2. Cattid Labs
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3. IoT Features and Architecture
IoT and definitions
(RFID, WPANs, mobiles)
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future integrating communicating objects
4. Internet of Things… definitions (1)
“A world where 'things' can automatically
communicate to computers and each
p
other, providing services for the benefit
of human kind ”
kind.
Ian Smith (President AIM UK)
( )
CASAGRAS Coordinator
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5. Internet of Things… definitions (2)
“A global network infrastructure, linking physical and virtual
objects through the exploitation of d
bj h h h l i i f data capture and d
communications capabilities.
This infrastr ct re incl des e isting and e ol ing Internet and
infrastructure includes existing evolving
network developments.
It will offer specific object identification sensor and connection
object‐identification,
capability as the basis for the development of independent
f
federated services and applications. These will be
pp
characterised by a high degree of autonomous data capture,
event transfer, network connectivity and interoperability.”
Anthony Furness, CTO of the European Centre of Excellence for AIDC
CASAGRAS Technical Coordinator
CASAGRAS Technical Coordinator
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6. Internet of Things… definitions (3)
“A world where physical objects are seamlessly
integrated i
i d into the i f
h information network, and where
i k d h
the physical objects can become active participants in
business processes Services are available to interact
processes.
with these 'smart objects' over the Internet, query
and change their state and any information
associated with them, taking into account security
and privacy issues.”
Stephan Haller, Development Architect
SAP AG
SAP AG
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7. Internet of Things… definitions (4)
“The IoT concept was initially based around enabling
technologies such as Radio Frequency Identification (
h l i h di d ifi i (RFID) )
or wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSAN), but
nowadays spawns a wide variety of devices with different
computing and communication capabilities – generically
termed networked embedded devices (NED). […] More
recent ideas have driven the IoT towards an all
encompassing vision to integrate the real world into the
Internet [ ]”
I […]”
Future Internet Assembly/Real World Internet
Future Internet Assembly/Real World Internet
22‐23/09/09 Strategic vision on IoT Key features and services of the 7
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8. My definition
“A global network infrastructure, linking physical and virtual
objects through the exploitation of d
bj h h h l i i f data capture and d
communications capabilities. This infrastructure includes
existing and evolving Internet and network developments It
developments.
will offer specific object‐identification, sensor and connection
capability as the basis for the development of independent
federated services and applications. These will be
characterised by a high degree of autonomous data capture,
event transfer, network connectivity and i
f k i i d interoperability.”
bili ”
Alexandru Serbanati:‐)
Alexandru Serbanati: )
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future integrating communicating objects
9. Internet of Things… so what’s that?
What s that?
What’s that? Cars
Laptops
Mobiles
Augm. Reality Internet
Internet of Things
Pallets
Servers
Personal Computers
Domotic sensors
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future integrating communicating objects
10. Internet of Things – Smart Objects
An information network of smart objects
An information network of objects that
• Can connect to other IoT devices directly or
through the IoT infrastructure
• Produce, use and/or transmit data to other
devices
• Are highly autonomous and can interact
with physical or virtual environments and
other IoT devices
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11. IoT evolution
Disconnected objects
Identified objects
Addressable objects
Smart Objects (1)
Agents‐based devices
A t b dd i
Smart Objects (2)
Services provided directly by SO
Ontology‐based SO
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12. Smart objects
For this reason, objects shall:
• Be uniquely identifiable and addressable
• Have communication means (better if
Have communication means (better if
wireless, mesh‐network‐like)
• Produce, use and/or transmit data to other
/
devices (as previously stated)
• Have their own processing power
• Usually are energetically autonomous (batteries
Usually are energetically autonomous (batteries,
solar panels, kinetic…) or are cable powered
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13. IoT Features and Architecture
Current Scenario
(RFID, WPANs, mobiles)
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future integrating communicating objects
14. Current scenario – AutoID
• RFID
• Printed ID (barcode, Qrcode, datamatrix, …)
Printed ID (barcode, Qrcode, datamatrix, …)
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15. Current scenario – passive RFID
Technology Range (average – max*) Notes
RFID LF (134.2 or 125 kHz)
RFID LF (134.2 or 125 kHz) 10 60cm
10‐60cm Resilient to water interf.
Resilient to water interf.
Used in animal tracking
RFID HF (13.56MHz) 15‐70cm Personal ID, Building access
NFC (RFID HF) 3‐8cm Secure technology for
identification and
payments
UHF (868MHz/900MHz) 1‐7m Logistics
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16. Current issues ‐ RFID
• Need for a nearby reader…
• With short range…
• One‐way information flow…
O i f ti fl
• No context‐awareness…
• Delivering only presence/sensor information…
… not so autonomous
… but it has to start somewhere
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17. Current scenario – WSANs
• Computing devices with
Computing devices with
onboard sensors or actuators
• Form a network and
can access other
networks Laptops
Mobiles
(through gateways)
(th h t )
Servers
Personal Computers
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18. Disambiguation
WS(A)N: Wireless Sensor (and Actuator) Network
Defines the features and function of a network
(LR‐)WPAN: (Low Rate) Wireless Personal Area Network
Defines the type of (standard which is implemented by) the
f yp f ( p y)
network. In this case the IEEE 802.15.4 defines the PHY
and MAC layers.
y
ZigBee/SunSPOT are implementations of the IEEE802.15.4
These COULD be use for creating WS(A)Ns but they don’t
NEED to and not all WS(A)Ns are LR‐WPANs
( )
22‐23/09/09 Strategic vision on IoT Key features and services of the 18
future integrating communicating objects
19. Current issues –WS(A)Ns
• Reduced programmability
• Reduced intelligence/autonomity
Reduced intelligence/autonomity
• Little security, and not for nomadic devices
(devices should connect to the same network
if they need security features)
if they need security features)
• Low data rate
• Limited scalability
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20. Current scenario – Mobile
(One of the most under‐estimated technologies available for building up IoT!!)
• Network connected
– Could even provide gating for BT devices
Could even provide gating for BT devices
• Mobile and autonomous (by definition)
• Onboard input
– From sensors (GPS, microphone)
From sensors (GPS, microphone)
– From users
• O b d
Onboard output (messages, vibracall, …)
( ib ll )
• Good processing power
p gp
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services of the future integrating
communicating objects
21. Current issues – Mobile
• Not designed for collecting data
WideNoise application fr
Mobile devices host lots of other
e
components, not usable for IoT
purposes, while th h
hil they have only a
l
rom WideTag, as on Apple St
reduced amount of features that
could be used (i.e. adapted!) for
such purposes.
p p
tore
22‐23/09/09 Strategic vision on IoT Key features and 21
services of the future integrating
communicating objects
22. Current scenario – RFID Architecture
Key features:
ey eatu es:
• Centralized Business
Logic/
L i /
• 1 way data/event flow Storage
(info could be sent to readers, not objects)
• Readers could be connected Readers
to central business logic
to central business logic
through Intranets
• Readers could be mobile Tagged objects
(and use long range connections… but yet 1way)
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services of the future integrating
communicating objects
23. Current scenario – LR‐WPAN Architecture
IEEE802.15.4
Reduced
Key features:
Key features: Function
Device
• Morphologically dynamic Full
Function
Gateway
Device
• Addressability by BIZ proc!
• 2 way* communication
2 way communication
Business
• I/O interface (sensors/actuators, …) Logic/
Storage
• Internet is (eventually) used only
for tunneling
for tunneling
*1way data/event flow + 1way command flow to actuators
*1way data/event flow + 1way command flow to actuators
Sensors don’t issue commands nor do they use data from the BIZ proc
22‐23/09/09 Strategic vision on IoT Key features and services of the 23
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24. Current scenario – General Architecture
Architectures are still heavily centralized:
c tectu es a e st ea y ce t a ed:
• Data flow or events, usually start from the
peripheral part of th network and are
i h l t f the t k d
used/processed in the central part
• In WSANs, communication is 2 ways, but
still from the center to the periphery and
vice versa. Peripheral devices don’t use
the information they produce the
produce,
intelligence is centralized
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future integrating communicating objects
25. Current scenario – the role of Internet
In nowadays applications, Internet is only
used to connect applications at higher
dt t li ti t hi h
levels… not smart objects.
Usually objects and business logic pertain to
different networks
different networks
Actual
source
source Business
et
Interne
of data/ Logic/
Actuators/ Storage
Objects Reader‐/Gateway‐
based application
based application
Transition from IPv4 (32bit) to IPv6 (128 bit) is underway
as the current address space is quite over.
22‐23/09/09 Strategic vision on IoT Key features and services of the 25
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26. Current scenario – Internet of Things
• A unified approach is missing
u ed app oac s ss g
• Lack of unifying vision
• Lack of unifying protocol
• Exception: RFC 4944 aka 6LoWPAN aims at
defining a frame format for sending IPv6
packets over LR WPANs and also ancillary
LR‐WPANs
conventions for header compressions in
such context
h
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27. Current use cases (2)
Precision agriculture
“Precision agriculture may be considered a development in
which the reference to precision implies higher resolution
in farming and agricultural management using higher and
greater quality volumes of data acquired and processed
through greater exploitation of automatic identification
and data capture (AIDC), communications technologies and
prospectively the functionality being defined for the
Internet of Things.”
CASAGRAS
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28. Current use cases (1)
ArchRock: WSN in the Vineyard
A hR k WSN i th Vi d
Real‐time
Vineyard Data Time saving,
Remote
Accurate
A t
Transpiration Correlation and
Decision
Analysis
Making
Sap flow
Sap flow
http://www.archrock.com/pics/applications/vineyards.jpg
22‐23/09/09 Strategic vision on IoT Key features and services of the 28
future integrating communicating objects
29. Current use cases (2)
Adv. Patient Management
Data flow optimization
Process automation and
optimization
Real‐time Structured
data data
Inter‐related data
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30. IoT Features and Architecture
Future Scenario
(Devices, Environment, Architecture)
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future integrating communicating objects
31. Future Scenario: Future Devices
Future devices will likely:
y
• Have more processing power
• Be able to interact with the environment
• Have more battery power
Have more battery power
• Their communications will have better
spectrum‐ and operation‐power‐efficiency
t d ti ffi i
• Be smaller and very mobile
y
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services of the future integrating
communicating objects
33. Services and future environment
Smart objects implementation of service
oriented architectures will likely be a key
y
enabler of IoT. Services will slowly move
from
– Centralized services
Centralized services
– Distributed services
– Autonomous and offline service
provisioning
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services of the future integrating
communicating objects
34. Future Scenario: IoT architecture
IoT architecture:
• Common worldwide
infrastructure
infrastr ct re
– Providing communication
infrastructure
– Core services (object
( j
resolution, long range
routing, security, …)
g y )
IoT architectural
classification and Smart Object area
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services of the future integrating
communicating objects
35. Future Scenario: IoT architecture
• Locally autonomous
y
devices in the peripheral
area:
– Core services don’t need
to be involved in each
t b i l di h
interaction
– Autonomous peripheral
routing, service discovery
and provision IoT architectural
classification and Smart Object area
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services of the future integrating
communicating objects
36. Future Scenario: architecture issues
• Open questions: how will
service discovery work?
• Routing to nomadic
g
nodes providing
needed services
needed services
• Location‐based service
provision
IoT architectural
classification and Smart Object area
22‐23/09/09 Strategic vision on IoT Key features and 36
services of the future integrating
communicating objects
37. Future Scenario: use cases
• Devices will be all around us and there
us…
will be lots of them (collecting more and
more sensible d )
ibl data)
• The number of Internet connected devices
(even those that are not directly involved in
the IoT scenario) will be much larger
– the density of connected devices and,
consequently, th chance of fi di a nearby
tl the h f finding b
connection will also increase
22‐23/09/09 Strategic vision on IoT Key features and 37
services of the future integrating
communicating objects
38. Future public use case (1)
Three years passed since the introduction of
mandatory traffic‐boxes aboard brand new
cars. Such sensors gather information from
cars. Such sensors gather information from
IMUs, distance sensors, GPS and in some
cases are directly connected to the car s
cases are directly connected to the car’s
information system.
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services of the future integrating
communicating objects
39. Future public use case (2)
Collected information is processed and data
about traffic condition is then sent
anonymous to the National Traffic Agency
anonymous to the National Traffic Agency
through a medium range wireless
communication interface ( WLAN)
communication interface (~WLAN)
The information collected centrally regards
mainly traffic condition and road condition.
22‐23/09/09 Strategic vision on IoT Key features and 39
services of the future integrating
communicating objects
40. Future public use case (3)
The same wireless interface is used for car‐
to‐car communication.
Safety routines alert the drivers of accidents
Safety routines alert the drivers of accidents
or dangerous situations ahead.
– Traffic‐boxes analyze the driving pattern
– If strange, an alert to other traffic‐boxes is issued
– If other traffic‐boxes detect strange patterns in
the same position (given by GPS, A GPS,
the same position (given by GPS, A‐GPS,
Galileo…) drivers are alerted
– Accident events and dynamics are propagated
Accident events and dynamics are propagated
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services of the future integrating
communicating objects
41. Future private use case (1)
Marienne is jogging in the park in a summer
afternoon. She used to carry nothing with her
while running, but, since she bought a virtual
trainer, she always wears a jogging belt and a
training bra.
The integrated IMUs in the belt and in the bra
accurately measure all motion components and,
accurately measure all motion components and
netsweat.com
thanks to complex algorithms, derive, not only
the amount of energy she expends, but also if
the amount of energy she expends but also if
www.n
the movements she makes are correct.
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services of the future integrating
communicating objects
42. Future private use case (2)
Marienne’s belt and bra filter and process the
raw data from the array of sensors and send it
wirelessly to a training application running on
to a training application running on
her mobile, that she keeps in an armband.
The device further l b
Th d i f h elaborates the d h data and d
provides a real‐time graph and some other
data to be displayed on the display integrated
in her sunglasses data. The display also
g p y
signals her that Scot is in the surroundings.
www.vuzix.com
www vuzix com
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services of the future integrating
communicating objects
43. Future private use case (3)
She s
She’s not so surprised as before starting the
as,
session, she turned “visible” on her social
network and authorized the training program to
share her training routine and position.
Mobile
Instead of using the expensive broadband Voce
connection of h mobile, given the l
i f her bil i h low d
data‐ WWAN
rate needed, she decided to use the mobile to
WPAN
connect to the electricity company’s
h l i i ’
pervasive connection for the purpose. WBAN
22‐23/09/09 Strategic vision on IoT Key features and 43
services of the future integrating
communicating objects
44. Future private use case (4)
Marienne acquired a bundle from the
electricity and power company which also
provides outdoor close‐range connectivity.
It was very convenient as the company also
provided her the wired infrastructure for
her house control system and wired
broadband connectivity.
She believes that it was convenient for the
company too as, thanks to the li carrier, all
h k h line i ll
the services used a common infrastructure.
22‐23/09/09 Strategic vision on IoT Key features and 44
services of the future integrating
communicating objects
45. Thank you!!
Thank o !!
Q
Q&A
Carlo Maria Medaglia
g carlomaria.medaglia [ t] uniroma.it
g [a ]
Alexandru Serbanati a.serbanati [a t] uniroma1.it
22‐23/09/09 Strategic vision on IoT Key features and services of the 45
future integrating communicating objects
46. IoT workshop day1, September the 22nd
9.30 am - 12.30 am
Strategic vision on IoT Key features and services of the future integrating
communicating objects (RFID captors/sensors ) - Part I: Features and
(RFID, captors/sensors...)
architecture
Carlo Maria Medaglia, Professor, University of Rome "Sapienza"
(KeyNote Speaker Peter Friess - European Commission)
2.00 pm - 3.30 pm
Strategic vision on IoT Key features and services of the future integrating
g y g g
communicating objects (RFID, captors/sensors...) - Part II: Services and
technological issues/ enablers
Alexandru Serbanati, IOT Project Manager, RFID Lab, University of Rome
"Sapienza"
4.00 pm - 5.30 pm
The IOT as a New Business Opportunity: The WideTAG Case Study
Leandro Agro, Co - Founder, WideTAG
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future integrating communicating objects
48. Decentralization
Syste s
Systems will be smart and pervasive
be s a t a d pe as e
• Devices will need data from other devices
• Devices could be called upon by other
devices to execute commands
• For scalability purposes, devices will need
to take charge and handle interactions
autonomously, without a central
application and without involving the core
l d h l h
area of the communication infrastructure
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of the future integrating communicating objects
49. Need for a common interface
Inhomogeneous systems will need to interact
• Need for network level interfaces
• Need for common software interfaces to
grant device‐to‐device interoperability
Solution?
WEBSERVICES?
WEBSERVICES like solution based
IoT
IoT – Services
on a lightweight protocol
li ht i ht t l
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of the future integrating communicating objects
50. User Services and IoT services
The term “service” is used for high level level,
benefit creating activity that does not
result in ownership. In IoT it will be provided by
business systems to their users and will involve
information or event transfer.
The term “IoT service” is properly used for
IoT service
a software capable of providing a standard
interface with other computing devices
across the IoT network.
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of the future integrating communicating objects
51. Infrastructure services
The term “infrastructure service” is used
infrastructure service
referring to an IoT service run by the
governance or managing body of the IoT IoT,
providing smart objects critical information
for the operation of the IoT itself.
Examples:
• Resource identification
• R ti /h d
Routing/handover for nomadic devices
f di d i
• Security infrastructure
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of the future integrating communicating objects
52. Service architecture ‐ today
sel
Art by Tiago Hois
Business
Logic/
user Storage
Gateway
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of the future integrating communicating objects
53. Service architecture ‐ today
Business
Logic/
Storage
Art by Tiago Hoisel
user
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of the future integrating communicating objects
54. Service architecture – One step farther
• Objects have given tasks
• Objects autonomously
g
gather data from known
sources in order to
Internet of Things accomplish their tasks
(v0.5)
• g
Existing communication
infrastructure
Gateway
• Next step: autonomous • Requests sent directly to
identification of needed user pertinent smart object
resources thanks to infra
resources thanks to infra node
services
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of the future integrating communicating objects
56. IoT Services
• Remote control – (environment, hazardous
or restricted areas, remote service portability)
• Complex decisions – (before raising an
Complex decisions (before raising an
intrusion alarm, check if there were
earthquakes)
h k )
• Distributed medical or leisure apps.
Distributed medical or leisure apps.
• Remote service access – e.g. a car
updating the National Traffic Service with info
on the current highway
on the current highway
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of the future integrating communicating objects
57. Service architecture – two steps further
• If the Edge or Core
If the Edge or Core
areas could not be
reached
• Service Discovery: Each network
Service Discovery: Each network
should provide an IoT service for the
identification of available services in
that ((W)PAN) network
that ((W)PAN) network
• Devices in the network should work on,
providing their IoT services on a local basis
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services of the future integrating
communicating objects
58. IoT peripheral services ‐ Examples
New “web”‐services for new networks
(Aka “Why should the network work on?”)
• Network Storage – not all devices will have storage
Network Storage not all devices will have storage
capabilities; moreover, network storage in decentralized
networks should be redundant.
networks should be redundant
• Environment control – only needs local data
• Service portability – e.g. SMS/social network
messages between computer and mobile
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future integrating communicating objects
59. Pervasiveness and service architecture
Wireless networkingg
Nomadic, Morphologically dynamic and
mesh networks
h k
Greater use of Personal and Body area
Greater use of Personal and Body area
Networks
Local Area Network
(d is the typical connection distance ) Personal Area Network Body Area Network
d ≈ 100m d ≈ 10m d ≈ 1m
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60. Pervasiveness and service architecture
Body Area Network
d ≈ 1m
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services of the future integrating
communicating objects
62. IoT Features and Architecture
Issues and enablers
(what hinders and what
promotes the advent of IoT)
promotes the advent of IoT)
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63. Issues
Different kind of issues:
• Technological
• Standards
• Legislation and governance
Legislation and governance
• Social
• Cost
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future integrating communicating objects
64. Technological Issues
Technological issues are mainly related to HW
• Autonomy – Smart objects will need to be
as autonomous as possible
as autonomous as possible
• Battery capacity – the most direct way to
improve autonomy
• Processing, RX and TX power efficiency
Processing RX and TX power‐efficiency –
the most effective way to improve
autonomy
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future integrating communicating objects
65. Technological Issues (2)
• Transmission rates – larger bandwidth paves
the way for new kinds of services (especially
th f ki d f i ( i ll
multimedia)
• RX and TX power‐efficiency – even now,
there are high data rate transmission
there are high data‐rate transmission
solutions, but they are too power consuming
• Spectrum efficiency – wireless connectable
ffi i i l bl
devices will populate future environment
much more densely, but the radio spectrum
is a limited resource: optimization is needed
is a limited resource: optimization is needed
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future integrating communicating objects
66. Technological Issues (3)
• Processing power‐efficiency
• Low‐power processing – general‐purpose
processing capabilities is what (together with
the capability of fetching data form the right
sources) is what will make objects smart
• Low‐power cryptographic hardware –
security
i implementation
i l i employ
l
computationally intensive cryptographic
operations; hardware implementation greatly
reduces power consumption
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future integrating communicating objects
67. Technological Issues (4)
• Information explosion – will the infrastructures
resist t th i
i t to the increase of d t collection and
f data ll ti d
transfer
Increment ratios (under current drivers):
• Magnetic storage: <2times/yr (Kryder’s law)
(Kryder s
• Transistor density: ~2times/yr (Moor’s law)
What is going to happen if IoT will become a
prominent driver?
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68. Standardization Issues
Standardization is needed for the IoT
• Communication standards
• Services – (already discussed)
• HW communication solutions:
“The only way to achieve [low cost solutions]
is
i to agree common architectural principles i
hi l i i l in
global cooperation and based on these create
the open standards needed to guarantee
g oba te ope ab ty
global interoperability.” Excerpt from Future Internet 2020,
Excerpt from Future Internet 2020
VISIONS OF AN INDUSTRY EXPERT GROUP
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69. Legislation and Governance Issues
• Lack of legislation and lack of harmoni‐
zation b
between d ff
different regulations
l
• Need for a comprehensive privacy
regulation and enforcement framework
• Regulation of Intellectual Property on
collected data in open environments (is
it property of the environment’s owner,
the sensor owner’s, of service provider,
…))
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70. Future issues
• Mobility: this means that the short range
communication interface of nomadic devices
will need to switch through different (and
unknown) networks that will be providing
gating services in order to maintain a
connection to the core area of IoT (e.g. a CA).
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71. Future issues
• Service mobility: future services should take
advantage of the enlarged Personal Digital Space
• More solutions to provide the same service =
p
• = more devices on which to run same service
• User able to choose the device for a service
• User able to move a service from one device to
another i a secure way
h in
• If scalability of the service is needed,
transparency is paramount for service success
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72. Future issues: policy could be the key
• Devices will be able to provide multiple kind of
services and interact with the environment
i di ih h i
and/or be part of it.
• Critical services will need different security
levels and different access rights
levels and different access rights
• Private owners could need exclusivity or
share only some services
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73. Future issues: policy could be the key
• Providers will want to provide given services
only to some (categories) of users (
l ( i ) f (e.g. their
h i
clients)
• New kinds of interaction between Service
Providers, Users and (new types of)
Providers Users and (new types of)
Connection Providers need new regulation
• Should provide some services even when
not connected to the core of IoT (without or
(
with weaker authentication)
Priv/Security policies
P i /S it li i
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74. Social Issues
IoT will have a great impact on society
• Not all segments of society will benefit
in the same way from the IoT features
• Cultural background will influence how
people will view and exploit IoT
• Social Networking will become
ubiquitous and extremely pervasive
bi it d t l i
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75. Some thoughts about the future scenario
• Users will need to be in control of
1. Their privacy
2. The security of their devices
2 The security of their devices
• The final goal should see smart objects able to
transparently manage the interaction with the
y g
environment and other devices by using user‐
defined policies
• For this t d d
F thi standards and a robust infrastructure
d b ti f t t
of core services are needed GOVERNANCE
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76. Some thoughts about the future scenario
• Design for security. The infrastructure and
core services d i f providing a secure and
i design for idi d
usable IoT is paramount.
• Security through usability. Users should be
able to understand and manage the security
and privacy features of their devices. The
governance should supervise thi process.
h ld i this
• Design and certification of security standards.
g y
Standardization is essential for limited devices.
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77. Enablers for the IoT
• Semantics first and then ontology
first,
will enable the devices forming the
IoT to become Smart Objects
• Miniaturization is closely related to
pervasiveness. Moreover, RFID
miniaturization could pave the way
introducing to the digital currently
inert objects
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78. Enablers for the IoT
• New connection technologies
– UWB:
• Low Power Consumption: Very Simple Architecture, One Bit ADC
• Low Cost: CMOS Implementation
• Hi h L ti A
High Location Accuracy: Narrow Pulse , ~75cm in 70m region (AWGN)
N P l ~75 i 70 i (AWGN)
– IEEE 802.15.3a/4a:
• Respectively High‐Rate and LowRate WPAN
Respectively High‐Rate and LowRate WPAN
– IEEE 802.21:
• “standards to enable handover and interoperability between heterogeneous
p y g
network types”
– Flash OFDM (IEEE 802.20)
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79. Enablers for the IoT
• New emerging solutions for reduced time to
market
• SunSPOT – Sun Small Programmable Object
Technology, JME programmable 802.15.4
implementation
• ArchRock – off the shelf IPv6 based WPAN
IPv6‐based
solutions
• Manifested i
if d interest of l di b di such as
f leading bodies, h
the European Commission
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80. Open and (yet) unpredictable issues
• How will service discovery actually
work?
k?
• Policies for Object management are
essential. How will these Smart Objects
be
b secured and work?
d d k?
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81. Open and (yet) unpredictable issues
• Will the impact on privacy change our
way of li i ?
f living?
• Will availability of new kind of services
change our way of living (in better)?
• How will the advent of the IoT impact
and interact with the digital divide?
• Smart Objects vs Smart environment…
What about optical ID?
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82. [
Thank you!!
Thank o !!
[whistleeee]
]
Q ( y )
Q&(maybe)A Use a WSN!
Alexandru Serbanati a.serbanati [a t] uniroma1.it
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