within the context of the next generation mobile edge network (MCORD). Nic spent four years at the University of Cambridge where he received his undergraduate degree and an MEng in Information Engineering, focusing on Causality and Machine Learning.
The Paxos protocol is the foundation for building many fault-tolerant distributed systems and services. Given the importance of Paxos, and performance improvements to the protocol would have a significant impact on data-center infrastructure. We argue that implementing Paxos in network devices would significantly improve its performance. This talk describes an implementation of Paxos in P4, as well as our on-going efforts to evaluate the implementation on Netronome intelligent server adapters. Implementing Paxos provides a critical use case for P4, and will help drive the requirements for data plane languages in general. In the long term, we imagine that consensus could someday be offered as a network service.
Huynh Tu Dang
Italian University of Switzerland
Huynh Tu Dang is a second-year Ph.D. student in the Faculty of Informatics at Università della Svizzera Italiana. His research focuses on fault-tolerant distributed systems and application of software-defined networking (SDN). Previously, he worked as a research assistant at Ho Chi Minh International University and was an intern at INRIA, Nice-Sophia Antipolis on BtrPlace project. He received his Bachelor's degree from the School of Computer Science and Engineering at Ho Chi Minh International University.
The webinar discussed accelerating P4 and eBPF programs on Netronome SmartNIC hardware. It covered the Linux kernel infrastructure like TC and XDP that supports offloading eBPF programs. It also explained how the NFP architecture is optimized for network flow processing with its multi-core design and memory hierarchy. The webinar demonstrated how eBPF programs can be translated to run efficiently on the NFP hardware by handling maps and applying optimizations.
Stacks and Layers: Integrating P4, C, OVS and OpenStackOpen-NFP
This document discusses integrating programmable packet processing (P4), traditional software (C), and hardware acceleration using Agilio SmartNICs with OpenStack networking. It reviews traditional OpenStack networking options and their performance issues. It then discusses how P4, C extensions, and SmartNICs can provide flexible, high-performance networking by offloading or extending the OpenStack networking datapaths like OVS and Contrail vRouter. Examples are provided of running P4/C firmware on the SmartNIC to implement a virtual switch or extending existing software. Integration with OpenStack and implications are discussed throughout.
This document provides a profile summary for Mohammod Hanif Mia, including his contact information, extensive experience in Java/J2EE application development, technical skills including programming languages like Java and AngularJS, frameworks like Spring and Hibernate, databases like Oracle and MySQL, and methodologies like Agile and Scrum. It also summarizes his roles and responsibilities in previous positions at companies like IFDS, SunGard, and ComputerShare, where he worked on projects like the WebPlus portal, Frontier insurance software, and investor statements production.
S o c i o l o g y a n d t h e N a t i o n - S t a t e Soci.docxanhlodge
S o c i o l o g y a n d t h e N a t i o n - S t a t e
Sociology and the Nation-State in an Era of
Shifting Boundaries
Donald N. Levine
[ . . . ]
Eroding Commitments to National
Boundaries
Now. I find it fascinating to contemplate the fact that
the new configurations that have come to compete
with the authority of established disciplines resemble
developments within the universe of nation-states.
Just as allegiances to disciplinary fields have had to
compete with intellectual alliances that I have glossed as
subdisciplinary, transdisciplinary, and supradisciplinary,
so over the past generation, commitments to national
political entities have been weakened by the spread
of allegiances that are subnational, transnational, and
supranational in scope.
The locus classicus for formulating the dynamics of
subnational loyalties is a paper written in 1962 by Geertz.
"The Integrative Revolution." That paper identifies two
powerful, interdependent, and often opposed motives:
the desire to be recognized as a responsible person
whose wishes, acts, hopes, and opinions "matter," and
the desire to build an efficient, dynamic modern state.
The one aim is to be noticed: it is a search for identity,
and a demand that the identity be publicly acknow-
ledged as having import, a social assertion of the self
as "being somebody in the world." The other aim is a
demand for progress - for a rising standard of living,
more effective political order, greater social justice - a n d
for playing a part in the larger arena of world polities.
As Geertz formulated the matter, tension between
these two motives is a central driving force in the
evolution of nations, yet one of the greatest obstacles
to such evolution. The tension gets exacerbated in
the new states, because of the accelerating importance
of the sovereign state as a positive instrument for
pursuing collective aims, when people's sense of self
remains bound up with attachments based on blood,
race, language, locality, religion, or tradition - attach-
ments that Geertz designated generically (following
Shils) as "primordial" ties.
A decade later Geertz was chagrined to note that the
tensions among primordial groups that he had associ-
ated with the new states of Africa and Asia were by no
means limited to those countries. When republishing
his essay he confessed that in 1972
my passage about the declining role of primordial
divisions in "modern" countries seems, to put it mildly,
rather less convincing than [it] did in 1962, when this
essay was originally written. But if events in Canada,
Belgium, Ulster, and so on have made primordial
definition seem less predominantly a "new state"
phenomenon, they have made the general argument
developed here seem even more germane.
Two decades after that, the assertion of subnational
identities based on primordial ties had become one of
the fastest-spreading social phenomena in the world,
ranging from the benign m.
The document discusses the challenges of writing an essay on citizenship. It notes that citizenship is a broad and complex concept encompassing rights, responsibilities, civic engagement, and the relationship between individuals and the state. Defining citizenship and capturing its dynamic nature over time adds difficulty. Exploring its historical roots from ancient Greece to modern thought requires thorough examination. Analyzing diverse cultural views on citizenship while maintaining objectivity also poses a challenge. Additionally, delving into contemporary issues related to citizenship demands awareness of ongoing debates. Overall, an essay on this topic is a formidable task requiring research, critical thinking, and understanding of historical and contemporary contexts to navigate the multifaceted nature and perspectives of citizenship.
This document provides an overview of the rise and fall of transnational civil society from 1839 to the present. It argues that contrary to conventional views, transnational civil society has not developed through linear progress but rather in waves. The summary examines factors that have affected its development, such as technological changes and economic trends. It then outlines a history where transnational civil society expanded in the 19th century through movements like anti-slavery but saw a major decline during World War 1. The document analyzes how both external political factors and the internal actions of civil society itself have contributed to its rises and falls over time.
This document discusses conducting online ethnography to study how Brazilian migrants use social networking sites to maintain connections across borders. It argues that online interactions are an important part of many migrants' experiences that interconnect with their offline lives. To better understand how migration has changed in the digital age, researchers should incorporate both online and offline fieldwork to examine how digital connectivity impacts the migrant experience. The document uses the example of Brazilian migrants' use of the social media site Orkut to argue that online spaces are important new fieldsites for migration researchers.
The document discusses the causes that led to the formation of Hezbollah in Lebanon. It states that Hezbollah aims to destroy Israel in order to spread Pan-Islam, remove Palestinians from Lebanon, and retaliate against Israeli occupation. It formed in response to Israel's occupation of southern Lebanon and is inspired by Shia Islamic principles of martyrdom. It is largely funded and influenced by Iran following Iran's 1979 Islamic revolution.
Rethinking Participation In A European Contextnnriaz
This document discusses frameworks for understanding marginalized groups and their participation in society. It focuses on intersectionality and how people have multiple, intersecting identities that shape their experiences of marginalization. Gypsy communities are used as a case study. Some key challenges to their participation include poverty, poor health, lack of education, employment barriers, and cultural barriers. However, the online sphere, like Facebook, may help lower barriers to political and civic participation for marginalized youth by making engagement easier and more interactive at low cost. Understanding intersectionality and exploring virtual spaces are presented as ways to potentially increase meaningful participation of marginalized groups like young Gypsies.
Multiculturalism in a global society minority rights and justiceAlexander Decker
1. The document discusses multiculturalism and minority rights in a global society. It defines multiculturalism as ensuring citizens can maintain their identities while having a sense of belonging in society.
2. Minority rights go beyond basic civil/political rights to recognize distinct identities/needs of ethnic groups. However, most minorities seek full participation in modern liberal societies, not isolation.
3. A just, multicultural society requires measures like group rights, culturally sensitive policies, and affirmative action to remedy disadvantages minorities face and foster a shared sense of belonging.
11.multiculturalism in a global society minority rights and justiceAlexander Decker
1. The document discusses multiculturalism and minority rights in a global society. It defines multiculturalism as ensuring citizens can maintain their identities while having a sense of belonging in society.
2. It explores issues like whether cultures should be isolated or interact, and debates around balancing shared culture with diversity. The role of the state in fostering justice and belonging is also examined.
3. Minority rights are discussed, differentiating between types that go beyond individual rights to accommodate group identities and needs. The document analyzes arguments that minority rights can promote fairness by remedying disadvantages within mainstream institutions.
TCW - MODULE 1 - THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD.pdfYmerTiburcio1
This document provides an overview of a chapter on the introduction to globalization. It discusses definitions of globalization, traces its historical evolution from prehistoric to contemporary times, and outlines five distinct historical periods of increasing global connections. The chapter aims to differentiate competing conceptions of globalization, identify underlying philosophies, agree on a working definition, and trace the process from limited early human contact to today's highly interconnected world.
REPORTING AFRICA IN THE GLOBAL AGE: THE DIFFERENCE GLOBALISATION MAKESAusten Uche Uwosomah
Globalization has made some differences in how international media reports on Africa. Scholte's definition views globalization as increasing supraterritorial social connections between people worldwide. Bisley sees it as causing interconnected changes with uneven consequences. Both see the state as important. Globalization has increased Western journalists in Africa and dissemination of African news globally. However, Western media continues exploiting stereotypical images of crises and suffering in Africa, undermining its history and achievements. This fatigue's global audiences and reduces compassion over time despite increased awareness. While globalization spread news more, it did not change the negative focus on Africa.
Intercultural Communication Studies XX 1 (2011) Sun17.docxmariuse18nolet
Intercultural Communication Studies XX: 1 (2011) Sun
17
Intercultural Communication and Global Democracy:
A Deweyan Perspective
Sun Youzhong
Beijing Foreign Studies University, China
Abstract
Understanding intercultural communication as the exchange of information between
individuals of different cultural backgrounds, theorists of this field are primarily
concerned with mapping the patterns of cultural similarities and differences, revealing
the effects of cultural factors on the process of intercultural communication, sorting
the components of intercultural communication competence, and seeking the formulas
to remove misunderstandings and breakdowns in intercultural communication.
By contrast, American philosopher John Dewey takes a moral approach to define
communication as individually distinctive members of a community sharing
experiences, participating in joint activities, cooperating in free social inquiry and the
distribution of its conclusions, transforming habits, and ultimately making life rich
and varied in meanings. This Deweyan moralist perspective can be applied to situate
intercultural communication studies in the context of a globalizing world where global
democracy, though far from playing any noticeable role in regulating international
relations at present, should ultimately rule if humankind is to have a future and continue
to thrive. From a Deweyan perspective, the construction of a global public in a global
democratic community is the foundation or precondition of global democracy. This is
where intercultural communication, understood not only as practical means to satisfy
immediate individual, organizational and national needs in intercultural contexts, but
also as consummate ends or an intercultural democratic way of life, could make its
unique contribution.
Keywords: global democracy, John Dewey, intercultural communication
Introduction
It is generally agreed that we live in an age of globalization. But when did it begin? Some
historians might point at October 24, 1946, when the first grainy, black-and-white photos of
our earth were taken from an altitude of 65 miles by a 35-millimeter motion picture camera
riding on a V-2 missile launched from the New Mexico dessert. Clyde Holliday, the engineer
who developed the camera, wrote in National Geographic in 1950, the V-2 photos showed for
the first time “how our Earth would look to visitors from another planet coming in on a space
ship.” That was the first time human beings saw with their own eyes their habitats on separate
continents as one globe. Other historians would trace further back to the late 19th century when
the second industrialization coupled with Western imperialism incorporated all the countries
of the globe into one world market system. But that first stage of modern globalization slowed
18
Intercultural Communication Studies XX: 1 (2011) Sun
down during the period from the start of the First World War until the thi.
This document discusses the transition from concepts like "exile" and "migration" to the concepts of "diaspora" and "transnationalism" in the context of globalization and increased population movement. It notes that borders are crossed more easily today and people see themselves as global citizens. The concepts of diaspora and transnationalism better capture the complex sociological changes occurring in the 21st century compared to older concepts. Diaspora implies a dispersion from a core location and the existence of multiple locations as a result, as well as a sense of community between dispersed groups. Transnationalism reflects increased networking and interconnectivity across regions on a global scale.
This document discusses the origins and history of globalization from different perspectives. It describes five main views on defining when globalization began: 1) As a natural human tendency dating back thousands of years, 2) As a cyclical process with multiple "waves", 3) Through six major epochs starting in ancient times, 4) Key events like European colonialism and modern technology, 5) Recent changes in the late 20th century including US global dominance, rise of multinational corporations, and end of the Cold War. The document analyzes each view in detail and references debates among scholars about defining the start of globalization.
Slide chapter 13 - moira inghilleri national sovereignty vs universal right...Fira Nursya`bani
This document summarizes a chapter that discusses the tensions between national sovereignty and universal human rights in the context of translation and interpretation in the global asylum system. It covers topics like the formation of the nation-state, globalization and migration management, the politics of belonging, and the role of interpreters in negotiating transnational discourse within authorized national frameworks. The chapter examines how interpreters navigate dichotomies between insider and outsider and national vs universal approaches in exclusionary asylum environments.
This document discusses how architects are increasingly focusing on issues of social justice and inclusion in their work. It argues that to adequately address climate change, architecture needs to engage both locally and globally. The document examines the concept of "insurgent citizenship" and alternative practices by marginalized groups. It suggests that to respond to climate change, architects need a reflexive approach that accounts for its complex multiscalar impacts and involves diverse actors across levels of governance. Architects should draw from both ethnographic understanding of local contexts and transformative visions that avoid the failures of past utopian plans.
ReferencesKorgen, K. O., & Atkinson, M. P. (2019). Sociology.docxlorent8
References
Korgen, K. O., & Atkinson, M. P. (2019). Sociology in action (1st ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc..
Ch 5: Migration, Globalization, and Cult…
Previous section
Next section
5
Migration, Globalization, and Cultural Diversity
age fotostock/Superstock
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
· Describe the most common issues or theses that arise within a society as a result of increased diversity.
· Distinguish among the characteristics of migrant workers, immigrants, and diasporas.
· Evaluate factors that contribute to ongoing conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians and discuss the impact of thesefactors on diasporas from that region.
· Explain the historical reasons for the creation of the African diaspora and the diverse cultural composition of that diaspora.
· Synthesize the reasons for social stratification throughout the world and the challenges such stratification poses for the globalsocial environment and the global economy.
· Analyze the relationships among globalization, income inequality, and social stratification.
· Compare concepts of diversity over the past 200 years and forecast future avenues for understanding cultural diversity andindividual differences.
· Differentiate between multiculturalism and pluralism in describing the cultures within a society.Ch 5 Introduction
Previous section
Next sectionIntroduction
Diversity has become a dominant issue in the social, political, and legal environments of American life. The United States, however, is not theonly country with an influx of newcomers into its diverse society. Throughout history, people around the world have traveled from theirhomelands to settle in other geographic regions. The arrival of foreign populations into an established culture compels both recent settlersand existing populations to examine long-held beliefs, values, norms, and behaviors.
Although the specific issues raised by new settlers may vary, common themes emerge as a society becomes more diverse. These themes caninclude:
· the need to understand the meaning of human and cultural diversity in society;
· the favoring of some groups and the oppression of or discrimination against others;
· difficulties in fully understanding and appreciating cultures different from one’s own;
· the ability to balance an appreciation for individuals’ differences while retaining a common and unified culture; and
· the ability to accept and blend diverse and sometimes conflicting norms and values within a nation, state, neighborhood, or family.
Social scientists believe that to understand how these issues play out within a specific culture requires first understanding a culture’shistorical and sociocultural context, as well as the historical and sociocultural context of its new arrivals. Chapter 5 focuses on these commonthemes relative to human diversity and culture around the world.5.1 Migration and Global Diversity
The causes of migration are complex and varied,.
Currently, in the Department of Educational Policy Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, US, Fazal Rizvi has worked in a number of countries, including several senior university research and administrative posts in Australia.
Diversity, it has been widely noted, cannot be read against a universal set of criteria, and that the moral claims surrounding diversity are contextually specific. Traditionally these claims have been nationally defined. In this paper, I will argue that this approach to thinking about diversity is no longer sufficient, and that while the national context still remains pertinent, in the era of globalization, it has become transformed by the emerging processes of transnationalism. Using a number of narratives, I will suggest that the multiple ways in which people now experience, interpret, negotiate and work with diversity are affected by factors that are deeply shaped by the emerging patterns of global mobility and interconnectivity. This recognition has major implications for educational research, requiring new conceptual resources that enable us to ‘read’ diversity as a product of complex interactions between national articulations and their re-constitution by transnational processes.
More details: http://www.eera-ecer.eu/ecer/ecer2010/keynote-speakers/fazal-rizvi/
The recording of the keynote is here:
http://www.eera-ecer.eu/ecer/ecer2010/channel-2/
Globalization has connected people across borders but also deepened divisions. Cultural policy can help strengthen civil society by smoothing the transition to a global community and promoting inclusion, participation, and pluralism. By funding arts programs and networks that empower diverse voices and facilitate cooperation, cultural policy fosters social trust and civic responsibility, which are integral to civil society.
Unit 5 Comparative methods and ApproachesYash Agarwal
The passage provides an overview of the political economy approach to studying comparative politics. It discusses how the concept of political economy has evolved over time from Aristotle to modern theorists. Political economy refers to understanding economics and politics as interconnected rather than separate domains, and how this relationship manifests itself. The passage outlines some of the major theories that have utilized the political economy approach, including modernization theory, dependency theory, and world systems analysis. It provides context on how political economy emerged as a framework for examining relationships between countries and explaining social and political phenomena.
1. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
1
“Once we rethink the boundaries of social life, it becomes clear that the incorporation of
individuals into nation-states and the maintenance of transnational connections are not
contradictory social processes” (Levitt and Glick-Schiller, 2004: 1003). Discuss in relation to
the debate on transnationalism.
‘Under conditions of transnationality, the question is whether the purported links between
individual, family, nation and citizenship are becoming more tenuous or interlocking in
tighter ways than before.’ (Ho, 2008: 158)
Migration is a discourse, which gathers multi-disciplinary interest, one studied by academics
from a wide range of disciplines, and it is this multi-scholarly discussion, which enables analyses
of migration practices to ask questions on the motivations, demographics and geographies behind
these movements. What has captured the interest of anthropologists in particular is the migrants
themselves, the lives they leave behind and the ways in which they react and interact with the
lives they encounter in their country of settlement;; ‘migrants act and are “acted upon” with
reference to their social, cultural and gendered locations’ (Brettell, 2000: 118). As Glick Schiller,
Basch and Blanc-Szanton (1992) noted in the early years of the 1990s anthropologists had
become interested in the way that ‘immigrants live their lives across borders and maintain their
ties to home even when their countries of origin and settlement are geographically distant’
(Glick-Schiller et al., 1992: ix), this trend in anthropological interest is even more prominent
today in light of the ever increasing interconnection of peoples.
2. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
2
The historical trajectory of multistranded migratory relations:
Within this essay I discuss the arguments that Levitt and Glick-Schiller’s (2004) present in their
paper entitled; Conceptualising Simultaneity: A Transnational Social Field Perspective on
Society that the assimilation which migrants come to accomplish is not incompatible with the
upkeep of transnational connections;; ‘they are not binary oppositions’ (ibid: 1002). In so doing, I
place their discussion in relation to the debate on transnationalism as this allows an
understanding of the changing immigrant experience. Migrants have become able to form and
sustain ‘multistranded social relations that linked their societies of origin and settlement’ (Glick-
Schiller et al., 1992: ix), thus forming a central component of transnationalism as we know it
today. It is important, however, to first illustrate the social and historical context from which
current studies of migration have developed. In so doing, I provide an explanation of how I shall
use and define the terms ‘incorporation’ and ‘nation-states’ and why they lie at the crux of
migration discourse.
Where previously anthropologists had been confined by notions of bounded nation states and
societies seen to be home to singular cultural systems, which formed communities and citizens of
the state, by the late 19th
century and early 20th
century processes of globalisation had been seen
to have disrupted this system (Glick-Schiller et al., 1994). In the 18th
century, the notion of
individuals as belonging to only one country and thus possessing only one identity had come
about through the increasing number of nation-state building projects conducted by state leaders
and intellectuals (Glick-Schiller et al., 2006:613). Thus, previous to the rise of networks of travel
3. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
3
and communication, migration was viewed to be one of internal nature, with people moving from
rural to urban locales in seeking greater work opportunities due to the newly industrialising and
urbanised cities; city life offered a different life to rural-urban village life (Simmel, 1903). In
1887, Tönnies (1957) noted that the ‘Gemeinschaft’ or rural village encompassed feelings of
belonging and community whilst the ‘Gesellschaft’ stood in opposition to this as the capitalist
city of contractual bonds. Whilst Tönnies (ibid) and Simmel (1903) noted the differing
characteristics found within urban and rural locales, the place of immigrants remained outside of
the focus of such studies. This is not to say that processes of migration were solely situated
between rural and urban locations within a nation-state instead ‘processes that cross the borders
of the state are as old as states themselves’ (Glick-Schiller, 1997: 155). However, the ideology of
containment of citizenship within borders of sole nation-states had led scholars to a theory of
‘methodological nationalism’;; the approach that took historical and social processes ‘as if they
were contained within the borders of individual nation states’ (Glick-Schiller et al., 2006: 613).
Prior to the migration which followed World War I, movement of peoples had been largely
uncontrolled with the world increasingly viewed as a mass civil society, this did not mean
however, that migrants were able to settle in recipient countries unnoticed, they stood as ‘the
stranger’ (Simmel ,1903). Simmel (ibid) notes that the migrant was regarded in terms of having a
different origin from those within the country they had travelled to but notions of ethnicity and
race did not enter into and thus they held a special place in society. Following World War I
however, views towards migrants changed significantly. An idea of ethnic or racial identification
with the nation-state had come to replace the concept of the civil society and thus as Wimmer
and Glick-Schiller (2002) noted; “the people now primarily meant a nation united through
4. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
4
common ancestry and a shared homeland, no matter where its members might have wandered”
(ibid: 314). The ‘stranger’ quickly became seen as a danger to the integrity of the nation and as
someone who need to be integrated. In recent years, scholars have thus promoted the use of a
conceptual vocabulary that does not take for granted the containing nature of a nation-state or the
individual as a sole member of one state. Through this the term ‘incorporation’ has been taken up
by scholars such as Glick-Schiller (ibid) to produce a term, which, unlike ‘assimilation’ used by
migration scholars in the US and ‘integration’ used by European academics, does not obscure the
local and transnational processes. Hence, in this essay I use the term incorporation to be ‘the
processes of building or maintaining networks of social relations through which an individual or
an organized group of individuals becomes linked to an institution recognized by one or more
nation states’ (Glick-Schiller et al., 2006: 614). This concept I argue directly links to the
phenomenon of transnationalism and thus, I now enter into a discussion of the term and its
conditions and the consequences it has had on the boundaries of social life.
Transnationalism:
Whereas previously economic success and social status depended exclusively on rapid
acculturation and entrance into mainstream circles of the host society, at present they
depend (at least for some) on cultivating strong social networks across national borders.
(Portes, Guarnizo and Landolt, 1999: 229)
Transnationalism in the 1970s was primarily linked to; economic relations, the rise of
transnational corporations led to the establishment of organisations and institutions which
5. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
5
operated below the state level but transcended state borders in an effort to maximise profits and
expand trade networks (Wayland, 2007: 55). However by the 1990s, transnationalism had
evolved within the social and political sciences to transnational relations on an individual and
non-corporate level;; transnational practices were then seen ‘to cover all spheres of social action’
(Itzigsohn and Saucedo, 2002: 768). In 1992, Glick-Schiller, Basch and Szanton-Blanc, applied
the discourse of transnationalism directly to the domain of the immigrant in an attempt to
reconfigure anthropological knowledge and discourse away from a tradition of migration studies
which had taken nation-states for granted and had ignored contemporary shifts in the relations of
migrants. From studies of Caribbean, Haitian and Philippine migration to the United States they
found that there was an emergence of a social process ‘in which migrants establish social fields
which cross geographic, cultural and political borders’ (Glick-Schiller et al., 1992:ix). Rather
than being uprooted from their countries of origin, they instead maintain relations, making as
Margolis notes;; ‘home and host society a single arena of social action’ (1994: 29). Anthropology
has thus come to view international migrant experiences since the last decade of the twentieth
century to present day, as constructed through transnational practices and hence to define
international migrants as ‘transmigrants’;; ‘immigrants who live their lives across national
borders, participating in the daily life and political processes of two or more nation-states’
(Glick-Schiller, 1994: 158).
Goldring and Krishnamurti (2007) comment on the more general conceptual shifts which led to
the development of the idea of transmigrancy. From the 1980s onwards theorists moved away
from Marxist and neo-Marxist theories, which had been characterised by a disregard for human
agency and the development of the historical and political economy. This in turn prompted a
6. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
6
shift from viewing ‘migrants as people who sever ties or simply lose contact with their
homeland’ (ibid: 9). Two considerations of transnational discourse on migration must be noted at
this point, the first being that the studies on ‘transmigrants’ are not monolithic in their focus and
second, it must not be assumed that transnational connections are held and exercised by every
migrant to the same extent. As Goldring and Krishnamurti (ibid) note within North America, the
field of transnational studies has formed two schools of thought. The first focuses on the
collectivities such as transnational villages and social formations and on the processes and
networks, which structure the transnational social spaces (ibid: 10). The second school of
thought focused on the individual, the occupations and activities thus allowing an analysis of
types and the different levels of transnationalism. This second approach ties in with the second
more general consideration that has to be kept in mind, that is that following Itzigsohn and
Saucedo’s (ibid) argument, that we must not assume that in the contemporary world immigrants
now always enter into transnational networks;; ‘the degree of immigrants involvement and
participation in transnational activities and institutions shows a large degree of variation’ (ibid:
769).
The border-spanning arena of transnational migration:
Following Glick-Schiller, Basch and Szanton-Blanc’s (ibid) analysis of Caribbean, Haitian and
Philippine migration there has been a continued trend in the study of migrants from Latin
America and the Caribbean in order to explore the transnational migration paradigm. As Voigt-
Graf (2005) argues ‘this empirical work remains the context through which many conceptual
conclusions on migrant transnationalism have been reached’ (ibid: 366). This is so, he argues,
7. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
7
because of the close-proximity between host and home countries with the United States and the
nations of Latin America and the Caribbean. However, as many scholars have come to show;
transmigrancy is a trend found amongst an ever growing demographic of migrants and this I
show through the use of Ho (2008) study of Singaporean migrants in London. I also argue that
our conception of the transmigrant should be expanded to encompass such practices as
transnational adoption, as through this act I contend that defining elements of transnational
connections can be seen.
The many social connections and organisations that ties these individuals to one another
create a border-spanning arena that enables migrants, if they so choose, to remain active
in both worlds. (Levitt, 2001: 8)
Ho (ibid) examines migrant motivations and the strategies, which the Singaporean state deploy in
order to bind overseas citizens to the nation in her paper entitled; “Flexible Citizenship” or
Familial Ties that Bind? Singaporean transmigrants in London (ibid). This provides a
particularly interesting analysis of transmigration as it illustrates how the Singaporean nation-
state encourages those who move away to maintain their connections with those still living in
Singapore in order to maintain their national coherence (ibid: 146). As Ho notes the state
emphasise the ‘workings of a transnational familial logic that binds Singaporean transmigrants to
the nation-state’ (ibid: 147). This she notes, following Bryceson and Vuorela’s (2002) concept,
creates a transnational family;; ‘families that lie some or most of the time separated from each
other, yet hold together and create something that can be seen as a feeling of collective welfare
and unity, namely “familyhood”, even across national borders’ (2002:3), in turn, through state
8. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
8
discourse the notion of the family and its upkeep is directly related to that of the welfare of the
nation state. Ho (ibid) interviews a Singaporean transmigrant in London who within her paper
she called ‘Noor’, this interview illustrated that despite the regular correspondence and visits
‘Noor’ carried out with her family in Singapore, her long-term plan of maintaining her family
unit was to return home (ibid: 159). ‘Noor’ noted that this temporary and ultimate long-term
maintenance of family connections was possible due to the ‘dual citizenship’ that the
Singaporean government had implemented;; ‘the official state discourse is thus couched in such a
ways that the boundaries between the notions of the extraterritorial citizen-subject, the family
and the national community are made to seem as if they overlap and intersect with one another’
(ibid: 156). Through transnationalism not only do migrants themselves reconfigure their
relation’s identities, but states also find themselves assuming new functions in determining levels
of incorporation, receiving policies and definitions of members and migrants (Levitt and Glick-
Schiller, 2004: 1019). Ho (ibid) demonstrates Levitt and Glick-Schiller’s (ibid) premise that it is
within sending states that the vast majority of changes as a consequence of migration can be seen
to occur;; ‘changes… in law, state policy and migrant practices’ (ibid: 1019) take place on both
the national and international scale. In the case of Singaporean transmigrants, these changes have
acted to promote the sustained incorporation into the home nation-state despite distance. Thus
Ho’s study brings to light Levitt and Glick-Schiller’s (ibid) premise that it is not only one state
which migrants can experience incorporation into; the host country is not the only nation-state,
which works to incorporate migrants, but instead the home nation stakes a claim in the migrants
continued incorporation into the state from which they migrated.
9. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
9
In The Transnational Villagers (2001) Levitt argues against popular migration understandings,
that migrants increasingly participate in the political, social and economic spheres of their
countries of origin (ibid: 3). In demonstrating this she looks at the connections that arise between
Miraflores, a town in the Dominican Republic, and a neighbourhood in Boston called Jamaica
Plain (ibid: 2). In Boston, migrants from Miraflores have come to recreate parts of their
‘premigration lives’;; ‘ women continue to hang curtains around the door frames; these provide
privacy without keeping in the heat in the Dominican Republic but are merely decorative in
Boston’ (ibid: 3). However, this maintenance of ties and the recreation of the home nation-state
within the host nation-state does not disallow for the Miraflores transmigrants incorporation
within the United States, instead many of them, once settled in the new lives they have made for
themselves in the host country, help to ease incorporation for new migrants by aiding them in
finding jobs and housing (ibid: 8). As Levitt notes ‘they are assimilating and remaining
transnational at the same time’ (ibid: 203).
Just as Itzigsohn and Saucedo (ibid) noted that transnational connections are maintained and
formed by different people to different extents, the degree of incorporation, I argue, is just as
context and individual dependent. Levitt (ibid) provides a key example of this when she
comments that, despite migrants from the Dominican Republic preserving strong transnational
ties this is in part due to the notion that they are unable to assume equality and full incorporation
within the United States. This is due to the fact that many migrants taken on jobs which result in
them living near the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder with few possibilities to learn English
or new skills and thus assimilation with an individual of American origin is considered is seen as
much harder than maintaining links with relations overseas. In keeping up ties, then, with their
10. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
10
home nation;; ‘they feel more capable when they compare themselves to those who remain in
Miraflores and diminished when it comes to their dealings in the larger world’ (ibid: 200). Hence
a double-edged sword of migration appears for some. Upon migrating, transmigrants leave
behind the feelings of incorporation and assimilation that they are born with and instead have to
re-constitute themselves in nations with pre-formed ‘identities’. On the opposing edge lies the
reason for many migrations; the gain of economic, social and political capital that comes from
‘starting again’;; from choosing to move to a nation-state that promises more than your own. As
with what Ho (ibid) found, migrants are not the only agents and components which are able to
actively construct the level of transnationalism the migrant may enter into;; ‘the strength of
migrants’ attachments ebbed and flowed depending upon sending and receiving- country
opportunities and constraints…the motivations underlying them also shifted, ranging from mere
interest in keeping up with home-country news to actively mobilising against home-country rule’
(ibid: 204).
Forced displacement and international adoption:
While the studies above have shown, the reasoning behind the maintenance of transnational ties
is normally a consequence of the importance given to kinship relations (Ho, ibid) (Levitt, ibid).
However, I now wish to illustrate another reason for the upkeep of transnational ties and the
complications with defining social fields and nation-state identities. In the case of forced
displacement (Halilovich, ibid) or intercountry adoption (Weil, 1984) (Howell, 2004) the upkeep
of a ‘traditional’ identity and community relations becomes key in promoting transnationalism.
11. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
11
‘Today an estimated 1.3 million people are living outside Bosnia and Herzegovina’ (Halilovich,
2012: 163), as Halilovich illustrates since the Bosnian war in 1992, millions of Bosnians have
become dispersed throughout North America, Europe and Australia. His study demonstrates how
before the war feelings of collective ethnic and religious identity had been simply nominal
categories, but following migration, a new Bosnian identity had been formed which captured
‘traditional’ pre-war notions of what it was to be Bosnian. Bosnians have come to construct this
identity despite the loss of a ‘territory’ or nation-state of which to call home, they have become
‘de-territorialised’ communities (ibid: 169). Thus the notion of transnationalism is challenged in
Halilovich’s paper as he construes it to be limited to a focus on borders and nation-states,
ignoring the complexity of social relations and ties which lie beyond the ‘political supra-
identities’ of the state (ibid: 168). Consequently whilst not maintaining transnational links with a
specific home-nation state;; ‘deterritorialised Bosnian communities sustain strong links with their
“sister” communities spread across the globe in host countries, as well as with their matica, the
original hometown’ (ibid: 169). Their ability to preserve links with their hometown is not
necessarily performed between migrants and Bosnians still located within the town, instead it is
preserved through a phenomenon known as “chain migration”, this occurs as sizeable
communities from one location re-locate to another location thus creating a ‘new’ Bosnian
nation-space within the host country. Halilovich (ibid) argues that this can be seen within the
area surrounding Vienna in Austria, a large number of former-residents of a municipal in Bosnia
now live. This phenomenon can also be noted within Levitt’s (ibid) ethnographic study, which I
have previously looked at in this essay, migrants from the Dominican Republic have participated
in this “chain migration” in the earlier stages of their settlement;; ‘a large number of migrants
lived within the same twenty-block radius’ (ibid: 3), thus recreating premigration communities.
12. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
12
In emphasising how ‘cultural place and embodied local identities transcend geographical space
and chronological time’ (ibid: 174), Halilovich (ibid) promotes the use of the term ‘trans-
localism’ in place of transnationalism (ibid: 174). This is a concept I think should be given more
precedence in migration studies because as Halilovich argues, whilst transnationalism
accommodates for the multiplicity of migrant identities, it places them within states and
discourses of nationality which is limiting when applied to the migrant who does not choose to
move but is instead displaced due to war or persecution. Thus trans-localism allows for the ‘fixed
and stable’ notions of nationalities and incorporation into nation-states to be viewed as processes,
which can be ‘reconstructed, readjusted, remembered and re-imagined’ (ibid: 174).
International adoption, just as the example of forced displacement, challenges notions of the
boundaries of social life just as Ho’s (ibid) study does. Whilst, as Selman (2002) notes
intercountry adoption is not usually viewed as a concern of migrant studies, in recent years the
act has come to be discussed in a number of articles in the International Migration Review
journal. This is in part due to its historical trajectory. After World War II the adoption of foreign
children became an increasingly enacted phenomenon, but before then had not been carried out
on a large scale and thus (Weil, 1984: 276) analysis of the international migration of children has
remained largely undocumented until recently. I agree with Weil (ibid), that this is another area
of migration, which can contribute to our knowledge of transnationalism and the maintenance of
social ties. Weil’s (ibid) focus is on the migration of children via procedures of adoption and
demonstrates how there are multiple cultural and political considerations from both host and
home countries that have to be taken into account before a child is allowed to enter or leave a
particular country. Thus meaning that various state actors and adults largely construct their
13. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
13
boundaries of social life for them before they reach an age where they are legally allowed to
construct and make their own choices. International adoption is an unusual case in migratory
patterns, because as Roseman (1971) noted in most migrations the decision to relocate is
primarily made by those who choose to relocate the child and thus, at first, choices of whether to
incorporate yourself into the new nation-state are not made by the adopted child unless they are
old enough to understand the process and make such choices. Much intercountry adoption occurs
between dissimilar cultures, however unlike the Singaporean migrants in Ho’s study or the
Miraflores migrants in Boston (Levitt, ibid), children very rarely maintain connections or
elements of their native countries even despite strong efforts by the adopted parents to promote
such links;; ‘apparently the adoptees feel a great need to assimilate rapidly into their new
environments’ (1984: 277).
Howell (2004), however, has produced an ethnography documenting international adoption
within Norway, which illustrates that, the connection to ‘home’ is not always lost in the process
of intercountry adoption. ‘Domestic adoption is virtually non-existent in Norway’ (ibid: 227) and
thus creating a vast flow of international children mainly originating from developing countries
into the Norwegian nation-state. As children arrive in Norway they are greeted by discourses of
‘returning home’ as they have already been provided with new passports, citizenships, languages
and kin, however in recent years adoptive parents have become more interested in the social
networks and culture that they leave behind during the process of migration (ibid: 229). Adoptive
parents seek out;; ‘the pieces in the jigsaw puzzle for the sake of completeness’ (ibid: 238), and
this I note signifies a return to the migrant as ‘the stranger’ (Simmel, 1903), someone with a
different origin but who is ultimately part of the larger civil society and consequently not a
14. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
14
threat, able to be incorporated whilst maintaining their transnationality. Thus whilst Howell
(ibid) argues that this is due to the rise of the nature-nurture debate, I would also dispute that this
growing interest can be placed then within the discourse of transnationalism. As I have already
demonstrated in this essay transmigrancy has been seen to both promote the uptake of the new
host culture and identity as well as the maintenance of previous connections with the migrants
homeland. It is interesting, however, that due to their age, the decision of whether to work on the
upkeep of transnational ties to the children’s home country is one that the adoptive parents,
members of the host nation-state, make on their behalf.
Whether or not individuals forge or maintain some kind of transnational connection may
depend on the extent to which they are reared in a transnational space. (Levitt and Glick-
Schiller, 2004: 1018)
What both international adoption and forced displacement illustrate is, as quoted above; Levitt
and Glick-Schiller (ibid) argue is a level of transnationalism dependent on where and when the
migrant first encounters the transnational. For international adoptees, as Howell (ibid) argues, the
extent of the transnational connections they are provided with, is initially the responsibility of the
adoptive parents and thus in later life, the transnational space may not be as important for the
adoptee if they have been unused to its incorporation their lives or it may serve to increase their
interest in ties of ‘origin’. Levitt and Glick-Schiller (ibid) argue that for the second-generation
migrants the importance they ascribe to transnational connections will be less so than that of
their first-generation parents;; they ‘will not do so with the same frequency and intensity as their
parents’ (ibid: 1018). However, just as an adoptive child, when of age, may actively seek to
15. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
15
rediscover their ties with their nation-state of origin, so too when faced with a life changing
event, migrants ‘may activate their connections within a transnational field in the search of
spouses or values to teach to children’ (ibid: 1018). An interviewee of Ho’s (ibid) demonstrated
this in explaining that;
“Perhaps the reason [why people keep] their citizenship is not because they are keeping
their citizenship, but so that they can be with their family…if you give it up then you are
only there on a tourist visa…like for myself…if not for the family, if not for thinking that
my mother-in-law would take care of my kids’ (ibid: 159).
Hence this choice of when to activate transnational ties is exemplified, as shown above, in the
reasons provided by Singaporean migrants in London for their upkeep of contact and visits with
relations in Singapore (Ho, ibid). This once again provides a further commentary to Levitt and
Glick-Shiller’s (2004) notion, that we must challenge the boundaries of social life and in so
doing allow incorporation and transnational ties between host and home nation-states to appear
as two sides of the same coin.
Conclusion:
It is important to go beyond binary questions such as whether transnationalism is more
prevalent among groups that experience systematic social and economic exclusion or
whether transnational engagements are associated with successful immigrant
incorporation. (Goldring and Krishnamurti, ibid: 20)
16. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
16
This extract taken from Goldring and Krishnamurti (ibid), provides the starting point from which
I will take my concluding comments, as I feel that the conceptual basis of the need to ‘go beyond
the binary’ outlook on transnationalism and incorporation, is one that is key to developing
further discourse on the subject of migration and the ties that are formed, maintained or severed
in the process. Within this essay I have provided a discussion of Levitt and Glick-Schiller’s
(ibid) argument that once we have dissolved the boundaries of social life we are able to view
transnational connections and the individuals incorporation into nation-states as compatible
notions. In so doing, through the use of examples provided by scholars such as Ho (ibid) and
Levitt (ibid), I have demonstrated the validity of the claim made by Levitt and Glick-Schiller
(ibid) that; ‘Once we rethink the boundaries of social life, it becomes clear that the incorporation
of individuals into nation-states and the maintenance of transnational connections are not
contradictory social processes’ (ibid: 1003), as migrants in both Ho (ibid) and Levitt’s (ibid)
studies had experienced both incorporation into multiple nation-states and the maintenance of
transnational ties.
Through the use of Howell (ibid) and Halilovich’s (ibid) studies on international adoption and
forced displacement, respectively, I have presented the notion that anthropologists must move
beyond the idea of incorporation and transnationalism as contradictory social processes, but in so
doing must not then assume their connectedness. Levels of incorporation and transnationalism
are affected by a multitude of actors and the contexts in which they are performed; they are not
simple compulsory facts of migration in the transnational world era. It must also be noted that
studies of migration must move beyond the multitude studies which focus on the migrant as an
17. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
17
individual who actively chooses to move, instead extending the discussion to those forcefully
displaced or those who are not active in choosing whether to migrate; the migration of children
through international adoption, for example. This will, as Goldring and Krishnamurti (ibid)
suggest, allow anthropology and those who enter into migration studies to ‘develop complex,
multi-path and multi-outcome models that take into account the contexts of departure and
reception’ (ibid: 20).
Word Count: 4,670
18. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
18
Bibliography:
Brettell, C. 2000. Chapter 5: Theorizing Migration in Anthropology; The social Construction of
Networks, Identities, Communities and Globalscapes, in C. Brettell, Migration theory:
talking across disciplines: 97-136. New York & London: Routledge.
Bryceson, D; Vuorela, U. 2002. The transnational Family; New European Frontiers and Global
Networks. Oxford: Berg.
Glick-Schiller, N. 1997. The Situation of Transnational Studies: Global Studies in Culture and
Power. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 4 (2): 155-166.
Glick-Schiller, N; Basch, L; Blanc-Szanton, C. 1992. Towards a definition of Transnationalism;
Introductory Remarks and Research Questions. Annals of the New York Academy of
Sciences 645: ix-xiv.
Glick-Schiller, N; Caglar, A; Guldbrandsen, T. 2006. Beyond the ethnic lens: Locality, globality
and born-again incorporation 33 (4): 612-633.
Goldring, L; Krishnamurti, S. 2007. Organising the Transnational; Labour, Politics, and Social
Change. Vancouver: UBC.
Halilovich, H. 2012. Trans-Local Communities in the Age of Transnationalism: Bosnians in
Diaspora. International Migration 50 (1): 162-178.
Ho, E. 2008. “Flexible Citizenship” or Familial Ties that Bind? Singaporean Transmigrants in
London. International Migration 46 (4): 145-175.
19. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
19
Howell, S. 2004. “The backpackers that come to stay: new challenges to Norwegian
transnational adoptive families”, in F. Bowie (ed), Cross-Cultural Approaches to
Adoption: 227-242. Abingdon: Routledge.
Itzigsohn, J; Saucedo, S. 2002. Immigrant Incorporation and Sociocultural Transnationalism.
International Migration Review 36 (3): 766-798.
Levitt, P. 2001. The Transnational Villagers. Berkeley, Los Angeles and California: University
of California Press.
Levitt, P; Glick-Schiller, N. 2004. Conceptualising Simultaneity: A Transnational Social Field
Perspective on Society. International Migration Review 38 (3): 1002-1039.
Margolis, M. 1994. Little Brazil: An Ethnography of Brazilian Immigrants in New York City.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Portes, A; Guarnizo, L; Landolt, P. 1999. The study of transnationalism: pitfalls and promise of
an emergent research field. Ethnic and Racial Studies 22 (2): 217-237.
Roseman, C. 1971. Migration as a Spatial and Temporal Process. Annals of the Association of
American Geographers 61 (3): 589-598.
Selman, P. 2002. Intercountry adoption in the new millennium;; the “quiet migration” revisited.
Population Research and Policy Review 21: 205-225.
Simmel, G. 1903. The Metropolis and Mental Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Tönnies, F. 1957. Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft. East Lansing.
Voigt-Graf, C. 2005. The Construction of Transnational Spaces by Indian Migrants in Australia.
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 31 (2): 365-384.
20. Student id: 7462304
SOAN 30162
20
Wayland, S. 2007. “Transnational Nationalism: Sri Lankan Tamils in Canada”, in L. Goldring
and S. Krishnamurti (Eds), Organising the Transnational; Labour, Politics, and Social
Change: 53-66. Vancouver: UBC.
Weil, R. 1984. International adoptions: The Quiet Migration. International Migration Review 18
(2): 276-293.
Wimmer, A; Glick-Schiller, N. 2002. Methodological nationalism and beyond: nation-state
building, migration and the social sciences. Global networks 2 (4): 301-334.