Report on Biometrics

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2. Biometrics
MBA – Management Information System
TAGUIG CITY UNIVERSITY Ticoy

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What is Biometrics?
-is the measurement of physiological characteristics like –
but not limited to – fingerprint, iris patterns, or facial
features that can be used to identify an individual
-The measurement and statistical analysis of a person’s
unique characteristics.
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Timeline of Biometrics
• 1858 – First systematic capture of hand images for identification purposes is recorded
• Sir William Herschel, working for the Civil Service of India, recorded a handprint on the
back of a contract for each worker to distinguish employees from others who might
claim to be employees when payday arrived
1903 – NY State Prisons begin using fingerprints
-“The New York Civil Service Commission established the practice of fingerprinting
applicants to pre-vent them from having better qualified persons take their tests for
them.” This practice was adopted by the New York state prison system where
fingerprints were used “for the identification of criminals in 1903
1936 – Concept of using the iris pattern for identification is proposed
-Ophthalmologist Frank Burch proposed the concept of using iris patterns as a
method to recognize an individual.
• 1963 – Hughes research paper on fingerprint automation is published
• 1965 -Automated signature recognition research begins
• North American Aviation developed the first signature recognition system in 1965.
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1936 – Concept of using the iris pattern for identification is proposed
-Ophthalmologist Frank Burch proposed the concept of using iris patterns as a
method to recognize an individual.
1963 – Hughes research paper on fingerprint automation is published
1965 -Automated signature recognition research begins
North American Aviation developed the first signature recognition system in 1965.
1976 – First prototype system for speaker recognition is developed
Texas Instruments developed a prototype speaker recognition system that was tested by
the US Air Force and The MITRE Corporation.
1986 – Patent was awarded stating that the iris can be used for identification
Drs. Leonard Flom and Aran Safir were awarded a patent for their concept that the iris
could be used for identification
1993 – FacE REcognition Technology (FERET) program is initiated
2013 – Apple includes fingerprint scanners into consumer-targed smartphones
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BIOMETRICSYSTEMPROCESSFLOW
Acquire
Biometric Data
Processing:
Extract Features
and Generate
Template
Registration of
Allowed User
Matching
Allowed User
Add a footer 6

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BIOMETRICSIDENTIFIERS
COMMON
1. Finger Print Recognition
2. Face Recognition
3. Voice Recognition
4. Iris Recognition
5. Hand Geometry
6. DNA
OTHERS
1. Thermograms - visual displays of the amount of infrared
energy emitted, transmitted, and reflected by an object
2. Gait- is the pattern of movement of the limbs of animals,
including humans, during locomotion over a solid substrate
3. Keystroke - one touch of one of the keys on a computer or
typewriter keyboard
4. Ear Recognition - consists of ear detection and ear
recognition (authentication and identification) modules
5. Skin Reflection - reflectometry devices are often used to
gauge human skin color through the measurement of skin
reflectance
6. Lip Motion – movement of Lips
7. Body Odor - attempt to identify individuals based on a
unique chemical pattern
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1.HandGeometry
- is a biometric that identifies users from the shape of their hands. Hand
geometry readers measure a user's hand along many dimensions including
height, width, deviation, and angle and compare those measurements to
measurements stored in a file
- Hand geometry is based on the palm and fingers structure, including width
of the fingers in different places, length of the fingers, thickness of the
palm area, etc.
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- Advantages:
- hand recognition is a simple technique which is very easy to use and does not require
much memory space.
- user-friendliness
- speed of operation
- Disadvantages:
- Hand geometry is time sensitive and the shape of the hand can be changed during
illness, aging or weight changing. It is actually based on the fact that every person has
differently formed hand which will not drastically change in the future.
- The hand injury can potentially have great impact on the recognition system
- From a hundred randomly chosen persons, at least two will have similar hand geometry
- It is obvious that this technique is easy to forge by finding the most appropriate hand
(one has to find the hand that is “close enough”)
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2.VoiceRecognition
- is the ability of a machine or program to receive and interpret dictation or to understand and carry out spoken
commands. Voice recognition has gained prominence and use with the rise of AI and intelligent assistants,
such as Amazon's Alexa, Apple's Siri and Microsoft's Cortana and Intelligent Lighting
• How voice recognition works
• Voice recognition software on computers requires that analog audio be converted into digital signals,
known as analog-to-digital conversion. The speech patterns are stored on the hard drive and loaded into
memory when the program is run. A comparator checks these stored patterns against the output of
the A/D converter -- an action called pattern recognition
• Advantages - voice recognition technology can quickly turn your spoken work into written text
• Disadvantages
• Background noise can produce false input, which can be avoided by using the system in a quiet room
• There is also a problem with words that sound alike, but that are spelled differently and have different
meanings -- for example, hear and here
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History of Finger Print Scanning:
- Fingerprints were used as signatures in ancient Babylon in the second
millennium BCE246 BCE, Chinese officials were impressing their fingerprints
into the clay seals used to seal documents.
- By 650, the Chinese historian Kia Kung-Yen stated that fingerprints could be
used as a means of authentication.
- a Fingerprint Bureau was set up in Kolkata, India, in 1897, in order to use
fingerprints for the classification of criminal records. Across the world,
fingerprint evidence is key to solving a crime.
• Advantages:
• it allows fast and easy one-finger access to unlock devices since it is
not easy to fake fingerprints and break the system. Also, unlike your
signature, you can’t forget your fingerprint.
• Disadvantages:
- if someone has got finger injuries or dirty fingrs, then they can interrupt
successful fingerprint scanning and can deny access and cause
confusion among authorized users
- if an employee has not placed his/ her fingerprint in the right spot, the
fingerprint scanner can get confused and incorrectly reject the
employee’s fingerprint
3.FingerprintScanning
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- are security systems of biometrics. They are used in police
stations, security industries, smartphone, and other mobile
devices. Since Everyone has patterns of friction ridges on
their fingers, it is difficult to alter. they are used to unlock
doors and in other security applications where access is
controlled and monitored closely.

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4.FacialRecognition
- is a technology capable of matching a human face from a digital image or a video
frame against a database of faces, typically employed to authenticate users through ID
Verification Services, works by pinpointing and measuring facial features from a given
image. Best example is using face to unlock phones / Mission Impossible movie
- Advantage: One key advantage of a facial recognition system that it is able to perform
mass identification as it does not require the cooperation of the test subject to work.
Properly designed systems installed in airports, multiplexes, and other public places can
identify individuals among the crowd, without passers-by even being aware of the system.
- Disadvantage:
- Face recognition has been getting pretty good at full frontal faces and 20 degrees off,
but as soon as you go towards profile, there've been problems
- Face recognition is less effective if facial expression vary. A big smile can render the
system less effective
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PopularprojectswithFacialRecognition
- -At the American football championship game Super Bowl XXXV in January 2001, police
in Tampa Bay, Florida used Viisage face recognition software to search for potential
criminals and terrorists in attendance at the event. 19 people with minor criminal records
were potentially identified
- celebrity Taylor Swift surreptitiously employed facial recognition technology at a concert
in 2018. The camera was embedded in a kiosk near a ticket booth and scanned concert-
goers as they entered the facility for known stalkers
- American football stadiums of New York and Los Angeles announced the installation of
facial recognition for upcoming matches. The purpose is to make the entry process as
touchless as possible
- Disney's Magic Kingdom, near Orlando, Florida, likewise announced a test of facial
recognition technology to create a touchless experience during the pandemic; the test
was originally slated to take place between March 23 and April 23, 2021, but the limited
timeframe had been removed as of late April
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• is an automated method of biometric identification that uses
mathematical pattern-recognition techniques on video images of
one or both of the irises of an individual's eyes, whose complex
patterns are unique, stable, and can be seen from some distance.
• a form of biometric identification that can verify the uniqueness of
an individual with exceptional accuracy
• At least 1.5 billion persons around the world (including 1.2 billion
citizens of India, in the UIDAI / Aadhaar programme) have been
enrolled in iris recognition systems for national ID, e-government
services, benefits distribution, security, and convenience purposes
such as passport-free automated border-crossings
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5.IrisRecognition

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IrisRecognition
Advantages:
• It is an internal organ that is well protected against damage and
wear by a highly transparent and sensitive membrane
(the cornea)
• The chance of false matches for either is extremely low even
genetically identical individuals (and the left and right eyes of
the same individual) have completely independent iris textures
• Iris recognition works with clear contact lenses, eyeglasses,
and non-mirrored sunglasses
• No contact required
Disadvantages:
• Iris recognition is very difficult to perform at a distance larger
than a few meters and if the person to be identified is not
cooperating by holding the head still and looking into the
camera
• The first study on surgical patients involved modern cataract
surgery and showed that it can change iris texture in such a
way that iris pattern recognition is no longer feasible or the
probability of falsely rejected subjects is increased
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6.DNAMatching
- is the process of sequencing your DNA and comparing it to the DNA of
other people in a database. When a person with a significant amount of
DNA that is identical to yours is found, that can indicate that you have a
common ancestor.
- DNA is made up of billions of letters of the genetic code and, amazingly,
99.9 percent of that code is exactly the same in every human. ... The
probability of the DNA profiles of two unrelated individuals matching is on
average less than 1 in 1 billion
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DNAMatchingHistory
- The first patent covering the direct use of DNA variation for forensics was filed by Jeffrey
Glassberg in 1983, based upon work he had done while at Rockefeller University in 1981. In
the United Kingdom, Geneticist Sir Alec Jeffreys[5][6][7][8] independently developed a DNA
profiling process beginning in late 1984. DNA is made up of billions of letters of the genetic
code and, amazingly, 99.9 percent of that code is exactly the same in every human. ... The
probability of the DNA profiles of two unrelated individuals matching is on average less
than 1 in 1 billion
- The process was first used forensically in the solving of the murder of two teenage girls
who had been raped and murdered in Narborough, Leicestershire in 1983 and 1986. In the
murder inquiry, led by Detective David Baker, the DNA contained within blood samples
obtained voluntarily from around 5,000 local men who willingly assisted Leicestershire
Constabulary with the investigation, resulted in the exoneration of a man who had
confessed to one of the crimes, and the subsequent conviction of Colin Pitchfork
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DNAMatchingAdvantagesandDisadvantages
Advantages:
1. Disease Screening - capability to screen for risk factors and genetic diseases.
People who plan to become parents can be tested in order to determine if they
carry the genes that could cause certain conditions, and which might be present in
other members of their families
2. Identification - its use in criminal investigations. DNA tests are done to identify
suspects in crimes, when he or she leaves DNA evidence behind at a crime scene and
then is identified later via DNA tests
Disadvantages:
1. Privacy Issues - possibility of invasion of a person’s privacy. DNA reveals a lot
about a person, making it extremely sensitive information that must be guarded
2. Consequences Of Test Results - Many risks associated involve the social,
financial, or emotional consequences of the test results. People might feel guilty
or angry.
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Submitted by: Christopher S. Ticoy
0919-8034727
Christophers.Ticoy@gmail.com
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Taguig City University
Dr. Emelyn Quintos Libunao
Submitted to: