The Civil Rights Movement's Key Events and Figures

Persuasive Essay On The Civil Rights Movement
What does it mean to achieve equality? A person may be granted all the same rights as another but it goes beyond that. Martin Luther King Jr. says,
"We must all learn to live together as brothers or we will all perish together as fools." (Martin Luther King Jr, The American Dream) He suggests
that we cannot just say someone is equal but must be achieved with a much deeper bond, like that of brothers. The United States is well on it's way
there but it has been a long and hard struggle for African Americans. From 1619 when the first slaves came to the then 13 United Colonies to present
day African Americans have been fighting for their rights and their true equality. Every single person in this country that is Black has experienced
racism in some form. The Civil Rights movement was an umbrella which covered an array of movements that sought to rid the United States of racism
and achieve the equality of all men no matter their skin color. This movement and its organizations have evolved as time and ideals have changed.
They ranged to non–violent marches, sit–ins, mass boycotts and self defense. After slavery was abolished they continued to face lynching, violent race
riots, the inability to vote, blatant racism and segregation for years. Many organizations and leaders led this ongoing movement and continue to today.
The Civil Rights movement will continue to point out and protest the racial inequalities of society by any means necessary and will until all man,
woman, and
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Essay on The Civil Rights Movement
The purpose of this essay is to outline the main events of the African–American Civil Rights Movement. Specifically, the focus will be on the main
activists involved in the movement such as Martin Luther King Jr and Rosa Parks and the major campaigns of civil resistance. The Civil Rights
Movement refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring voting rights
in Southern states.African–Americans were able to gain the rights to issues such as equal access to public transportation, right to vote, right to fair
trials, and many others. The many movements lasted roughly from 1955 to 1968. During this time African–Americans were constantly degraded and
reminded of...show more content...
The driver noticed a white man standing and then demanded her entire row move as blacks were forbidden to sit next to whites. After refusing to
move, Rosa Parks was reported to the police and arrested for violating the 'whites first' bus laws. Her case was used to fight segregation laws which
pushed for complete desegregation on public transport. 50,000 of Montgomery's African Americans supported the boycott which lasted for 381 days
until the local ordinance segregating African–Americans and whites on public buses was lifted. Ninety percent of African Americans in Montgomery
took part in the boycotts until a federal court ordered Montgomery's buses desegregated in November 1956. Martin Luther King Jr was a prominent
leader in the African–American Civil Rights Movement. A baptist minister, he became a civil rights activist early on. The Montgomery Bus Boycott
was planned and pursued by fellow activist leader E.D Nixon and soon led by King. During this time King's house was bombed and he was later
arrested. The Freedom Rides were journeys taken by Civil Rights activists on interstate buses into the segregated southern states of America. These
were organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), the first Freedom Ride left Washington D.C. on May 4, 1961. Activists travelled to the
highly segregated South and sought to integrate seating and desegregate bus terminals, restrooms and

The Civil Rights Movement was a pivotal time in American history, leading us toward the acceptance and advancement of African Americans in
society, and eventually the same for other minority groups. The movement as a whole spanned from around the beginning of the 1950's to around the
beginning of the 1970's. All across the nation, African American people fought for their rights through numerous protests and boycotts. Some notable
events are the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the March on Washington, and the Greensboro lunch counter sit–ins. Many forms of legislation and many
judiciary decisions were made during this era, such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and 1968, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and Brown v. Board of
Education ("A Timeline of the Civil Rights Movement FOOTSTEPS OF COURAGE").
This movement is extremely well documented when it comes to all kinds of sources, such as photographs, diaries, interviews, and videos. Many of
these sources are housed in Wilson Library, some of which are very intriguing and carry messages that are still relevant to this day. One noteworthy
photograph I discovered is one of a group of protestors on Franklin Street. The photograph was taken by an unknown photographer and it was taken
in December of 1963. The group stands firmly in front of the post office; a landmark on Franklin Street, which is now known as Peace and Justice
Plaza. It was named this because it is where protest marches would end and where a memorial plaque was placed for the

The Civil Rights Movement: Freedom Rides Essay
During the Civil Rights Movement, African Americans sought to have their Constitutional Rights permitted. One form of protesting came forth in the
form of the Freedom Rides. After slavery ended, many amendments and laws were created to ensure the rights of African Americans, but because of
prejudices and racism, most of these were ignored. The Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Fergunson established "separate but equal" on interstate
transportation in 1896, but in 1947 the Supreme Court found it unconstitutional. And although segregation was outlawed, Jim Crow laws still ruled the
Deep South and "codified in law, sanctioned by the courts, and enforced by the ubiquitous threat of physical violence even more than legal reprisal"
(Catsam...show more content...
This belief soon changed because women became the core of the Civil Rights Movement, especially Diane Nash. She was, "One of the leaders of
the Nashville Movement, was one of the foremost figures when students took over the freedom rides after violence caused the original CORE
group to call the project to an end in Birmingham" (93). Freedom Rides became influential in changing people's mindsets because they noticed how
the students involved and how they were treated. The students were carefully trained in nonviolence, a "technique require[d] that a participant not
strike anyone, not even to save himself/herself or a group member from a beating" (Olds 18). Although the students used the passive approach,
trouble still awaited them. Once in Montgomery Alabama, furious crowds surrounded them screaming "GIT them niggers! GIT them niggers!"
(Lewis 158). They were attacked, beat and bled a great deal. Not only did the Freedom Riders get assaulted, but journalists who covered their stories
were also targeted. Ultimately, "If you had a pencil or a pad, or a camera, you were in real trouble" (Morrison 29). Though successful, when Freedom
Rides were first introduced, many civil rights leaders didn't want to take part of it, because of doubt concerning their overall effectiveness. Civil rights
leaders believed Freedom Rides would hold up the Movement, but over time they became one of the largest and most supported movements during the

The Civil Rights Movement Essay
The latter part of the Civil Rights Movement was characterized by action and change as it was no longer centralized in the South or only fought for by
black individuals. Rather, northerners were active in achieving black equality and the white community was campaigning for integration. Although
many lost their lives in this struggle, their valiancy did not go unrewarded and soon enough African Americans were able to vote, work, study, and
simply eat lunch beside white individuals.
Despite the great efforts put forth during the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 in which the black community and its supporters refused to use public
transportation, transport segregation still remained in some southern states. As a result...show more content...
On May 31, 1961, he filed suit against the University of Mississippi asserting that he had been rejected on racial grounds (Brooks, 187). Much to the
dismay of segregationalists, over a year later, in September 1962, a federal court ordered the University of Mississippi to accept James Meredith.
Governor Ross Barnett stated that he would never authorize the integration of the university and, after much rioting and violence, Meredith was
accompanied by federal marshals and enrolled on October 1, 1962. Because of his determination and the support he had from the government, James
Meredith, a regular man with conventional dreams, made it possible for black individuals to seek a higher education.
Events, such as those mentioned above, provided the Civil Rights Movement with a great deal of publicity and revealed the intense violence that these
activists were faced with. Another such series of events took place in Birmingham, Alabama in the spring of 1963. Considered to be the most
segregated city in the country, Martin Luther King, Jr., Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy, and Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth decided to lead a series of
marches and protests here. After being released from jail following his arrest during one of the campaigns, King and others believed that the fight in
Birmingham was suffering with a dwindling number of volunteers and little

Summary: The Civil Rights Movement
Although the Civil Rights Movement hasgarneredmuchpublicawarenessandsympathy since it first picked up steam in
thelate1950s,itsgoalsareyettobefullyrealized.Thedays where segregation laws prevailed in schools, workplaces, and the like are long past, but its
effects still linger today. From a political perspective, blacks' voices are greater than ever before, with a voting turnout surpassing those of white
Americans' in the 2012 presidential election, and 10,500 black officialscurrentlyservingthegovernment.Financial,educational, and social equality,
however, remain an elusive

Causes And Effects Of The Civil Rights Movement
The Civil Rights Movement and the Effects
We have all heard about this movement, the major events that have taken place, and its magnificent leaders. However, what is meant by civil rights?
What does this term refer to?
Civil rights have been defined as the nonpolitical rights of citizens, in particular, the personal freedom of US citizens guaranteed by the laws passed by
Congress, as well as amendments to US Constitution No. 13, and14. (Miriam Webster Dictionary).
The term civil rights have been defined as all citizenship rights from actions and decisions taken by the government to create equal and guaranteed
living circumstances for all citizens, In specific, the Constitution Amendments No. 13, 14, 15, 19, and 26. (Barbour 2014 p.133).
Though this movement existed throughout the 19th century, it spread quickly until it reached its peak between the 1950's and 1960's. It was aimed at
getting black Americans (Africans) the rights and privileges of equality and citizenship without racism. This was done through large campaigns of
nonviolent demonstrations, negotiations, civil disobedience and all legal means. The movement was focused in the south, where there was
considerable disparity in education, health care, economics, and so forth.
However, how did it all start?
There were many events that had been taken place, which were the cause of this movement to be peaked.
Some events were (Sparks) short–term like Emmett Till, Rosa Parks, Mal. X, and M. L. King.
Some

"Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that." – – Martin Luther King, Jr.
The Civil rights Movement helped people realize how powerful their voice can be, which changed America completely. One of those people who had a
powerful voice was Martin Luther King, Jr. He was an inspiring and influential leader of the Civil Rights Movement. The quote above is just one of
many inspirational comments made by Martin Luther King. The peaceful protests against racism, which this African–American man directed, often got
responses of violent threats, beatings, and arrests. King stressed how significant it was that the black community would not stoop down to the...show
more content...
Later to become the first African–American Supreme Court Justice in America, Marshall was the man who argued the "separate but equal" was just a
myth trying to cover up racism. Even though it is not a single person, the Little Rock Nine was another contributor to discovering equal rights for
African–Americans. This group was the first crowd of blacks to attend Central High School, an all–white school in Little Rock, Arkansas. Being in the
Deep South, there was an unbelievable amount of racism. However, these African–American teenagers were determined to stay and be given an equal
chance at education as whites received. One day when she was walking into school, Elizabeth Eckford, age fifteen, said Though they had to fight
through insults and even death threats, several of the Little Rock Nine students proceeded through high school to get their diploma. Nine
African–American students faced a racist system and conquered it. On February 1, 1960, four African–American college students, all freshmen,
protested at a "whites only" Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina. They insisted to be served and by doing this, they
unintentionally built the foundation for a countrywide movement. After the students sat and politely requested service, the manager of the store came
out and asked for them to leave. The next day, several other North Carolina Agricultural and Technical black students joined these freshmen and
protested. As the days went

The Civil Rights Movement marked a very important period of time where groups of people worked to end discrimination and racial segregation
against African Americans. The Civil Rights movement began on December 1st ,1955 when Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to move to the
back of the bus in Montgomery Alabama. Parks stated in an autobiography, "I had no idea that when I refused to give up my seat on that Montgomery
bus that my small action would help put an end to segregation laws in the South." Although, this was supposed to be a small protest the boycott was
named the earliest mass protest on behalf of the Civil Rights in the U.S. The Montgomery bus boycott was a key event in the civil rights movement
because it greatly impacted the society by helping to put an end to segregation laws in the South. The U.S. supreme court declared that segregation on
public buses was unconstitutional in November of 1956. The boycott was one of many events that played an important role in the Civil Rights
movement. Leaders such as, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr., Andrew Goodman, and many others involved themselves in the civil rights movement
with one common goal in mind. In addition to the Montgomery boycott, events such as, The Freedom Rides, Brown V. Board of Education, and the
March on Washington played a significant role in the building up of the Civil Rights Movement. Brown V. Board of Education, which is now known
as one of the greatest Supreme Court decisions of the

Essay About The Civil Rights Movement
The Reconstruction after the Civil War was meant to rebuild Southern government and society, but failed to bring equality to African Americans. The
civil rights movement after World War II worked to bring this necessary justice to all men. The civil rights movement worked to fix America's problem
of inequality based on race, and succeeded where the Reconstruction had failed. After the end of World War II, the civil rights movement spread across
America. This movement began in the northern United States, and over time spread to the historically racist South. There, people like Rosa Parks and
Martin Luther King, Jr. sparked protests and launched campaigns, bringing to attention the people's desire for equality. Over time, this movement
allowed...show more content...
However, in 1896, the case of Plessy v. Ferguson ruled that segregation of races was constitutional, as long as "separate but equal" facilities were
provided. This resulted in public facilities in the South – such as buses, restaurants, and schools – becoming isolated based off of race. During the civil
rights movement, people worked to desegregate public establishments so that they could be used by everyone. In 1954, Chief Justice Warren ruled in
the case of Brown v. Board of Education that "...in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational
facilities are inherently unequal..." (Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts). Schools in the South, especially the Deep South, resisted
desegregation, but eventually had to comply with the court's ruling. The Montgomery bus boycott, sparked by Rosa Parks's arrest for sitting in the
"whites only" section of a public bus, lasted for over a year in from 1955 to 1956. Sit–ins began occurring in 1960, in which African Americans sat in
restaurants, demanding service despite the fact these areas were segregated. Both of these events brought attention to the unfairness of segregation, and
slowly public facilities worked to desegregate. The increase of awareness of the inequality that separate facilities brought was successful in making
services accessible to Americans of all

Civil Rights Movement Reflection
I clearly identified and explained the lesson from the CRM. The lesson that I took from the Civil Rights Movement was that peaceful protests are often
the most effective form of protesting. Peaceful protests are effective for two reasons. The first reason is that they garner sympathy and support.
According to the Library of Congress, the success of the moment can largely be attributed to leaders that embraced the idea of nonviolence. Secondly,
in a nonviolent demonstration, protesters are taking the high ground and matching their noble ideas with noble actions. I explained, with detail, how a
specific event, individual, group, and/or idea correlates to the lesson. In Martin Luther King Junior's famous speech at the March on Washington, he
urged his audience to protest without violence. "Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred" he
told the protesters. "We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence." This speech inspired thousands of African Americans
to engage in nonviolent protests. Many of the most famous civil rights protests were conducted without resorting to violence, such as the Freedom
Rides, the Childrens' Crusades, and the sit–ins that took place across America. These correlate to the lesson because they were some of the most
effective protests of the movement, largely due to their nonviolent nature. I applied this lesson to some challenge in current society,

The Civil Rights Movement "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of
their skin but by the content of their character." This was a speech by Martin Luther King Jr. Even one hundred years after slavery was banned, African
Americans were still being treated unfairly. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the most famous leaders of the Civil Rights movement in the 1960's.
The Civil Rights movement was a movement of African Americans who felt that they were not being treated equally. There were also many other
famous leaders and inspirations during the Civil Rights Movement. This movement was very important to the freedom of African Americans. An
influential leader...show more content...
He was born on January 15, 1929. He graduated 1948 with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Morehouse College. He received a doctorate degree from
Boston University in 1955. The King family had a history of pastors. His grandfather was a pastor at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia.
In 1931, Martin Luther King Sr. took over the pastor role. In 1960, Martin Luther King Jr. became co pastor and remained that until his death in
1968. Before that, in 1954, he became pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist church in Montgomery, Alabama. In December of 1955, Martin Luther King
Jr. boycotted buses, along with many other African Americans. During these boycotts, his house was bombed, and he was arrested. On December 21,
1956, the Supreme Court declared that the segregation on buses was unconstitutional and blacks and whites traveled on the bus together for the first
time. In 1957, he was elected the president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. This was formed to provide new leadership for the
Civil Rights movement. From this time, to the day he died in 1968, he wrote five books and read two thousand and five hundred speeches. He
directed the peaceful march on Washington, D.C. He delivered his "I had a dream" speech, where two hundred and fifty thousand people came to
listen to him. In 1963, he was named the Man of the Year, by Time magazine. When he was thirty
–five years old, he became the youngest person ever to

Essay on The Impact of the Civil Rights Movement
The way Americans lived 80 years ago has a significant impact on our society today. Major work from small–town residents during the 1930s, make it
possible for Americans to live as comfortably as they do currently. Civil rights were improved and the fields of technology, science, and medicine
soared. Ambitious geniuses were improving such topics, but little did they realize that they were actually shaping future American culture.The
important achievements and discoveries made during the 1930s made life easier for Americans today.
Although the civil rights movement was at its peak during the 1960s, the civil accomplishments made during the 1930s were just as important. The
NAACP had the most influence on the movement at the time. Being...show more content...
On account of the actions taken during the 1930s, life for every American nowadays, has been free of prejudice and intolerance. Without the NAACP's
achievements for civil rights, life for United States citizens would still be filled with terror and unfair favoritism.
Technology advancements during the 1930s include the development of various vehicles and synthetic materials. Glass fibers were produced into tiny
strands, twisted in a bobbin, then turned into yarn. The end product is then mixed with plastics and called fiberglass. From the beginning until now of
this practical invention, America has been using fiberglass to insulate their homes, manufacture automobiles, and constructed into fishing rods
(American Cultural). Ever since the development of fiberglass, small town life in the U.S. has become less complicated. Without this simple invention,
homes all over the United States would be still be unheated, and vehicles would be much less secure. On a larger note, in 1939, the Chance Vought and
Sikorsky Divisions of the United Technology Corporation were united to produce America's first successful helicopter, the VS
–300 (Leishman 7). The
new way of transportation was an immediate breakthrough for all of technology all over the world. Although the VS–300 was not able to stay off the
ground for long periods of time, it sparked excitement in the hearts of small town people. With helicopters, goods were easily

Essay on The Civil Rights Movement
The civil rights movement comprised efforts of grassroots activists and national leaders to obtain for African Americans the basic rights guaranteed to
American citizens in the Constitution. The key players in succeeding with the civil rights movement were the soldiers returning from the war, Martin
Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the anti–Vietnam War activists. During the civil rights
movement, nearly every African American had experienced segregation at lunch stands. In a Journal by Melvin Small, she stated, "Just as with the
segregated buses in Montgomery, Alabama the African–American community, especially the segment of college students, had once again reached its
saturation...show more content...
College students and lower grade black students helped to stand up against the racial cruelty. Although the war was taking place, students across the
nation took advantage of it by protesting nonviolent for justice. This was just a small piece of the puzzle for justice in the United States because the
black soldiers played an even bigger role in the success of the movement. Soldiers of WWII had a substantial impact on the civil rights movement. In
the book, A Breath of Freedom, it stated, "During World War II the African American population pushed for equality and integration of the United
States military, which, at the time, remained in accordance with the culture and customs of the white majority by keeping the two races segregated
(HГ¶hn)." The term, separate but equal, made famous by the United States Supreme Court case Plessy vs. Ferguson remained instantiated as the law
to abide by in reference to racial policy (HГ¶hn). This concept of keeping both races segregated had permeated across the United States and was the
prominent view of most white citizens during this period. Segregation was seen from a white point–of–view as a way for both races to live within the
society without racial conflict and tension. Separation of blacks and whites stretched across all societal institutions, including the United States
Military. During the closing years of World War II and increasingly thereafter, African American GIs (Government Issued) complained

The Civil Rights Movement and Women's Suffrage Movement are historically influential events that are still perpetuating different convictions in
today's society. The Civil Rights Movement established a foundation of equality and civil liberties for African Americans while the Women's Suffrage
Movement granted women the right to vote and contributed a sense of equality among genders. Both movements were in need of empathy and aid in
order to bring about equality and change, in which were difficult to find with the majority of the appropriate public being white males who disagreed
with the movements. The activists of both the Civil Rights Movement and Women's Suffrage Movement were on the wrong side of public empathy, yet
the discrimination of the public view, the protesting of the victims, and the equal rights being fought for demanded a change in the conduct and the
way in which the public empathized with these people.
Discrimination was an issue among civil liberties due to the fact that empathy was not present among the activists' dilemma. Members of the Civil
Rights Movement, more specifically the African Americans involved, faced discrimination due to the fact that the majority of the public, especially in
the south, didn't agree with the change of interracial interaction or empathize with what they were going through. Along with the interracial interaction
that many people disagreed upon, society was still getting over slavery and the Civil War, which had a huge impact

Civil Rights Movement: A Revolution
Civil Rights I think that the Civil Rights Movement was a revolution. A reform is when you make changes in something to improve it, but a
revolution is a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system (insert citation of dictionary). In essence the Civil rights
movement was both a reform and a revolution, but it was to strong to just be labelled as a reform so, a revolution it is. The previous social order was
one of systematic oppression against America's black population. After slavery that saw generations, and oppression that lasted well into the 20th
century, the African–American population was sick of being second to their white peers. White people were using them as servants who raised their
children,

The Rise Of The Civil Rights Movement
In 1960, there were tremendous of social ferment that was responsible for agitation and protest. Through direct protest, many African Americans,
women, and homosexuals were able to gain recognition and break down the walls of discrimination and segregations. Out of the numerous elements
that arose in the 1960s, there are three movements that truly affected the American society. Firstly, the rise of the civil rights movement was greatly
influenced by racial discrimination of colored people in the South. Secondly, the women's movement aimed to convince the society that women are
capable of achieving and maintaining higher waged job like males. Lastly, the gay rights movement aimed to gain acceptance and stop discrimination of
homosexuality. The most significant effect on the development of American society was the women's movement and how they expanded their
economic and political opportunities. The common goal among African Americans, women's, and homosexuals was to obtain their equal rights as
citizens of America and to desegregate all the boundaries between white and black population.
The civil rights movement was one of the main elements that were responsible for agitation and protest that greatly expanded in the 1960s. This social
movement "originated among black Americans in the South who faced racial discrimination and segregation, or the separation of whites and blacks, in
almost every aspect of their lives" ("Protests in the 1960s," 3). There was constant racial

Causes and Effects of the Civil Rights Movement By: Christal Mcwhorter The Civil Rights Movement has changed all of American's lives for
ever. The Civil Rights Movement is a big event and according to Eyes on the Prize. "The March on Washington on August 28, 1963." The reason
why was because the African Americans were tired of being oppressed and being treated differently. One cause is segregation and this is where
people are divided or split up. One more cause is violence/abuse is where people are treated badly like being punched or even being bullied
basically or it is where someone is getting hurt in a certain process. One after effect is integration, and it is where people are being put together so
being combined. Integration is an after effect of the Civil Rights Movement and it made things fair for African Americans because this gave them a
chance to interact better with the Americans and they got better jobs and they were put as equals finally because of integration. To begin with there
was segregation, separation, and just being divided up from each other. African Americans were separated by schools even stores and just normal
shops, and they were separated even by public bathrooms. Also an example of segregation and according to the autobiography Leon's Story. "We had
to sit up in the balcony. The whites sat at the...show more content...
Integration is an effect of the Civil Rights Movement. This is a good thing for the African Americans because they did not have to go with anything
bad like schools that did not have the proper items needed. Another effect of integration is African Americans were able to vote. Also they were able
to get the same jobs so better paying jobs or a better salary. This was a great thing because no one was unequal anymore. Something else about
integration is, ever since the big oppression against African Americans stopped people have been much

The Civil Rights Movement (1955- 1965) Essay
Civil Rights Movement in the United States, was a political, legal, and social struggle to gain full citizenship rights for African Americans and to
achieve racial equality. The civil rights movement was a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating blacks and whites.
During the civil rights movement, individuals and organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest
marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws. Some believe that the movement began with the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and
ended with the Voting RightsAct of 1965, there is still however some debate about when it began and whether it has ended yet. The civil rights
movement...show more content...
Segregated facilities were not as common in the North, but blacks were usually denied entrance to the best hotels and restaurants. Schools in New
England were usually integrated, but those in the Midwest generally were not. The most difficult part of Northern life was the intense economic
discrimination against blacks.
Blacks fought against discrimination whenever possible. In the late 1800s blacks sued in courts to put an end to separate seating in railroad cars, states
disfranchisement of voters, and denial of access to schools and restaurants. One of the cases against segregation was Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, in
which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that separate but equal accommodations were constitutional.
To protest segregation, blacks created new national organizations. The National Afro–American League, in 1890; the Niagara Movement in 1905; and
the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.
The NAACP became one of the most important black protest organizations of the 20th century. The historian and sociologist W. E. B. Du Bois was
one of the early leaders of the NAACP.
In the postwar years, the NAACP's legal strategy for civil rights continued to succeed. They were now led by Thurgood Marshall. The U.S. Supreme
Court heard arguments on five cases that challenged elementary– and secondary–school segregation, and in May

The Civil Rights Movement's Key Events and Figures

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