From: Dr. Chaakradhar Maddela MSc Neonate,Cardiff MD DCH ,DHSc 2D ECHO FC Cardiology, DHSc Diabetology, FC Health Research,NeoNate Neurology,BPNA, Simplified and made easy form of neonatal parenteral nutrition
3. WATER REQUIREMENT
• START WITH 60 -80 ml / kg / day
• Gradually increase 15 -20 ml /kg/day
• Reach 150 – 180 ml / kg / day
4. ENERGY REQUIREMENTS (KCAL /KG/DAY)
• Preterm : C <24 hrs 60 – 80, NPE(kcal/kg/day):Protein 40
• -60, 24 -72 hrs C 80 – 100, NPE:Pro 60 – 65, >72hrs C
• 100 – 120, NPE:Pro 85 – 100 : Protein Cal 18 – 25 kcal /
gm
5. GLUCOSE (G/KG/DAY)
• PRETERM :<24hrs : 5.8 - 12 (4 – 8 mg / kg / min )
• 24 – 72 hrs: 12 – 16 (8-11 mg / kg / min )
• >72 hrs : maximum 17.3 ( 12 mg / kg / min ).
• TERM : same as for PTI.
• Irrespective of GA : Minimum amt glu in 24hrs
5.8gm/kg/day (4mg/kg/min)
6. GLUCOSE PRODUCTION & UTILIZATION
• GLUCOSE PRODUCTION : Term – 5mg/kg/min. PTI – 5mg/kg/min
(glycogenolysis) + 4-5mg/kg/min (gluconeogenesis).
• GLUCOSE UTILIZATION : Term – 3.5 – 4.5 mg / kg / min, PTI –
Double
• DAILY GLUCOSE INTAKE : 5.8 – 17.3gm/kg/day (4-12 mg/kg/min)
• HYPERGLYCEMIA : >140mg/dl of plasma /Sr glucose, >125mg/dl of
whole blood.
• INSULIN THERAPY : > 180mg/dl
7. GLUCOSE INFUSION RATE (GIR) & DEXTROSE BLEND
• GIR = %DEXTROSE SOLUTION × FLUID ml / kg / day ÷ 144
• PREPARATION OF DEXTROSE % by 5%D and 25% D =5X –
25 =Y, X = required % of dextrose, y = amount of 25%
dextrose in ml
9. DEXTROSE % CALCULATION FROM DESIRED GIR
• Desired GIR mg/kg/min × Wt Kg = mg glucose / min
• Mg Glu / min ÷ 1000 (mg / gm) = gm / min
• Gm / min × 1440 (minutes / day) = gm / day
• Gm / day ÷ Total ml / day (Total fluid – total additives ie
AA, fats, Na, K, Cal, Mg, trace elements ) × 100 =
Dextrose %
10. GIR CALCULATION FROM KNOWN DEXTROSE %
• Dextrose % ÷ 100 × ml / day = gm / day
• Gm / day ÷ 1440 = gm / minute
• Gm / minute × 1000 = mg / minute
• Mg / minute ÷ kg = mg / kg / minute
11. AMINOACIDS (PROTEIN EQUIVALENT G/KG/DAY)
• Preterm : <24hrs -2 – 2.5, 24 – 72 hrs – 2.7 – 3.5, >72hrs – 2.7
– 4gm/kg/day
• Term : Initially 1.5gm/kg/day increasing to 3gm/kg/day by
day 5
• Minimum protein req to prevent tissue loss – 1.5gm/kg/day.
12. PROTEIN UTILIZATION & ACCRETION
• MINIMUM PROTEIN INTAKE TO PREVENT EXISTING TISSUE
LOSS: 1.5gm/kg/day
• ELBW / <29WKS GA POSITIVE NITROGEN BALANCE (Target
Pro intake ) : Start 1.5 – 2.4 gm/kg/day on day1. Increase
upto 3.6 - 4gm/kg/day in association with 90kcal/kg/day of
nonprotein energy. Reach target protein intake <by day 5.
• NON NITROGEN ENERGY KCAL PER GM PROTEIN : 18 – 25
Kcal / Gm protein.
13. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE
• PTI : Start with 2 – 2.5gm/kg/day as soon as possible.
• TARGET PARENTERAL PROTEIN INTAKE IN PTI : 2.7 –
4gm/kg/day by day5 + adequate calorie intake.
• TERM INFANT & PTI >34 WKS (TARGET PROTEIN INTAKE):
3gm/kg/day by day5.
• PREPARATION : 10% AMINOVEN
14. CALORIE NITROGEN RATIO ( CNR) CALCULATION
• CNR = CARBOHYDRATE CALORIES (gm×3.4) + FAT CALORIES(gm×9) ×
6.25 ÷ AMINO ACIDS IN GM, 6.35 is a constant
• CNR = 100 – 200 cal / gm is normal
• NP (non protein) CALORIES / gm AA RATIO = 24 -32 ( approx 25
nonprotein kcal/kg for q1gm protein /kg promote protein
utilization )
15. LIPIDS (G / KG / DAY )
• Preterm : < 24 hrs – 2 gm/kg/day, 24 – 72 hrs -2.5 -3.5
• gm/kg/day, 3.5 – 4gm/kg/day
• 20% SMOF / INTRALIPID in ml = gm / kg / day × Wt ÷ 0.2
• Term : Same as for PTI.
16. LIPID UTILIZATION, ACCRETION & PROVISION
• Fetal fat requirements :double during 3rd trimester, from 1 gm
/kg/day to 2 gm / kg / day
• PROVISION OF LIPIDS : Start 2gm/kg/day on day1& 3gm/kg/day on
day2.
• TARGET LIPID INTAKE : 3.5gm/kg/day in 1st week, well tolerated.
• LIPID PREPARATION : 20% lipids lower in phospholipids & better
plasma clearance of Triglycerides.
• LIPID INFUSION TOLERANCE : 24hr infusion is better tolerated than
intermittent infusion.
17. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE
• DAY1 : Start with 2gm/kg/day.. Gradually increase to 3.5 to 4gm/kg/day. Newer
formulations upto 3gm/kg/day only.
• 20% lipid emulsion – preparation of choice, SMOF, INTRALIPID
• Infusion – continuously over 24hrs
• Carnitine supplementation enhances lipid utilization
• Lipids atleast 0.5gm/kg/day is required to prevent EFA deficiency
• Monitor triglycerides in babies 1. <1.5kg, 2.sepsis 3.CP decompensation, 4.PPHN &
5.hyperbilirubinemia near exchange transfusion level.
18. RECOMMENDATIONS
• NUTRITIONAL NEEDS = 60:30:10, CARBOHYDRATES 60%,
FATS 25 -30 % & PROTEINS 10 – 15 %
• BAG 1 = DEXTROSE + AA + ADDITIVES, TRACE ELEMENTS
• BAG 2 = LIPIDS + VITAMINS THROUGH SEPARATE LINE
AND AMBER COLOURED OR SILVER COVERING FOR LIGHT
• HEPARIN USE ONLY IN SELECTED CASES
• STOP TPN WHEN 2/3 OF TOTAL CALORIES MET BY
ENTERAL ROUTE
• ACHIEVE FULL ENTERAL FEEDS BY 10 – 14 DAYS
19. DR CHAKRADHAR MADDELA
MD MSC NEONATE DCH PGD NEONATOLOGY
IV SODIUM 0.9%
1000ML /1L NS=154 MEQ SODIUM +154 MEQ CHLORIDE =154MOSM / L
EACH ML NS =0.154MEQ NA+CL
10ML = 1.54MEQ NA + CL
100 ML = 900 MG NACL
DAILY REQ = 1-3 MEQ / KG
3% SALINE : 1 ML = 0.5 MEQ (DOSAGE = 2 – 6ML /KG /DAY )
1ML CON. RINGER LACTATE = 3 MEQ SODIUM
20. POTASSIUM CHLORIDE, KCL
• 10 ml KCl = 20 mEq K*, 1ml of inj. KCl = 2 mEq potassium
• Daily requirement = 1-2 mEq / kg 48-72Hr, 1-3mEq/kg/day >72hrs
• Daily Potphos = 0.5 ml / kg
• 15% Kesol, KCl = 1 ml = 2 mEq
23. MAGNESIUM SULPHATE 50% W/V
• 1ml 50% mgso4 = 500mg Mgso4 = 2mmol of Mg2+ = 4 mEq /1ml
• 2ml ampoule = 1gm Mg
• 10 ml = 5gm = 5000mg
• Dosage – Preterm 0.18-0.3mmol/kg, Term – 0.2 mmol/kg/day = 4 units
/ kg with 40U insulin syringe.
24. POINTS TO REMEMBER
• 1 mEq Ca = 20 mg elemental Calcium
• 1 mEq Mg = 12 mg elemental Magnesium
• Ca:Ph:Vit D intake - Ca intake 20-90mg/kg/day 1-
4mEq/kg/D, Ph = 35 – 70mg/kg/day (1-2mMol/kg/D),
Vitamin D = 400iu/D
• Ca:Ph molar ratio : 1.3-1.7:1
25. POINTS TO REMEMBER
• Ca & Ph solubility in TPN : L-cysteine increases acidity of
TPN solution & allows increased concentration without
precipitation
• Ca (mEq/100ml) + P (mMol/100ml) = 2.5 peripheral vein
(Ca cannot exceed 1mEq/100ml), 4 central vein (max.
Con. 5 with cysteine )
26. CALCULATION OF MOLAR RATIO, CA & P
• Divide Ca in mEq by 2 = mMol Ca
• Divide mMol Ca by mMol P
• mMol Ca : mMol P
27. INJECTION CELECEL
CHROMIUM + COPPER + MANGANESE + SELENIUM
• Dosage : 0.1 – 0.2 ml / kg
• Preparation : 3 ml
• Other brand name : Peditrace / Neotrace
32. STEPS IN TPN
• 1)TOTAL FLUID REQUIREMENT / KG /DAY =
ADDITIVE FLUIDS =
• ENTERAL FEEDS =
• 2)Aminoacids requirement = gm/kg/D = 10%
aminoven in 10-30 ml /kg
• 3)Lipids 20% =gm/kg/D × Wt ÷ 0.2 in ml
33. • 4)ADDITIVES
• Sodium = 3%Saline 4 -6ml/kg/d, Concentrated RL
1ml/kg/D
• Potassium = 0.5 – 1ml/kg/d in ml Potphos
• Calcium =4-8ml/kg/d
• MVI PED = 1ml/kg/d
• Celecel = 0.1 – 0.2ml / kg /d
• 50% Magnesium sulphate = 3units /kg/d with insulin
syringe 40 IU or 0.1 ml /kg/d
34. • 5) Dextrose infusion calculation at 6mg/kg/min
• 6) CNR, calorie nitrogen ratio calculation
• 7) Routine iv heparin not indicated in neonates
• Heparin = 1 unit / ml of fluid (Total amount of
fluids )