F.sc. Part 2 Chemistry Board Papers Chapterwise by Malik Xufyan

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Malik Xufyan F.Sc. Part 2 Board Papers Chapterwise
CHEMISTRY
(F.Sc part II)
Unsolved
SHORT & LONG QUESTIONS
(Board questions)
Prepared by:
Chapter: 1

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PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND THEIR
PERIODICITY
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. What is Newland’s law of octaves? (G-2017)
2. Define Mendeleev’s and modern periodic law? (L-2012, 2014)
3. Give defects (improvements) of Mendeleev’s periodic table? (L-2012, 2015)
4. Describe 6th
period of modern periodic table? (G-2011)
5. Why ionic radius of anion is always bigger than parent atom? (G-2010)
6. Why the ionic radius of a positive ion is smaller than its neutral atom? (G-2009)
7. What is Lanthanide contraction? (L-2016)
8. Why 1st
electron affinity is negative and 2nd
is positive? (G-2005, 2015, 2017)
9. The hydration energies of the ions are the following order.Justify Al+3
>Mg+2
>Na+
?
10. Justify that, ZnO is amphoteric in nature? (G-2013, 2014, 2016) (L-2013)
11. State electron affinity. Give its trend in periodic table? (G-2005, 2010, 2016) (L-2013)
12. Why metallic character increases from top to bottom in a group of metals? (G-2006) (L-2014,
2015)
13. The oxidation states vary in a period but remain almost constant in a group.Give reason? (G-
2011)
14. Oxidation state usually remains same in a group. Why? (L-2016)
15. Why oxidation number of noble gases is usually zero? (G-2008. 2013, 2015) (L-2013, 2014)
16. Discuss the trend of ionization energy in periodic table? (L-2012)
17. “Ionization energy increases from left to right in a period” Justify the statement? (G-2008, 2014)
18. Why do metals conduct electricity? (L-2014)
19. Why diamond is non conductor but graphite is fairly a good conductor? (L-2013)
20. Why melting point and boiling point of elements belonging to group VA-VIIA are lower? (L-2011)
21. What are hydrides.What is the trend of boiling point of hydrides down the group VI-A? (L-2010)
22. Name various clsses of hydrides? (L-2016)
23. Alkali metals give ionic hydrides.Why? (L-2015)
24. Solution of Na2O in water is alkaline. Justify the statement? (L-2011)
25. Why Na2O is basic, but P2O5 is acidic in character inspite of the fact that both sodium and
phosphorus are present in the same period? (G-2012)
26. How do you justify the position of hydrogen at the top of group IA of the periodic table? Write at
least four points. (G-2012) (L-2015)
27. In what respects hydrogen resembles with those of group IV-A elements? (G-2009) (L-2010,
2016)

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LONG QUESTIONS:
1. Discuss various periods in the modern periodic table? (G-2011)
2. Define ionization energy. How does it vary in groups and in periods generally in periodic table?
(G-2017)
3. Explain periodic trend in the folloowing physical properties: (L-2011)
(i) Atomic radius (ii) Electron affinity
4. Define hydration energy. Discuss the relation of hydration energy with size and charge on the
ions? (G-2016) (L-2010)
5. Write a brief note on halides? (G-2013) (L-2013, 2014)
6. Define hydrides. Give their classification and properties? (G-2012) (L-2014)
7. Discuss the position of hydrogen above group I-A of the periodic table by giving three similarities
and three dissimilarities? (G-2006) (L-2012, 2016)
8. Discuss the position of hydrogen over VII-A group elements? (G-2010, 2014) (L-2012)
9. Write two similarities and two dissimilarities of hydrogen with IV-A group elements? (L-2012,
2016)

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Chapter: 2
S-BLOCK ELEMENTS
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Write formula of Natron, Beryl and Halite? (L-2016)
2. Write two ores of each,of sodium and potassium? (G-2006)
3. Why alkali and alkaline earth metals are the most reactive elements of periodic table? (L-2012)
4. Why the alkali metals are strong reducing agent? (L-2009)
5. Why lithium shows peculiar behavior with its group elements?
6. Write any two points of difference of beryllium(Be) with its family members? (L-2016)
7. Prove decomposition of lithium nirate, give different products than nitrates of other alkali metals?
(L-2010, 2015)
8. Why heat of hydration of alkaline earth metals decrease down the group? (G-2009)
9. Why KO2 is used in breathing equipments for mountaineers and spacecrafts? (G-2011) (L-2012,
2013)
10. Show with equation that BeO is an amphoteric compound? (G-2010, 2017)
11. Why is CaCl2 is added in NaCl in down’s cell? (G-2017)
12. What are the advantages of preparation of sodum by Down’s cell? (G-2015) (L-2012)
13. Why asbestos is used in the diaphragm cell?
14. Give the two major problems during the working of a diaphragm cell? (L-2012)
15. What is milk of magnesia? Give its uses.(G-2013, 2015) (L-2013)
16. Give preparation of portland cement as carried out by Joseph Aspdin.Why is it named so?(L-
2012)
17. How gypsum is converted into plaster of paris?
18. How plaster of paris is formed.Give its two uses? (G-2012) (L-2013)
19. What is meant by dead burnt gypsum? (G-2009)
20. Why 2% gypsum is added to cement? (G-2013) (L-2013)
21. Why calcium is essential for the normal development of plants? (G-2008, 2012)
22. How lime mortar is prepared? Explain with chemical equation.(G-2010, 2012, 2014)
23. What happens when CO2 gas is passed through lime water? Also give the chemical equation.
(G-2008) (L-2009)
24. Why lime water turns milky with CO2, but become clear with excess of CO2? (G-2013, 2016) (L-
2013)
25. Why the aqueous solution of Na2CO3 is alkaline in nature? (L-2010, 2011, 2014, 2015)
26. Give reason that alkali metals are strong reducing agents? (G-2016)
27. Why lime is added to acidic soil? (L-2014)
28. How lime(CaO) and sand(SiO2) are used to prepare glass? (L-2015)
LONG QUESTIONS:
1. Give names and electronic configuration of alkaline earth metals? (G-2008)
2. Write about the peculiar behaviour of lithium? (G-2009, 2014) (L-2013)
3. Explain peculiar behaviour of beryllium? (L-2014, 2015)

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4. Describe the chemical properties of alkali metals? (G-2010)
5. Describe the process of preparation of sodium metal on industrial scale by Down’s cell? (G-2005,
2011, 2013, 2015) (L-2009, 2010, 2013, 2014)
6. Write commercial method for the preparation of NaOH? (L-2012, 2015)
7. Discuss the role of gypsum in agriculture? (L-2012)
8. Write four roles of gypsum in industries? (G-2012, 2017)
9. Give four applications of lime in agriculture and four applications in industry? (G-2016) (L-2011,
2016)

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Chapter: 3
Group III-A & IV-A ELEMENTS
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Write down formula for Corundum and Bauxite? (L-2013)
2. Point out how boron is different from its own group? (G-2011) (L-2012)
3. How will you convert borax into boric acid and vice versa? (G-2013) (L-2013)
4. How borax is commercialy prepared? Give two methods of preparation.(G-2012)
5. How will you prapare borax from: (a) Colemanite (b) Boric acid (G-2008) (L-2016)
6. How aqueous solution of borax is alkaline in nature? (L-2015)
7. What is the action of an aqueous solution of borax on litmus?
8. Write down chemical reactions involved in Borax-bead test? (G-2008, 2017) (L-2013)
9. How does borax acts as water softening agent?
10. Write four uses of Borax? (G-2015) (L-2012)
11. Write names and formulae of four important boric acids? (G-2011) (L-2014)
12. Show that H3BO3 is a monobasic acid? (L-2011)
13. How orthoboric acid is prepared from: (a) Colemanite (b) Borax (G-2005)
14. How does ortho boric acid reacts with: (a) Sodium hydroxide (b) Ethyl alcohol (G-2010) (L-
2014, 2015)
15. What is the action of heat on orthoboric acid (H3BO3 )? (L-2009, 2014)
16. Give name and formula of three ores of aluminium? (G-2006)
17. Give reactions of aluminium with : (a) NaOH (b) H2SO4 OR (G-2014)
Aluminium metal is amphoteric in nature. Justify?
18. Why aluminium metal does not react with nitric acid? (G-2006)
19. How aluminium metal is used to remove air bubbles from molten metal? (G-2009)
20. How aluminium finds its uses in metallurgy and photo flash bulbs? (L-2011)
21. Write down any four uses of aluminium? (G-2017)
22. Write two similarities between carbon and silicon? (L-2015)
23. How carbon behaves differently from other members of its own group? (L-2010)
24. Write chemical formulae of Talc and Asbestos? (G-2011)
25. CO2 is non polar while CO is polar in nature.Why? (G-2011) (L-2009)
26. Explain structure of CO2? (L-2015)
27. Why is CO2 a gas at room temperature while SiO2 is a solid? (G-2013) (L-2012, 2013, 2014)
28. What is vitreous silica. Give its two uses? (G-2012)
29. What are silicates? (G-2009)
30. What is chemical garden? (G-2009) (L-2014)
31. Borate glazes are better than silicate glazes. Explain? (L-2012)
32. What are silicones? (L-2009)
33. Why are liquid silicones preferred over ordinary organic lubricant? (G-2008, 2016)
34. Write any four uses of sodium silicate? (L-2014, 2016)
35. Define semiconductors. Give one example? (G-2010)
36. Discuss the effect of temperature on semiconductor? (G-2016)

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37. What is the effect of temperature, at 340 and 470 when red lead is heated? (G-2012)
38. Give uses of lead suboxide? (L-2011)
39. Discuss uses of PbCrO4 in paints? (G-2014)
LONG QUESTIONS:
1. Write two preparations and two chemical reactions of Borax? (G-2016)
2. How borax is manufactured. Also explain the action of heat on borax? (G-2015) (L-2015)
3. What is boric acid. Give its uses? (L-2010)
4. How aluminium reacts with: (G-2006) (L-2015)
(a) Cl2 (b) H2 (c) conc.HCl (d) N2 (e) NaOH (f) O2 (g) H2SO4
5. Write a method of preparation of water glass. Also write uses of water glass? (L-2016)
6. What are silicones. Give their important properties? (G-2010)

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Chapter: 4
GROUP V-A & GROUP VI-A ELEMENTS
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Give examples of two important oxyacids of nitrogen while giving their structures? (G-2010)(L-
2016)
2. What happens, when Cu is treated with dil.HNO3 and conc.HNO3 ?Give reactions.(G-2015,
2017)
3. Describe Ring Test for the confirmation of the presence of nitrate ions in solution? (G-2008,
2010)
4. What is laughing gas?
5. “N2O supports combustion” give two reactions in favor of the statement? (G-2014)
6. How nitrogen dioxide is prepared from : (a) Lead nitrate (b) Cu + HNO3 -- (L-2010)
7. Complete and balance the following chemical equation: (G-2008)
(a) NO + P -- (b) NO + Cl2 --
8. Write two chemical reactions of NO in which it behaves as reducing agent? (G-2009)
9. NO2 is a strong oxidizing agent. Prove with the help of two examples? (L-2008)
10. What is the effect of temperature on NO2? (L-2009)
11. What happens when NO2 dissolved in water? (L-2014)
12. Justify that NO is an oxidizing agent? (L-2012, 2015)
13. How does HNO2 acts an oxidizing agent? (L-2012, 2015)
14. Give the reactions of dilute nitric acid with : (a) magnesium (b) copper (L-2006)
15. Write reactions of two metals which evolve hydrogen upon reaction with HNO3? (G-2014) (L-
2013)
16. Write balanced equations for the equations of HNO2 with: (G-2012)
(a) CO(NH2)2 (b) HI
17. What is Aqua Regia? How does it dissolve noble metals? (G-2011, 2012, 2013, 2015) (L-2011,
2013, 2014)
18. What is meant by fuming nitric acid?
19. Give four uses of nitric acid? (L-2014, 2015)
20. Name three allotropic forms of phosphorus? (L-2011)
21. How does P2O5 react with water in cold and hot state? (G-2016) (L-2012, 2015)
22. P2O5 is a powerful dehydrating agent, prove by giving two examples? (G-2014) (L-2014)
23. Give two methods for preparation of PCl3? (L-2013)
24. Justify that phosphorus acid (H3PO3) is a strong reducing agent?
25. What is the effect of heat on H3PO4? (G-2009)
26. Complete and balance the following chemical equations: (L-2005)
(a) PCl3 + H2O --- (b) P2O5 + H2O --- (c) H2SO4 (dil) + NaHCO3 ---
27. Complete and balance the following chemical equations: (L-2008)
(a) P + NO --- (b) KNO3 + H2SO4 ---
28. Give four dissimilarities of oxygen and sulphur? (G-2013) (L-2013, 2014)
29. Why SO3 gas is dissolved in H2SO4 but not in water in contact process? (G-2011) (L-2012, 2016)

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30. Conc.H2SO4 acts as dehydrating agents. Show it by two reactions? (G-2017) (L-2010, 2013)
31. Write down balanced equation for the reaction between conc.H2SO4 with copper? (L-2009)
32. Prove that H2SO4 acts as an oxidizing agent? (G-2016)
33. Justify that H2SO4 is the king of chemicals? (L-2014)
34. Give four uses of sulphuric acid? (G-2014)
LONG QUESTIONS:
1. How is nitric acid prepared industrially? Give all equations involved.(G-2015)
2. Discuss Birkland and Eyde’s process for the preparation of nitric acid? (L-2015)
3. Discuss the reactions of HNO3 Sn, Cu, Pb and Hg in concentrated form? (G-2006)
4. Justify with one example each that HNO3 is an acid, an oxidizing agent and nitrating agent? (G-
2008)
5. State three reactions of zinc with nitric acid considering its concentration and temperature? (G-
2009)
6. Give eight similarities of oxygen and sulphur? (L-2008, 2015)
7. Give dissimilarities of oxygen and sulphur? (L-2004)
8. Discuss different allotropic form of phosphorus. Give the reactions of PCl3 with O2 and H2O? (L-
2004)

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Chapter: 5
THE HALOGENS & THE NOBLE GASES
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Write important ores of chlorine with their formulas? (L-2004)
2. Due to what reasons fluorine shows peculiar behavior from other family members? (G-2016)
3. Why oxidizing power of halogens decreases down the group? (G-2017)
4. Gives the name and formula of oxyacids of chlorine? (L-2014)
5. The acidic strength of the oxyacids of halogens increase with the increase in number of oxygen
atoms. Why? (L-2006)
6. Arrange following oxyacids in increasing order of acid strength and oxidizing power: (L-2012)
HClO4 , HClO3 , HClO2 , HClO
7. Why HF is weaker acid than HCl and HI? (G-2009, 2010, 2011, 2013) (L-2013, 2014, 2015)
8. Give reason that fluorine is a gas, iodine is solid at room temperature? (G-2017) (L-2009)
9. Why fluorine acts as a strong oxidizing agent? (G-2012)
10. Why oxidizing power of F2 is higher than other halogens? (G-2015)
11. Why fluorine and chlorine act as decolorizing agent? (G-2008)
12. IF is the weak acid. Why? (L-2014)
13. What are disproportionation reactions. Explain with an example?
14. Write the reaction of NaOH with Cl2 in cold and hot state? (L-2014)
15. Describe factors of acidic strength of oxy acids of halogens? (G-2014)
16. How are the halogen acids are ionized in water. Also give the chemical equation? (G-2008) (L-
2011)
17. What is iodized salt? (L-2016)
18. What are Ferons and Teflons? (G-2011, 2015) (L-2015)
19. What is the structural formula of Teflon? Mention its two uses. (L-2009, 2010)
20. Why iodine has metallic luster? (G-2010) (L-2014, 2015)
21. How bleaching powder is prepared by Hasenclever’s method? (G-2014)
22. How is the activity of bleaching powder measured? (G-2009)
23. Why bleaching powder show bleaching action? (L-2012)
24. Give important uses of bleaching powder?
25. The elements of VIII-A are called noble gases. Comment? (L-2011)
26. Write four uses of halogens? (L-2013)
27. Why solubility of noble gases increases down the group? (L-2015)
28. Write any two applications of Helium? (G-2016)
29. Give four uses of “Noble Gases”? (G-2014) (L-2014)
LONG QUESTIONS:
1. Discuss peculiar behavior of fluorine? (L-2004, 2008, 2009, 2015)
2. What happens when bleaching powder reacts with: (G-2008, 2015)
(a) dil.H2SO4 (b) conc.H2SO4 (c) NH3 (d) HI
3. Mention four uses of bleaching powder? (G-2009)

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4. Write a note on oxidizing property of halogens? (G-2006)
5. Write any two uses of krypton? (L-2016)
6. Write uses of neon and argon? (L-2016)
7. Write chemical reactions of fluorides of Xenon? (G-2016) (L-2004)

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Chapter: 6
TRANSITION ELEMENTS
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. What are typical and non typical transition elements? (L-2008, 2014)
2. How many unpaired electrons have Cr(24) and Ag(47)? (Mention also their electronic
configuration) (L-2010)
3. Define coordination number and coordination ligand. Give one example in each case.(G-2006,
2009, 2015)
4. Define central metal atom or ion? (G-2014)
5. What is ligand. Give types of ligands? (L-2015)
6. Why transition elements have variable oxidation state? (L-2015)
7. What is paramagnetism. What are its units? (G-2009)
8. What is the cause of paramagnetic behavior. Why Fe+3
and Mn+2
show strong paramagnatic
behavior? (G-2014)
9. Give the reason for the development of the colors in the compounds of transition elements? (G-
2016) (L-2014)
10. What are chelates. Give one example.(G-2010, 2017) (L-2012, 2014)
11. What is sacrificial corrosion? (G-2015) (L-2008, 2016)
12. Write formulas of chromate and dichromate ions. In which color they usually exist? (L-2012)
13. How KMnO4 can be preparedby electrolytic method? (L-2010)
14. Write two balanced chemical equations for the preparation of K2Cr2O7? (G-2008)
15. Give coordination number and oxidation state of Fe in K4{Fe(CN)6}? (L-2012)
16. How does K2Cr2O7 act as an oxidizing agent in the presence of H2SO4? (G-2013) (L-2013)
17. Write balanced chemical equation in which K2Cr2O7 oxidize KI in the presence of H2SO4? (G-
2008)
18. Why is tin plating and what happens when it is damaged? (G-2012)
19. Write carbon contents in pig iron and wrought iron? (L-2015)
20. Why does damaged tin plated iron get rusted quickly? (G-2017) (L-2009, 2014)
21. How does the process of galvanizing protect iron from rusting? (G-2011) (L-2009)
22. How the entrapped gases are removed from steel? (G-2010, 2016) (L-2008)
23. What is chromyl chloride test. Write chemical equation? (L-2010, 2013, 2016)
LONG QUESTIONS:
1. Explain the following with example: (G-2013, 2017) (L-2004, 2006, 2011, 2012, 2013)
(a) Ligand (b) Co-ordination sphere (c) Central metal atom (d) Substitutional alloy
2. How does the electronic configuration of valence shell affects the following properties of
transition elements: (a) Binding energy (b) paramagnetism (c) melting point (G-2005)
(L-2013)
3. Write down the rules for naming the metal complex compounds? (L-2006)
4. Give the reactions of K2Cr2O7 with: (a) KI (b) H2S (G-2009)
5. How does potassium permanganate reacts with the followings: (G-2014) (L-2004)

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(a) H2S (b) FeSO4 (c) Oxalic acid (d) KOH
6. KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent. Give four reactions in support your answer? (L-2014)
7. Distinguish between cathode coating and anode coating of iron for prevention of corrosion? (G-
2011) (L-2009)
8. Explain open hearth Bessemer process for the manufacture of steel? (G-2012) (L-2011, 2012,
2014)
9. Discuss chromyl chloride test along with chemical equations? (G-2008)
10. What is corrosion? How is corrosion prevented by galvanizing and zinc coating? (L-2004)
11. What is the difference between wrought iron and steel? Also discuss classification of steel? (L-
2006)

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Chapter: 7
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. What is vital force theory. How it was rejected? (G-2010)
2. Name the organic compound , first of all prepared in laboratory? (L-2015)
3. Define catenation. Give example? (G-2011, 2016)
4. Define carbonization. Indicate three fractions obtained by carbonization of coal? (G-2017) (L-
2015)
5. How wood is converted into coal?
6. What is the significance of cracking?
7. Why catalytic cracking is superior than thermal cracking? (G-2009)
8. How does cracking is different from reforming? (L-2012)
9. Define reforming of petroleum. Also write its equation? (L-2013)
10. What is octane number. How Octane number of gasoline is improved? (L-2012, 2016)
11. Branched hydrocarbons are better as fuel as compared to straight chain. Explain? (G-2012)
12. Give idea of knocking in internal combustion engine? (L-2015)
13. Classify open chain compounds with examples? (G-2016)
14. Differentiate between homocyclic and heterocyclic compounds? (G-2012, 2013) (L-2014)
15. What are carbocyclic compounds. Give examples? (G-2014)
16. What are alicyclic compounds.Give two examples? (G-2010, 2011) (L-2016)
17. What are aromatic compounds. Explain with examples? (G-2011) (L-2013, 2014, 2016)
18. Define heterocyclic compounds. Give two example? (G-2015) (L-2015)
19. Define functional group. Name two oxygen containing functional groups?(G-2005) (L-2014)
20. What are functional group of aldehydes & ketones.Give one example of each group? (L-2016)
21. Why does sp-hybridization occur? (G-2014)
22. From where does energy come to excite the carbon atom in hybridization?
23. Define isomerism and write names of four structural isomerism? (G-2009)
24. Write isomers of C2H6O and C5H12? (G-2008, 2015)
25. Define functional group isomerism. Give examples? (L-2014)
26. Define Tautomerism. Give example? (G-2010) (L-2012, 2013)
27. Why there is no free rotation around a double bond but there is around a single bond? (G-2017)
28. Define cis-trans isomerism. What are the conditions for a compound to show it? (G-2008)
29. 2-Butene show cis-trans isomerism but 1-butene or(1-butyne) does not. Why? (G-2011)
LONG QUESTIONS:
1. Why vital force theory was rejected? What is importance of Wohler’s work in chemistry? (G-
2017)
2. Explain cracking of petroleum? (L-2015)
3. Describe the process of reforming? (G-2011, 2014)
4. Describe the classification of organic compounds with examples? (G-2004) (L-2013)

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5. Explain any five oxygen containing functional groups with examples? (G-2011, 2013)
6. Sp3
hybridization.(L-2012, 14, 16) Sp2
hybridization.(L-2012, 15) Sp hybridization,(2014, 16)
7. What is isomerism. Describe its different types with examples? (G-2009, 2012, 2015, 2016) (L-
2013)

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Chapter: 8
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons with example?
2. What are alkanes.Why they are called paraffins?
3. Define catalytic hydrogenation. Give its two uses? (G-2009,2012,2013)
4. How alkanes are prepared from Grignard reagent?
5. How alkane is prepared from carbonyl compounds?
6. Write mechanism of Kolbe’s method for alkane preparation? (G-2010) (L-2012)
7. Write a short note in catalytic oxidation of alkanes?
8. Convert methane into: (i)formaldehyde (ii)Nitromethane ? (L-2013)
9. Prepare ethane from: (i)Ethyl alcohol (ii)Ethyl chloride ? (L-2013)
10. Discuss the inertness of sigma bond in alkanes?
11. Convert methane into ethane? (G-2011)
12. Alkanes are less reactive than alkenes. Why? (G-2008) (L-2014)
13. Write four uses of methane? (L-2014,2015)
14. What is Raney Nickel. Give its preparation and uses? (G-2009,2010,2014, 2017)
15. Convert ethyl bromide into ethane? (G-2013)
16. How cis-trans alkenes are prepared. Give reactions? (L-2015)
17. What is heat of combustion? (G-2014)
18. What is Baeyer’s reagent. Give its example? (G-2015,2016) (L-2014)
19. How polymerization of ethene occurs? (G-2016)
20. Define Markownikov’s rule. Example? (G-2012) (L-2012,2013,2016)
21. Convert HC≡CH into oxalic acid? (G-2015)
22. Convert ethene into ethyl alcohol? (L-2014,2015)
23. Convert: (i)ethene into ethyne (ii)propene into 2-bromopropane ? (L-2012)
24. Write mechanism of ozonolysis of alkene? (G-2008)
25. What is Halohydrin.How is it prepared. Give equation?
26. How will you prepare following compounds from ethene: (G-2017)
(i) Ethyl alcohol (ii) ethylene epoxide
27. What is mustard gas. How is it prepared?
28. Give some uses of ethane?
29. Give a method for the industrial preparation of ethyne?
30. How ethyne is converted into acetaldehyde?
31. Prepare followings from acetylene: (G-2017) (L-2012,2015,2016)
(i)Benzene (ii)Chloroprene
32. Write the chemical equation, when alkaline KMnO4 reacts with ethyne? (L-2013)
33. What is the difference between 1-Butyne and 2-Butyne?
34. Distinguish between: (i)ethene & ethyne (ii)ethane & ethene
35. Why terminal alkynes are acidic in nature?

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LONG QUESTIONS:
1. Explain Kolbe’s electrolytic method for preparation of alkane? (L-2015)
2. Explain Halogenation of alkane with mechanism? (G-2010) (L-2015)
3. Give two methods for the preparation of alkene? (G-2015)
4. Describe acidic nature of Alkynes? (G-2009)(L-2012, 2013, 2016)
5. How will you bring about following conversions: (G-2017)
(i) 1-butene into 1-butyne (ii) Acetylene into chloroprene
6. How will you convert ethene into: (G-2016)
(i)Ethyl alcohol (ii)ethylene glycol (iii)ethylene epoxide (iv)ethylene chlorohydrin
7. How ethene reacts with: (L-2016)
(i) HCl (ii) Br2 (iii) O3 (iv) HOX
8. Convert ethene into: (G-2014)
(i) 1,2-dibromoethane (ii) formaldehyde (iii) ethylene glycol (iv) ethane
9. Starting from ethene, prepare followings: (G-2013)
(i) 1,2-dibromoethane (ii) ethylene glycol (iii) ethyne (iv) ethane
10. Starting from ethyne, synthesize followings: (G-2012)
(i) Acetaldehyde (ii) Oxalic acid (iii) Methyl nitrile (iv) Acrylonitrile
11. Convert the followings: (L-2013)
(i) Acetone → Propane (ii) Acetylene → vinyl acetylene
(iii) Acetylene → disilver acetylide (iv) 2,3-dibromobutane → 2-butene

18
Chapter: 9
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. What are polycyclic aromatic compounds with example? (G-2012)
2. What are non-benzenoid aromatic compounds? (2009)
3. Give two reasons to rule-out straight chain structure of benzene? (G-2012)
4. What are the objections in Kekule’s structure of benzene?
5. What type of information is drawn from x-ray studies of benzene? (L-2013) (G-2016)
6. Prove that benzene has cyclic structure? (G-2009) (L-2013)
7. Prove with two reactions that benzene behave as saturated? (G-2010)
8. Define resonance energy with example of benzene? (G-2015) (L-2015)
9. Write resonating structures of benzene? (L-2013, 2014)
10. Write general mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction? (L-2012)
11. How hexane and heptane gives benzene and toluene? (L-2012)
12. What is Wurtz-fitting reaction? (G-2013, 2014)
13. How benzene is converted into maleic acid? (L-2016)
14. Describe ozonolysis of benzene? (G-2017) (L-2016)
15. Write formula of: (G-2012, 2015)
(i)picric acid (ii) p-hydroxy benzyl alcohol (iii) methoxy benzene
16. What is aromatization? (L-2015)
17. Give reaction of: (L-2015)
(i)phenol with Zn (ii)benzene with SO3
18. How does picric acid is synthesized? (G-2014)
19. How will you prepare 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene from benzene in two steps? (G-2017)
20. Describe the mechanism of nitration of benzene? (L-2016) (G-2016)
21. Give the mechanism of Freidel Crafts reaction? (L-2014)
22. How benzene can be converted into metachloronitrobenzene? (G-2013)
23. Convert benzene into: (G-2008)
(i) cyclohexane (ii) maleic anhydride (iii) glyoxal
24. Convert benzene into acetophenone? (G-2011)
25. Explain sulphonation with mechanism? (G-2010)
26. What happens when Cl2 is passed through benzene in: (i)Light (ii)FeCl3 ? (G-2010)
27. How benzene is converted into benzoic acid?
28. Why alkene are more reactive than benzene?
29. Differentiate between benzene and toluene?
LONG QUESTIONS:
1. Write any four methods for preparation of benzene? (L-2016) (G-2014, 2015)
2. What are Friedel Crafts reactions? Explain giving two examples. (G-2012) (L-2013, 2014, 2015)
3. Give reactions of benzene e.g. Nitration & Sulphonation? (G-2008) (L-2016)
4. Explain classification of aromatic hydrocarbons on the basis of number of rings? (G-2016)

19
5. Convert benzene into: (G-2010) (L-2015)
(i) cyclohexane (ii) Benzene sulphonic acid
(iii) Glyoxal (iv) Maleic acid
6. What happens when toluene is reacted with: (L-2014)
(i) Cl2 in presence of sunlight (ii) KMnO4 in presence of H2SO4
7. Explain structure of benzene in light of aromatic orbital treatment? (G-2009, 2013)
8. Discuss orientation in electrophilic substitution reactions with respect to meta directiong groups?
(L-2012,2013)
9. What is resonance.Describe the structure of benzene on the basis of resonance method? (L-
2012) (G-2017)
10. Complete reactions: (G-2011)
(i) Benzene + SO3 → (ii) Benzene + O2 →
(iii) Phenol + Zn → (iv) Benzene sulphonic acid + H2O →

20
Chapter: 10
ALKYL HALIDES
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by ᵝ - elimination reaction? Give example of E1 reactions. (L-2012) (G-2017)
2. Give mechanism of E1 elimination reaction in two steps? (G-2017)
3. How will you convert ethyl bromide into (CH3-CH2)4N+
Br¯ ? (L-2012)
4. Give two methods of alkyl halides from alcohol? (L-2012) (G-2016)
5. What is the method for preparation of alkyl iodide?
6. Convert ethyl bromide into : (L-2012, 2016)
(i) Ethane (ii) Ethene (iii) n-butane
7. Why alkyl halides are more reactive than alkane? (G-2012)
8. Give two examples of nucleophilic substitution reaction? (G-2012)
9. Write down reactions of ethanol with: (i)PBr3 (ii)PCl3 (L-2013)
10. Define nucleophile and electrophile. Give one example of each? (L-2013)
11. Using ethyl bromide as a starting material , how would you prepare: (L-2013)
(i) Ethene (ii) Propanoic acid
12. What is Wurtz-fitting reaction.Example? (L-2013) (G-2013, 2014)
13. How Grignard’s reagent reacts with epoxide to form alcohol? (G-2013)
14. What is the nature of C-Mg bond in R-Mg-X ? (L-2014)
15. Give only mechanism of SN2 reaction? (G-2015)
16. What is the significance of first step of SN1 reaction? (L-2014, 2016)
17. What is leaving group and substrate? (L-2015)
18. How 50% inversion of configuration in SN1 reaction takes place?
19. How tetraethyl lead is prepared from alkyl halide?
20. Why dry ether is necessary for preparation of Grignard’s reagent?
21. Prepare following from ethyl bromide: (L-2015)
(i) Ethyl thioalcohol (ii) Ethyl acetate
22. What are primary and tertiary alkyl halides? Give one example each. (L-2015)
23. SOCl2 is reagent used to prepare alkyl halide from alcohol. Give equation? (L-2015)
24. How is carboxylic acid prepared from Grignard’s reagent? (G-2015) (L-2016)
25. How will you prepare diethyl amine from C2H5Br ? (L-2016)
26. How primary and secondary alcohols are prepared from Grignard’s reagent?
LONG QUESTIONS:
1. Describe the two possible mechanisms of ᵝ-elimination reactions? (L-2013,2016) (G-2014)
2. Write a note on SN2 reaction? (L-2015, 2016) (G-2013)
3. Write detailed note on SN1 reaction? (G-2015, 2017)
4. What are SN reactions? Differentiate between SN1 & SN2 ? (G-2012)

21
5. Write the reactions of Grignard’s reagent with the followings: (G-2016) (L-2012, 2013, 2015)
(i) Water (ii) Ammonia (iii) CO2 (iv) Alcohols (v) HCHO
(vi) CH3CHO (vii) ClCN (viii) (CH3)2CO

22
Chapter: 11
ALCOHOLS PHENOLS & ETHERS
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Give preparation of methanol by reaction of CO & H2 ? (L-2012)
2. How methanol is prepared from water gas? (L-2013)
3. How methanol is prepared on industrial scale in the world. Give one method? (G-2014)
4. What are essential conditions for fermentation? (G-2017)
5. Distinguish ethanol and tert.butyl alcohol by Lucas test? (L-2012, 2015)
6. How will you distinguish b/w methanol & ethanol by one test? (G-2016)
7. What are alcohols. How they are classified? (L-2012)
8. Water has higher boiling point than ethanol. Explain? (L-2016)
9. Convert acetone into ethyl alcohol? (L-2016)
10. Why absolute alcohol cannot be prepared by fermentation process? (L-2012, 2015)
11. How is ethene converted into ethyl alcohol? (L-2015)
12. How phenol is prepared by Dow’s method? (L-2012)
13. How ethanol is denatured? (G-2012)
14. How alcohols are converted into aldehydes and ketones?
15. Give reactions of phenol with : Conc.H2SO4 & Acetyl chloride? (G-2015)
16. Write down reactions of phenol with : (G-2012)
(i) Zn/heat (ii) Acetyl chloride/NaOH
17. Write down any four uses of ethanol? (G-2012) (L-2016)
18. Prepare following compounds from phenol: (G-2017)
(i) Benzene (ii) 2,4,6-trinitrophenol
19. Give any four uses of methyl alcohol? (L-2014)
20. Write down formulas of : (G-2012, 2015)
(i) picric acid (ii) methoxy benzene (iii) p-hydroxy benzyl alcohol
21. Whhat are primary & secondary alcohols. Give one example each? (L-2013)
22. How will you convert : (L-2013) (G-2014)
(i) Methanol → Ethanol (ii) Ethanol → Methanol
23. What is bakelite. How is it prepared from phenol? (G-2013)
24. How ethanol gives different products with conc.H2SO4 under different conditions? (G-2013)
25. How does phenol reacts with alkali? (L-2014)
26. How is methylated spirit is prepared? (L-2014)
27. How does picric acid is synthesized? (L-2014)
28. Phenol behaves as acid. Explain? (G-2014) (L-2015)
29. Give important uses of phenol?
30. Describe Williamson’s method for the preparation of ethers? (G-2016)
31. Write down reaction of diethyl ether with : (L-2012)
32. (i) HI (ii) NH3/heat

23
33. Write formulas of carbolic acid and its one use? (G-2016)
34. Write structural formula of :
35. (i) methoxy ethane (ii) ethoxy benzene
LONG QUESTIONS:
1. How ethyl alcohol is obtained by fermentation of molasses & starch? (L-2014)
2. Give two methods for preparation of phenol.what is the reaction of phenol with:
(i) Zn (ii) Br2 water (L-2014, 2015) (G-2017)
3. Convert phenol into: (L-2015)
(i) picric acid (ii) cyclohexanol (iii) bakelite
4. Describe the chemical reactions of crbolic acid(phenol) with : (L-2014, 2016) (G-2016)
(i) NaOH (ii) CH3COOCl (iii) H2 (iv) H2SO4 (v) HNO3 (vi) Br2

24
Chapter: 12
ALDEHYDES & KETONES
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Write the general mechanism of base catalyzed addition reaction?
2. Give reactions to produce o-hydroxy acid from aldehydes? (L-2012)
3. Fehling’s solution reacts with aldehydes to give red ppt. Justify it? (L-2012, 2016) (G-2015)
4. Give equations for reactions of acetaldehyde with: (L-2012)
(i) NaHSO3 (ii) HCN
5. Give two tests for distinguishing between an aldehyde & a ketone? (L-2012, 2015)
6. Write mechanism for the addition of sodium bisulphite to an aldehyde? (G-2012)
7. What is Haloform reaction? (G-2012)
8. How aldehyde reacts with phenyl hydrazine. Give its mechanism? (L-2013)
9. What is Tollen’s test(silver mirror test)? Illustrate your answer with chemical equation. (G-2013)
(L-2013, 2014, 2016)
10. Explain oxidation of aldehydes? (L-2013)
11. Describe preparation of formalin on commercial scale from methanol? (L-2016)
12. How acetaldehyde distinguish from formaldehyde? (L-2013) (G-2016)
13. How the reduction process of aldehydes & ketones to give alcohols? (L-2013)
14. Justify that Cannizzaro’s reaction is self oxidation-reduction reaction? (L-2013, 2014)
15. Addition of HCN on aldehydes & ketones is a base catalyzed reaction. Justify? (L-2013)
16. Give four uses of acetaldehyde? (L-2016) (G-2017)
17. Give four uses of formaldehyde? (L-2014) (G-2013, 2014)
18. Convert formaldehyde into meta formaldehyde? (G-2013)
19. Convert calcium acetate to acetone? (L-2015) (G-2013, 2017)
20. How iodoform is prepared from acetaldehyde and ethyl alcohol? (L-2014)
21. What is haloform reaction? Give its uses, (G-2015)
22. How formaldehyde & acetaldehyde undergo polymerization? (L-2014)
23. How can we prepare acetone from acetic acid?
24. Write names of those oxidizing agents, which can oxidize aldehydes but not ketones? (L-2014)
25. Define aldol condensation? (G-2014)
26. What is sodium bisulphite test? (G-2014)
27. Convert acetaldehyde to lactic acid? (L-2015)
28. Give industrial preparation of formaldehyde? (L-2015)
29. Write reaction of phenyl hydrazine with acetaldehyde and acetone? (L-2016)
30. Give reactions of acetaldehyde with: (G-2015)
(i) HCN (ii) CH3CH2OH
31. Convert acetone into tert.butyl alcohol? (G-2016)

25
LONG QUESTIONS:
1. What are aldols? Explain aldol condenstion reaction mechanism for condensation of ethanal?
(L-2016)
2. Explain with mechanism Cannizzaro’s reaction? (G-2015, 2016)
3. Describe the mechanism of the reaction of NaHSO3 with acetone? (L-2013)
4. Discuss Haloform reaction with one example? (L-2012)
5. Prepare acetaldehyde cyanohydrin from acetaldehyde and then convert it into 2-
hydroxypropanoic acid? (G-2012)
6. By using propanone as starting material, how would you get: (G-2017)
(i) Acetic acid (ii) isopropyl alcohol
7. Discuss oxidation of aldehyde with: (L-2015)
(i) K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4 (ii) Tollen’s reagent
8. How does acetaldehyde react with following reagents: (L-2015)
(a) C2H5MgI (ii) HCN (iii) NaHSO3 (iv) I2 / NaOH
9. How does formaldehyde reacts with: (G-2013)
10. (a) HCN (ii) NaHSO3 (iii) NaBH4 / H2O (iv) Conc.NaOH
11. Prepare following compounds from carbonyl compounds: (L-2013)
(a) Lactic acid (b) Formaldehyde (c) Croton aldehyde (d) Ethanal oxime
12. Distinguish b /w: (a) formaldehyde& acetaldehyde (b) acetaldehyde & propanone ? (L-
2012)

26
Chapter: 13
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Write down structural formula of Oxalic acid, Phthalic acid & Malonic acid? (L-2012)
2. How carboxylic acids can be prepared from alkyl nitriles?
3. Prepare ethane from acetic acid by reduction with (HI /P) & (NH3.Heat) ? (L-2012)
4. How carboxylic acids are prepared by the oxidative cleavage of alkenes? (L-2013)
5. How will you convert acetic acid into: (L-2013) (G-2013)
(a) Methane (b) Acetic anhydride (c) Acetone
6. Convert acetic acid into acetamide? (G-2016)
7. Write down mechanism of b/w ethanol and acetic acid? (G-2016)
8. How would you convert: CH3COOH → CH3CONH2 ? (L-2015)
9. What happens when ammonium acetate is heated? (G-2017)
10. How is carboxylic acid prepared from Grignard’s reagent? (G-2015)
11. Prepare alcohol and alkanes from carboxylic acid? (G-2015)
12. Discuss important uses of acetic acid?
13. Which ester gives banana and orange small? (G-2014)
14. Differentiate between essential and non essential amino acids?
15. Describe briefly Zwitter ionic structure? (L-2012) (G-2013, 2017)
16. Justify that Zwitter ions amino acids are Amphoteric in nature?
17. What are amino acids? How they react with acid and base. (G-2012)
18. How carboxylic acids are converted into α-amino acid? (L-2016)
19. What is peptide bond. Write formula of dipeptide? (L-2015)
20. What is Ninhydrin test?
21. Differentiate between polypeptide and proteins?
22. Define neutral amino acids with examples? (L-2015, 2016)
23. Write formula of alanine and glycine? (L-2016)
24. How amino acid is prepared by Strecker method? (L-2016)
LONG QUESTIONS:
1. How would you prepare carboxylic acid from prim. Alcohols & aldehydes? (G-2014)
2. Write down mechanism of reaction b/w acetic acid and thionyl chloride? (L-2013) (G-2013)
3. How would you prepare carboxylic acid by hydrolysis of esters & from alkali nitriles? (L-2013)
4. Write down mechanism of Esterification? (L-2012)
5. Convert acetic acid into : (G-2012) (L-2014)
(a) Acetyl chloride (ii) Acetamide (iii) Methane
6. Write a short note on acidic and basic character of amino acids? (L-2104)
7. Give two methods of preparations & two reactions of amino acids? (L-2012)

27
Chapter: 14
MACROMOLECULES
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. What are macromolecules. Give their classification? (L-2013) (G-2008, 2014)
2. Define polymerization. Explain the term, degree of plymerization? (L-2013)
3. What are polymers. Give two examples? (L-2015)
4. What are thermoplastic polymer & thermosetting polymers. Give example? (L-2014) (G-2006,
2015)
5. Discuss the structures of polymers? (G-2005)
6. Define condensation polymerization with example? (L-2016)
7. How polyester is prepared by condensation polymerization? (G-2017)
8. Discuss saponification number. Give one example? (L-2008, 2009. 2012, 2016) (G-2011, 2012,
2013, 2015)
9. Define acid number. What is rancidity? (L-2013, 2015, 2016) (G-2014)
10. What is iodine number? (L-2008, 2011, 2014, 2016) (G-2012, 2014)
11. What is addition polymerization. Give example? (G-2016)
12. What happens when hydrolysis of triglyceride is carried out? (G-2017)
13. Write a short note on Nylon-6,6 ? (G-2009)
14. How polystyrene is prepared.Give its uses? (G-2008)
15. What are acrylic resins.Give their uses? (L-2009)
16. Discuss epoxy resins with example. Give their importance? (G-2011, 2016)
17. What is denaturation of protein? (G-2013)
18. Differentiate between derived and conjugated proteins with one example each? (L-2005, 2009)
(G-2010)
19. Give four properties of enzymes? (G-2012)
20. What are enzymes.Discuss factors affecting the activity of enzymes? (L-2004, 2008) (G-2009)
21. Define enzyme.Name their two properties? (L-2011)
22. What is chemical nature of enzymes? Classify them. (G-2016)
23. Write structure of cholestrol? (L-2015)
24. What is difference between glucose and fructose? (L-2014)
25. Write structural formula of amylose and cellulose? (L-2010)
26. Write the structure of starch? (L-2013)
27. What are fatty acids?How acid chlorides are made from them.? (L-2010)
28. What are lipids. Give two physical properties? (L-2014)
29. Discuss three chemical proprerties of lipids with the help of reaction? (L-2010)
30. What are fats and oils. Give examples? (L-2011, 2012, 2015) (G-2011)
31. What are carbohydrates. Why are they called so? (L-2014)
32. Draw the structure of: (i) Purine (ii) Pyrimidine ? (G-2017)
33. Write any three differences b/w RNA & DNA? (L-2012, 2014, 2016)

28
Chapter: 15
COMMON CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN PAKISTAN
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Explain the term micronutrients? (G-2016) (L-2012, 2015)
2. What are macro nutrients.Give their names? (G-2013) (L-2009, 2012, 2013)
3. Distinguish between fertilizer and non fertilizer compounds? (L-2014, 2015)
4. Write four essential qualities of a good fertilizer? (G-2008, 2016) (L-2004, 2012, 2015)
5. Why fertilizers are required(needed)? (G-2015) (L-2013, 2015, 2016)
6. Draw paper making machine? (G-2015)
7. How urea is prepared for ammonia? (G-2014)
8. Why wet cleaning is done in paper manufacturing? (L-2014)
9. Enlist the steps involved in the manufacture of urea? (L-2011)
10. What are the chemical reactions involved in preparation of urea? (G-2017)
11. What do you mean by prilling of urea? (L-2016)
12. What are the requirements of a fertilizer? (G-2014)
13. What is the role of burning and decomposition zone in manufacturing of cement? (G-2009, 2014)
(L-2008, 2016)
14. What are the different zones in the rotary kiln? Give their temperature ranges?
15. What is difference between clinkers and cement? (G-2013) (L-2013, 2015)
16. What is the role of digester in Neutral sulphite semi chemical process (NSSCP)?
17. Write down formulas of : (G-2012, 2013) (L-2013)
(a) super phosphate (b) triple phosphate
18. What are the common bleaching agents used in paper industry in pakistan? (G-2012, 2017)
19. Ammonium nitrate is a useful fertilizers for many crops except paddy rice? (G-2011)
20. Nme the four argillaceous materials used for manufacturing of cement? (G-2011)
21. Name essential consituents of cement? (L-2008, 2014)
22. Give preparation of portland cement as carried out by Joseph Aspdin, why it is named so? (L-
2012)
23. Pulp formed by digestion is washed at pulp washing stage.Why is it essential? (G-2011)
24. How will you prepare diammonium phosphate from ammonia? Also indicate %age of N2 and
P2O5 present in this fertilizer? (G-2010) (L-2011)
25. How ammonium nitrate is prepared. Describe the process? (L-2013)
26. Write four main non woody and woody raw materials used in the production of pulp and paper?
(G-2009) (L-2015, 2016)
27. Give reactions taking place in first 24 hours in setting of cement? (G-2008)
28. Write equations for the preparation of : (G-2008) (L-2015)
(a) Ammonium carbamate from ammonia (b) urea from ammonium carbamate
29. How diammonium hydrogen phosphate is prepared? Give its composition. (L-2009)

29
Chapter : 16
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
SHORT QUESTIONS:
1. Name the components of environment? (L-2004, 2015)
2. What is absorbed by the gases in atmosphere? (L-2014)
3. Carbon monoxide is considered as primary pollutant.How it affects on human beings? (L-2006)
4. How oil spillage effects the aquatic life on earth?
5. Describe natural sources of methane(hydrocarbons) in atmosphere? (G-2016)
6. What is smog? (L-2010)
7. How chlorination of water is harmful for human health?
8. What do you mean by recycling of waste?
9. Under what conditions, smog is formed?
10. Differentiate between oxidizing and reducing smog?
11. Write chemical reactions of chlorofluorocarbons responsible for depletion of ozone layer? (G-
2009, 2016) (L-2008, 2016)
12. What are primary and secondary pollutants? (G-2012, 2015) (L-2009, 2014)
13. What is acid rain. How does it affects human, animals and birds? (G-2008, 2010, 2015) (L-2009.
2010, 2011)
14. What are leachates?
15. What is lithosphere and hydrosphere? (G-2014) (L-2005, 2015)
16. What are the two conditions which cause the formation of smog? (G-2017)
17. What are the causes of water pollution? (G-2014)
18. Detergents are threat to aquatic life.Explain? (G-2009, 2010, 2011) (L-2006)
19. What is the importance of dissolved oxygen in water? (G-2006)
20. What is effect of aeration on quality of raw water? (L-2008, 2015)
21. How quality of water is improved by coagulation? (G-2006) (L-2016)
22. What is biological oxygen demand?
23. What is chemical oxygen demand. How is it determined? (L-2015, 2016) (G-2017)
LONG QUESTIONS:
1. What is smog? Give its types and conditions for the formation of a smog.? (G-2008, 2012, 2013,
2017) (L-2010, 2013, 2015)
2. Discuss acid rain. How does it affects our environment? (G-2011) (L-2006, 2009, 2013)
3. How pesticides are dangerous to human beings? Coment. (G-2014)
4. Discuss ozone as blessing. How is it destroyed by CFCs ? (G-2004, 2010)
5. Name the components of environment, Give approximate composition of atmosphere and
lithosphere? (L-2014)
6. Write method for purification of water. Explain the process of disinfection of water by chlorine?
(L-2004, 2012)
7. How the industrial solid wastes are incinerated? (G-2009) (L-2011)

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