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Literature Review On Employee Engagement
Introduction Although a fairly new concept, employee engagement has been endorsed and promoted by an increasing number of companies
worldwide. The literature review on this offers several definitions of employee engagement, however, both academics and practitioners in the
human resources field believe that employee engagement explains and influences behaviour at work. "Engagement is about creating opportunities
for employees to connect with their colleagues, managers and wider organization. It is also about creating an environment where employees are
motivated to want to connect with their work and really care about doing a good job...It is a concept that places flexibility, change and continuous
improvement at the heart of what it means to be an employee and an employer in a 21st century workplace." In essence, employee engagement
describes the impact on an organization when employees think and act in a positive way about the work they perform, the people they work with
and the organization they work in. Statistics show that only 13% of employees are engaged worldwide. This is a global issue that has an impact on
several business measures. Highly engaged businesses see a 10% increase in customer ratings as well as a 20% increase in sales. Not only that but
also only 59% of employees say they can "grow and develop" at their organization while 70% of employees would like to spend more time with their
manager. Figures prove that disengaged employees cost organizations between
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Essay Literature Review
Literature Review
The purpose of this research project is for you to create a scholarly piece of graduate–level research and writing, which conforms to APA format.
Competency in the APA format is required of all Business graduates of Liberty University, as set forth by policy of both the Graduate Faculty and the
administration.
You willresearch and write a literature review on a topic relevant to our course. What is a Literature Review?
"A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain
time period. It has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. The summary is a recap of the important information of...show
more content...
Introduction: Gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature review, such as the central theme or organizational pattern. Body: Contains your discussion
of sources and is organized thematically (see below for more information on each). Conclusions/Recommendations: Discuss what you have drawn from
reviewing literature so far. Where might the discussion proceed?"[iii]
What is a thematic literature review?
"A thematic review would have subtopics based upon factors that relate to the theme or issue.
Sometimes, though, you might need to add additional sections that are necessary for your study, but do not fit in the organizational strategy of the
body. What other sections you include in the body is up to you. Put in only what is necessary. Here are a few other sections you might want to
consider: Current Situation: Information necessary to understand the topic or focus of the literature review. History: The chronological progression of
the field, the literature, or an idea that is necessary to understand the literature review, if the body of the literature review is not already a chronology.
Methods and/or Standards: The criteria you used to select the sources in your literature review or the way
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Rationale For Literature Review
Discussing the rationale for literature review to demonstrate its significance in research.
The literature review is mostly regarded as being an essential part of student projects, research studies and dissertations. This essay examines the
reasons for the importance of the literature review, its rationale in demonstrating the significance in research, and the things which it tries to achieve. It
also outlines the main strategies which you can use to write a good literature review. The essay will also analyze the advantages of literature review,
the different types of literature review and the obstacles you may face when conducting your study.
Literature review is an efficient search of published work to find out what is previously known about...show more content...
Date of access 19 August 2017
Krathwohl , D.R. (1988). How to Prepare a Research Proposal: Guidelines for Funding and Dissertations in the Social and Behavioral Sciences.Syracuse
NY: Syracuse University Press. libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/literaturereview Date of access 19 August 2017 uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500
/1683/05chapter5. Date of access 20 August 2017
Webster, J. and Watson, R T. (2002) 'Analyzing the Past to Prepare for the Future: Writing a Literature Review', MIS Quarterly, Vol 6, 2 pp.13
–33
www.aut.ac.nz/.../360509/An–introduction–to–literature–reviews. Date of access 19 August
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Strengths And Weaknesses In Literature Review
IDENTIFY AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT IN OWN PRACTICE IN PLANNING, DELIVERING AND ASSESSING INCLUSIVE TEACHING
AND LEARNING. UNIT 2, 8.2
Literature Review
Knowing where you come in strong and where you need assistance can help you stabilize your personal life and nurture your professional interactions.
A self–knowledge is a powerful tool that too many people disregard because it's difficult or inconvenient, or perhaps because it makes them feel
uncomfortable. What seems like strengths to one person, moreover, might not necessarily seem that useful to others, which can make figuring out
whether specific qualities you possess are strengths as opposed to weaknesses confusing or frustrating. While this is something you will have to
figure out mostly on your own, there are exercises you can do to identify your strengths and weaknesses for a job or for personal reasons. There are
also some tips to help use these tactics in a practical setting where they are most needed, a job interview. (wikihow.com).
In today's global context, teaching and learning take place in a challenging environment. The quality of teaching and evaluation of its effectiveness
depends upon feedback demonstrated by a wide range of students who bring diverse experiences in classrooms. Alsop, Dippo, & Zandvliet, (2007)
focused on the teachers' role in bringing effectiveness to their classroom teaching. The teachers themselves should observe through their own
understanding the problems in the teaching and learning
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Reflective Literature Review
A review of the literature to critically explore the value and purpose of reflective practice.
Introduction
There has been an increasingly large amount of interest around the areas of reflective practice and critical reflection. This interest has led to an
increasing amount of literature around reflective practice and critical reflection.
Kolb (1984) suggested that reflection plays a key role in transforming experience into knowledge. It has been suggested that reflection is a
fundamental process for learning as a development; rather than merely the ability to retain information (Reynolds, 1998). Schon (1983) suggested
critical reflection as a strategy for developing from practice to solve complicated or difficult situations, that require problem solving and a degree of
"artistry" Schon (1983). Schon (1983) was one of the first theorists to look at reflection in terms of reflective practice. Moon (1999) defines reflective
practice as "a set of abilities and skills, to indicate the taking of a critical stance, an orientation to problem solving or state of mind." Essentially, this is
a readiness to continuously analysis and review practice.
Theoretical perspectives on reflection
Reflective practice might be understood differently by individual practitioners. There are many different perspectives on 'Reflection', what reflective
practice involves and how the quality of teaching and learning is impacted by reflective practice (Bengtsson, 1995).
Loughran (2002) suggested that
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Literature Review On Communication
Literature Review
Technology is rapidly growing and improving each day making communicating with others easier and faster, however, alsop causing more conflicts,
particularly with relationships. In my personal relationships, whether romantic, personal, or professional, technology has helped me in positive ways
but also negative ways. Technology allows me to asses the situation and conversation to hopefully come up with a neutral tone of replying, or if I am
upset it allows me to stay the first thing on mind and press send without thinking about it. On a receiver point of view technology has made it difficult
to asses the emotion behind the message that was sent to me. Verbal cues are not present with the use of technology versus a face–face communication.
Even though we have emojis now, they are often misused. For example, I usually put "lol" or a laughing emojis, but in fact I am not laughing at all.
Especially when having a conflict in the workplace with a coworker or peer, "knowing what characteristics constitute a [negative conflict] could help
[technology] users better understand what aspects in messages will likely lead to conflict" (Turnage, 2007). Although technology has made avoiding
negative conflict difficult, extensive research explains ways to manage and improve negative conflict in romantic relationship and in the workplace.
It is noted that "conflict in computer mediated communication groups reach[s] higher levels" (Zornoza, 2002), and unfortunately, most of
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Literature Review On Coffee
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1Coffee
Feria – Morales (2002), stated that coffee is one of the popular beverages in the world. Coffee drink is assumed to be a healthy alternative to
alcoholic beverages in social gatherings (Cristoram et. al, 2000). Coffee has been stereotyped as an adult beverage. In a study conducted by Asioli, et.
al, (2013), shows that the main motivations for iced coffee consumption are enjoyment and relaxation as well as energy and caffeine intake. The study
also found that the most preferred product is latte with low calories at the lowest price. This result indicates that there may be a market potential for
calorie reduced iced coffee product. Coffee gives consumers pleasure and satisfaction through flavor, aroma and...show more content...
They explored that higher eating frequency was associated with health and nutritional consequences. Consumers are very conscious about the
healthiness of the food. This statement can be supported by the study conducted by (Pawan et al, 2014) which found that young consumer in
Malaysia are very conscious of how much fat is in the food and carefully control the portion sizes of their food. They also reduce fat in recipes by
substituting ingredients and cutting portions. Coffee has both the highest and the most variable caffeine content among dietary products containing
caffeine. Huang & Dang, (2014) stated that a numbers of studies have suggested potential health benefits as well as risks regarding coffee
consumptions. The result is controversial in the sense that they are not at all conclusive, directly or indirectly. While coffee has been reported to
increase cardiovascular risk factors. Yet, some studies suggest a protective effect on the heart and decreased risk of stroke. Plus, other studies have
focuses on coffee protective effects on health issues like type 2 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, liver disease and obesity. According to Hewlett &
Wadsworth (2012) in longer term, tea and coffee may protect against Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease although its withdrawal may be associated
with negative effects like headache and flu–like symptoms On the basis of available literature, this study can develop a
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Literature Review On Theme Park
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the literature review which explains theme park features and introduce the concept and dimension of service quality. This
literature review research also shows some research on the theme park products, and also determinants of service quality towards visitors' intention to
revisit. These ideas were highlighted by Kotler (1994) and also Swarbrooke (1995).
2.2 THEME PARK
Theme park can be defined as a place that provides facilities and landscape based on a particular theme which offers other services, such as food, drinks,
merchandising and often accommodation that are usually connected to the theme (Daneshku, 1995).
Among all of the sectors the industry, theme park are considered as key player as it play...show more content...
(Parasuraman 1985). Responsiveness also defined as the ability to help visitors at the moment of time or person's behaviour during an interaction with
target person (Fitszmmons,2006)
Knowledge: Staff uses a different level of product knowledge and interpretation skills to interpret new information and theme park details at the same
time also sharing experiences with all visitors.
2.5 SERVICE QUALITY
Service quality has become a main idea for student academic to study in many industries especially in hospitality industry. In Wilson et al (2008),
service can be discussed in the terms of below four characteristics:
CharacteristicsDescription:
1.IntangibilityService cannot be seen, touched smelled and tasted.
2.InseparabilityServices are generally produced and consumed simultaneously. It is usually link the provider and consumer when the service is being
provided as both are part of service process. Both service and consumer are cannot be separated.
3.HeterogeneityQuality of service cannot be the same because they are performed by different service provider. It is hard to performance same
standards of
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Hotel Literature Review
2. Literature Review
2.1 Why the hotel industry
The focus is on the hotel industry because; the geographical location of a hotel has a major impact on its operations and profitability (Namasivayam,
K., Enz, C. A., &
Siguaw, J. A. (2000). Furthermore geographical location of a hotel greatly determines the profile of its visitors, the size of its market and the level of
competition that it has to face. These three variables also have a strong impact on the ICT adoption tendency of a hotel. This is because the ICT
adoption tendency of a hotel can be linked mainly to its expectations about the value addition that ICTs can provide to its customers, as well as the
belief about the expansion of its target market through ICTs. A hotel will therefore be more inclined to adopt ICTs if it
...show more content...
Some of the world's largest GDS (Global Distribution
System) namely Sabre, Galileo, Amadeus and Worldspsan are examined. Besides analyzing the telecommunication technologies in the industry, the
hospitality sector, entertainment sector, transport sector, management sector and other intermediaries have been diligently explored.
2.5 ICT in Tourism and Hospitality Sector
Parsons and Oja (2013) mention online reservations systems as one of the greatest impacts of ICT on tourism and hospitality sector. Major travel
companies such as
Expedia, Orbitz, and Thomas Cook, as well as, medium and even small sized tourism and hospitality firms have online reservation functionalities on
official company website. Online reservation capabilities provide substantial cost saving opportunities for businesses in tourism and hospitality sector
that otherwise would have been spent on human resources making reservations in a manual manner.
Moreover, according to Mihalic and Buhalis (2013), while the majority of businesses in tourism and hospitality sector have adopted various
components of ICT to
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Research Study On A Literature Review Essay
4.2 Research Hypothesis Hypothesis Researchers almost never conduct a study in an intellectual vacuum; their studies are usually under taken within
the context of an existing knowledge base. It helps to lay the foundation for the study and also inspire new research idea. Hypothesis in other words
is an assumption for the research, the researchers organizes his or her ideas and critically thinks what could be the reasons for the stated research
questions; thinking of the reasons or possible causal is referred to as hypothesis. Generally hypothesis give cruel before the study starts and the results
of the study will be directed to confirm or reject the stated hypothesis. 4.3 Literature review: A literature review is a summary about previous studies on
the topic, Conducted at the same time as defining the research question Why conduct a literature review? –Helps ensure that your research is new
–Identifies what is known and not known about the topic –Helps frame the research question properly –Suggests potential research designs The
literature review outlines what is known about the topic, Identify what remains to be known about the topic and suggest how your research will help
advance knowledge to address the problem. This serves as the basis of your RATIONALE which justifies what the researcher does. With the reasons
above literature review helps me to up to date with nursing information which I use daily in my practices, I cannot deliver any services out from the
blue,
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Literature Review/ Key concepts theories and Theories:
The purpose of Literature review is to present an overview of existing scholarly material and to understanding gaps relating to the research area the
questions pose.
Meharabian and Russell (1974) proposed a theoretical model in which they discussed how service environment stimulates the customer's emotions and
there by influences their behavioural intentions. In this model quality of a customer's experience is measured by measuring the emotions of pleasure,
arousal and dominance (PAD). Pleasure comes from happiness or satisfaction, arousal is derived from excitement based on environment stimulations
and dominance as the ability of the customer to control the environment or feeling in control.
Emotions
Emotions are a strong feeling deriving from one's circumstances, mood or relationships with others. (Google Sholar).
The Mehrabian and Russell model Figure 3
The model focusses on two topics, The emotional impact of physical stimuli and The effects of physical stimuli on variety of behaviours.(Mehrabian
and Russell 1974) Mehrabian and Russell defines it as ,the approach "centres on the use of human emotional responses to environments as intervening
variables linking the environment to the variety of behaviours it elicits".
Later research conducted by Donnavan and Rossiter (1982) finds Dominance emotion does not have a significant impact on customer behaviour.
However, In a gambling environment and the intensity of
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Literature Review : Water Pollution
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Water pollution
FAO (1992) noted that the adulteration of water supplies from both natural and anthropogenic sources has impacted on the health and economic status
of populations. Human activities contribute to pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides and herbicides into aquatic ecosystems. These anthropogenic
activities continuously increase the amounts in the environment. According to Malik et al. (2010), heavy metal pollution is burgeoning at an frightening
rate and has become an important worldwide problem Increase in population, urbanization, industrialization and agricultural practices as well as lack of
environmental regulations have further aggravated the situation (Gupta et al., 2009).
Heavy metals are assimilated or incorporated in water, sediments and aquatic biota evoking pollution in water bodies since they cannot be degraded
(Linnik and Zubenko, 2000; Malik et al., 2010). As the metal levels in many aquatic ecosystems increase, they raise the concern of metal
bioaccumulation through the food chain and related human health hazards (Wright and Welbourn, 2002; Agah et al., 2009). Despite significant efforts
to reduce trace metal loads in effluents, municipal wastewater was still found to convey large amounts into the environment (Buzier et al., (2006);
ГњstГјn, 2009; Hope et al., 2012). As a consequence, the heavy metals present in municipal wastewater are still present in the effluents and sludge
(Chen et al., 2008; Chanpiwat
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Reflective Literature Review
This essay will review the literature to critically explore the value and purpose of reflective practice.
There has been a rapid increase in the ides of critical reflective practice over the last few decades, (Gould, 2004). Before we look at the value and
purpose of reflective practice, it is important to take in account 'reflective practice' carries multiple meanings from the idea of professionals engaging in
self–analysis to that of engaging in critical dialogue with others. For example, with reference to teacher education, Larrivee, (2000) argues that
reflective practice is fusing together personal beliefs and values into a professional identity whereby critical reflection can take place without staying
trapped in unexamined assumptions and expectations of our professional practice. Therefore, from this, it can be concluded that as a teaching
professional, it is important to develop reflections on ones' professional and pedagogic knowledge to set aspirational goals for a continuing personal
and professional development, in other words, it is a way of life.
Schon (1983), identifies two types of reflection; reflection–on–action (after–the–event thinking) and reflection–in–action (thinking while doing). This
clearly distinguishes that reflection can occur whilst the action is carried out as it can still benefit the situation rather than reflecting on how things
will be done differently for next time. This tool can be effective as it will allow the professional to assess
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Literature Review On Love And Relationships
Introduction The world revolves around love. Love for yourself, family, friends and significant others. I want to discuss love and relationships in my
literature review. I find it interesting when people get into a new relationship they can change their personality, but some remain the same. I have
personally seen my own friends and family change how they act around their significant others and it is intriguing. This can also be a positive or
negative effect on the person and those around the person. I want to see the effect that love has on a person and how they can bring that love to
themselves. I believe everyone should have self–esteem and self–love. Sometimes it can take another person to bring out self–positivity, but no one
should be reliant emotionally on their significant other for validation.
Overview of Topic When we are in a relationship, we go back to our younger selves and change who we are for the other person. We develop an
intimacy with a person and become close with them. This leads into Erikson's psychosocial stages of development or more specifically the sixth
stage of intimacy vs. isolation (Engler, 2014, p 144). This theory connects to my first study because it is discussing romantic relationships and how
having a partner with a psychiatric disorder can harm that relationship (Sophia et al., 2009, p 268). Even if at times a relationship can be difficult to
be in, it can also be beneficial. My third study speaks about how dating can be beneficial to
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Critique Of A Literature Review Essay
Assignment 1: Critique of a Literature Review The article, "Evaluation of the Dogs, Physical Activity, and Walking (Dogs PAW) Intervention", by
Richards, E., Ogata, N., & Cheng, C. aim to conduct a longer–term evaluation of the ability of the Dogs, Physical Activity, and Walking (Dogs PAW)
intervention to increase dog walking among dog owners. The research problem being addressed explores maintenance of physical activity (PA)
behaviour change postintervention and whether changes in behavioral theoretical constructs mediated changes in dog walking behaviour. The literature
review is appropriately positioned in the research report and provides support for same. The first few paragraphs of the article discusses the
relationship between...show more content...
Under theoretical framework, the literature review explains a good amount on SCT and PA, however, it is lacking in how it relates in particular to dog
walking. It is not until the next paragraph that the authors mention the relationship between pet walking and specifically pet attachment to be relating
to health outcomes that can be measureable such as blood pressure, triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Upon a review of the authors' sources, I have
identified that a majority consisted of primary sources. One of the sources cited, Albert Bandura, provides a good deal of credibility in conjunction
with several medical journals such as the Journal of Physical Activity & Health and Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. Many of the sources
are extremely relevant to the topic being discussed which in turn provides the reader with pertinent information. One of the other sources which is from
Centers of Disease Control and Prevention backs up this article with data pertaining to body mass index calculation and interpretation and information
that defines over–weight and obesity. A brief review of the sources identifies a good mix that compliments the article as a whole. After careful
consideration, I have decided that this article is somewhat biased. The purpose is to increase dog walking among dog owners. The target audience is
for those who owns dogs; however, individuals with different pets, such as exotic animals like a capybara are excluded. On the
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Literature Review Of Literature On Depression
Literature Review
Depression is a mental health issue and is defined as a "mood disorder characterized by persistently low mood and feeling of sadness and loss of
interest" (MacGill, 2017, p.2). It is a persistent issue with the average length of a depressive episode lasting anywhere from six to eight months
(MacGill, 2017). Everybody at some point in their life feels depressed but depression itself as a diagnosis is more than having a bad day or being in a
bad mood. Steadman's medical dictionary defines depression as, "a temporary or chronic mental disorder characterized by feelings of sadness,
loneliness, despair, low self–esteem, and self–reproach; accompanying signs include psychomotor retardation or less frequently agitation, withdrawal
from social contact and vegetative states such as loss of appetite and insomnia" (p.462). This definition alone gives evidence that the problem facing
M.P. could be depression as she has been disinterested in intimacy with her husband, cries often and is having difficulty focusing in order to complete
simple tasks.
Depression can be further broken down into several different types such as: major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, postpartum depression,
psychotic, bipolar and seasonal affective. It is important to understand that depression does not look the same on every individual and that there are
different forms of depression that affect people. For the purposes of this literature review in relation to the case study on M.P. the focus will be on
major depressive disorder and depression with psychotic features. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (2016) major depressive
disorder is a serious mood disorder with symptoms that have a significant impact on a person's affect, cognition, sleep hygiene, appetite, and activities
of daily living. For a diagnosis to be made these presenting symptoms must be ongoing for a minimum of two weeks. Furthermore, psychotic
depression "occurs when a person has severe depression plus some form of psychosis, such as having disturbing false fixed beliefs (delusions) or
hearing or seeing upsetting things that others cannot hear or see (hallucinations). The psychotic symptoms typically have a depressive
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Importance Of Literature Review
Aveyard defines a literature review as a comprehensive study and interpretation of literature that relates to a particular topic. In his view, undertaking a
literature review takes two steps: identifying a research question and searching for and analyzing relevant literature using a systematic approach to
answer this question (Aveyard, 2010).
Hart (1998) put significance on a review of the literature because without it researchers would not acquire an understanding of the topic, of what has
already known, how it has been researched, and what the key issues are. In Hart's view, ''the review is a part of your academic development– of
becoming an expert of the field'' (1998). Hart also offers his criteria of the literature review:
''The literature review as a piece of academic writing, must be clear, have a logical structure and show that you have acquired a sufficient range of
skills and capabilities at an appropriate level.''
(Hart, 1998)
Different literature requires different ways to review. There areresearch literature and theoretical literature, the former refers to the literature that reports
empirical research results, and the latter includes relevant concepts, relevant theories, and theoretical contexts. Generally speaking, reviewing research
literature means reviewing the evidence about the topic or question, whereas reviewing theoretical literature means reviewing the thinking about the
topic or question. (Punch, 2009:95–97)
Morgan et al. (2012) reviewed research
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Literature Review On Climate Change
Chapter 3: Literature Review on Climate Change
Climate change can be defined as a significant change in the "average weather" of any given region sustained in the long–term and can be caused by
Earth 's dynamic processes, external forces including variations in sunlight intensity, and also by human activities (USEPA, 2014).
The burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil, and deforestation over the last 200 years has caused the concentrations of heat–trapping "greenhouse
gases" to increase significantly in our atmosphere. These gases prevent heat from escaping to space. Greenhouse gases are necessary in our lives as
they help in keeping the planet 's surface warmer than it would otherwise be. But, as the concentrations of these gases continue to increase in the
atmosphere, the Earth 's temperature is climbing above past levels (USEPA, 2014).
It has been observed through various researches that in the last century, average temperatures across the globe increased by over 1.3В°F with an
increase of more than two times in the Arctic. (Bates, Kundzewicz, Wu, & Palutikof, June 2008). The results ofclimate change can also be seen in
changing precipitation patterns, increases in ocean temperatures, changes in the sea level, and acidity and melting of glaciers and sea ice (USEPA,
2014).
3.1 Climate Change and Water
In the water sector, which is a special concern for this research, it is predicted that the water supply conditions in all regions and sectors in the world
are likely
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WhatВґs a Literature Review? Essays
Introduction
A literature review is a study written by someone on a specific topic by researching relevant literature available and interpreting it (Aveyard, 2010). A
research question is developed and by using relevant literature the question is analysed in detail (Aveyard, 2010). The literature review is important
because it gives you a shorter version of all relevant literature on the topic chosen, this is so the reader does not have to access the number of
literatures used (Aveyard, 2010).
The writer will conduct a literature review on the following hypotheses: Urban Art is reducing illegal graffiti at Albion station, this is followed by the
research question: Is urban art at Albion station reducing illegal graffiti? In the...show more content...
Drug lords use this to impersonate political parties and their campaign (Salopek, 2011). This form of graffiti and how it is used is different
compared to the Egyptian times, the Egyptians graffiti consisted of markings or drawings on rocks and walls, an example is seen on temple walls
where Egyptians and travellers have made their marks, this wall is as long as the Nile (Gopnik (2011).
History of graffiti is seen all over the world in Australia graffiti go back to 1905 where Aboriginal carvings in caves and stone where found these
carvings helped to tell the story of the people who had lived in that area (Winchester, Davidson, & O'Brien, 1996). The first signs of graffiti in New
York were people from a low privileged background trying to voice the boundaries between race and class (Gopnik (2011). In Libya graffiti was used to
express freedom, it was used to voice forbidden thoughts in public but today graffiti is less about politics and religion and more about personal style
and art (Gopnik (2011).
Today makers, pens, paint and the most popular material, spray paint, are used to do graffiti. It is more about looking good and artistic
self–expression, it can include drawings and words that some people may call art and some may call it vandalism (Gopnik (2011). Defining this will
be addressed later on in the literature
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Literature Review On Employee Engagement

  • 1. Literature Review On Employee Engagement Introduction Although a fairly new concept, employee engagement has been endorsed and promoted by an increasing number of companies worldwide. The literature review on this offers several definitions of employee engagement, however, both academics and practitioners in the human resources field believe that employee engagement explains and influences behaviour at work. "Engagement is about creating opportunities for employees to connect with their colleagues, managers and wider organization. It is also about creating an environment where employees are motivated to want to connect with their work and really care about doing a good job...It is a concept that places flexibility, change and continuous improvement at the heart of what it means to be an employee and an employer in a 21st century workplace." In essence, employee engagement describes the impact on an organization when employees think and act in a positive way about the work they perform, the people they work with and the organization they work in. Statistics show that only 13% of employees are engaged worldwide. This is a global issue that has an impact on several business measures. Highly engaged businesses see a 10% increase in customer ratings as well as a 20% increase in sales. Not only that but also only 59% of employees say they can "grow and develop" at their organization while 70% of employees would like to spend more time with their manager. Figures prove that disengaged employees cost organizations between Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 2. Essay Literature Review Literature Review The purpose of this research project is for you to create a scholarly piece of graduate–level research and writing, which conforms to APA format. Competency in the APA format is required of all Business graduates of Liberty University, as set forth by policy of both the Graduate Faculty and the administration. You willresearch and write a literature review on a topic relevant to our course. What is a Literature Review? "A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain time period. It has an organizational pattern and combines both summary and synthesis. The summary is a recap of the important information of...show more content... Introduction: Gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature review, such as the central theme or organizational pattern. Body: Contains your discussion of sources and is organized thematically (see below for more information on each). Conclusions/Recommendations: Discuss what you have drawn from reviewing literature so far. Where might the discussion proceed?"[iii] What is a thematic literature review? "A thematic review would have subtopics based upon factors that relate to the theme or issue. Sometimes, though, you might need to add additional sections that are necessary for your study, but do not fit in the organizational strategy of the body. What other sections you include in the body is up to you. Put in only what is necessary. Here are a few other sections you might want to consider: Current Situation: Information necessary to understand the topic or focus of the literature review. History: The chronological progression of the field, the literature, or an idea that is necessary to understand the literature review, if the body of the literature review is not already a chronology. Methods and/or Standards: The criteria you used to select the sources in your literature review or the way Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 3. Rationale For Literature Review Discussing the rationale for literature review to demonstrate its significance in research. The literature review is mostly regarded as being an essential part of student projects, research studies and dissertations. This essay examines the reasons for the importance of the literature review, its rationale in demonstrating the significance in research, and the things which it tries to achieve. It also outlines the main strategies which you can use to write a good literature review. The essay will also analyze the advantages of literature review, the different types of literature review and the obstacles you may face when conducting your study. Literature review is an efficient search of published work to find out what is previously known about...show more content... Date of access 19 August 2017 Krathwohl , D.R. (1988). How to Prepare a Research Proposal: Guidelines for Funding and Dissertations in the Social and Behavioral Sciences.Syracuse NY: Syracuse University Press. libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/literaturereview Date of access 19 August 2017 uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500 /1683/05chapter5. Date of access 20 August 2017 Webster, J. and Watson, R T. (2002) 'Analyzing the Past to Prepare for the Future: Writing a Literature Review', MIS Quarterly, Vol 6, 2 pp.13 –33 www.aut.ac.nz/.../360509/An–introduction–to–literature–reviews. Date of access 19 August Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 4. Strengths And Weaknesses In Literature Review IDENTIFY AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT IN OWN PRACTICE IN PLANNING, DELIVERING AND ASSESSING INCLUSIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING. UNIT 2, 8.2 Literature Review Knowing where you come in strong and where you need assistance can help you stabilize your personal life and nurture your professional interactions. A self–knowledge is a powerful tool that too many people disregard because it's difficult or inconvenient, or perhaps because it makes them feel uncomfortable. What seems like strengths to one person, moreover, might not necessarily seem that useful to others, which can make figuring out whether specific qualities you possess are strengths as opposed to weaknesses confusing or frustrating. While this is something you will have to figure out mostly on your own, there are exercises you can do to identify your strengths and weaknesses for a job or for personal reasons. There are also some tips to help use these tactics in a practical setting where they are most needed, a job interview. (wikihow.com). In today's global context, teaching and learning take place in a challenging environment. The quality of teaching and evaluation of its effectiveness depends upon feedback demonstrated by a wide range of students who bring diverse experiences in classrooms. Alsop, Dippo, & Zandvliet, (2007) focused on the teachers' role in bringing effectiveness to their classroom teaching. The teachers themselves should observe through their own understanding the problems in the teaching and learning Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 5. Reflective Literature Review A review of the literature to critically explore the value and purpose of reflective practice. Introduction There has been an increasingly large amount of interest around the areas of reflective practice and critical reflection. This interest has led to an increasing amount of literature around reflective practice and critical reflection. Kolb (1984) suggested that reflection plays a key role in transforming experience into knowledge. It has been suggested that reflection is a fundamental process for learning as a development; rather than merely the ability to retain information (Reynolds, 1998). Schon (1983) suggested critical reflection as a strategy for developing from practice to solve complicated or difficult situations, that require problem solving and a degree of "artistry" Schon (1983). Schon (1983) was one of the first theorists to look at reflection in terms of reflective practice. Moon (1999) defines reflective practice as "a set of abilities and skills, to indicate the taking of a critical stance, an orientation to problem solving or state of mind." Essentially, this is a readiness to continuously analysis and review practice. Theoretical perspectives on reflection Reflective practice might be understood differently by individual practitioners. There are many different perspectives on 'Reflection', what reflective practice involves and how the quality of teaching and learning is impacted by reflective practice (Bengtsson, 1995). Loughran (2002) suggested that Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 6. Literature Review On Communication Literature Review Technology is rapidly growing and improving each day making communicating with others easier and faster, however, alsop causing more conflicts, particularly with relationships. In my personal relationships, whether romantic, personal, or professional, technology has helped me in positive ways but also negative ways. Technology allows me to asses the situation and conversation to hopefully come up with a neutral tone of replying, or if I am upset it allows me to stay the first thing on mind and press send without thinking about it. On a receiver point of view technology has made it difficult to asses the emotion behind the message that was sent to me. Verbal cues are not present with the use of technology versus a face–face communication. Even though we have emojis now, they are often misused. For example, I usually put "lol" or a laughing emojis, but in fact I am not laughing at all. Especially when having a conflict in the workplace with a coworker or peer, "knowing what characteristics constitute a [negative conflict] could help [technology] users better understand what aspects in messages will likely lead to conflict" (Turnage, 2007). Although technology has made avoiding negative conflict difficult, extensive research explains ways to manage and improve negative conflict in romantic relationship and in the workplace. It is noted that "conflict in computer mediated communication groups reach[s] higher levels" (Zornoza, 2002), and unfortunately, most of Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 7. Literature Review On Coffee CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1Coffee Feria – Morales (2002), stated that coffee is one of the popular beverages in the world. Coffee drink is assumed to be a healthy alternative to alcoholic beverages in social gatherings (Cristoram et. al, 2000). Coffee has been stereotyped as an adult beverage. In a study conducted by Asioli, et. al, (2013), shows that the main motivations for iced coffee consumption are enjoyment and relaxation as well as energy and caffeine intake. The study also found that the most preferred product is latte with low calories at the lowest price. This result indicates that there may be a market potential for calorie reduced iced coffee product. Coffee gives consumers pleasure and satisfaction through flavor, aroma and...show more content... They explored that higher eating frequency was associated with health and nutritional consequences. Consumers are very conscious about the healthiness of the food. This statement can be supported by the study conducted by (Pawan et al, 2014) which found that young consumer in Malaysia are very conscious of how much fat is in the food and carefully control the portion sizes of their food. They also reduce fat in recipes by substituting ingredients and cutting portions. Coffee has both the highest and the most variable caffeine content among dietary products containing caffeine. Huang & Dang, (2014) stated that a numbers of studies have suggested potential health benefits as well as risks regarding coffee consumptions. The result is controversial in the sense that they are not at all conclusive, directly or indirectly. While coffee has been reported to increase cardiovascular risk factors. Yet, some studies suggest a protective effect on the heart and decreased risk of stroke. Plus, other studies have focuses on coffee protective effects on health issues like type 2 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, liver disease and obesity. According to Hewlett & Wadsworth (2012) in longer term, tea and coffee may protect against Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease although its withdrawal may be associated with negative effects like headache and flu–like symptoms On the basis of available literature, this study can develop a Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 8. Literature Review On Theme Park 2.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the literature review which explains theme park features and introduce the concept and dimension of service quality. This literature review research also shows some research on the theme park products, and also determinants of service quality towards visitors' intention to revisit. These ideas were highlighted by Kotler (1994) and also Swarbrooke (1995). 2.2 THEME PARK Theme park can be defined as a place that provides facilities and landscape based on a particular theme which offers other services, such as food, drinks, merchandising and often accommodation that are usually connected to the theme (Daneshku, 1995). Among all of the sectors the industry, theme park are considered as key player as it play...show more content... (Parasuraman 1985). Responsiveness also defined as the ability to help visitors at the moment of time or person's behaviour during an interaction with target person (Fitszmmons,2006) Knowledge: Staff uses a different level of product knowledge and interpretation skills to interpret new information and theme park details at the same time also sharing experiences with all visitors. 2.5 SERVICE QUALITY Service quality has become a main idea for student academic to study in many industries especially in hospitality industry. In Wilson et al (2008), service can be discussed in the terms of below four characteristics: CharacteristicsDescription: 1.IntangibilityService cannot be seen, touched smelled and tasted. 2.InseparabilityServices are generally produced and consumed simultaneously. It is usually link the provider and consumer when the service is being provided as both are part of service process. Both service and consumer are cannot be separated. 3.HeterogeneityQuality of service cannot be the same because they are performed by different service provider. It is hard to performance same standards of
  • 9. Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 10. Hotel Literature Review 2. Literature Review 2.1 Why the hotel industry The focus is on the hotel industry because; the geographical location of a hotel has a major impact on its operations and profitability (Namasivayam, K., Enz, C. A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2000). Furthermore geographical location of a hotel greatly determines the profile of its visitors, the size of its market and the level of competition that it has to face. These three variables also have a strong impact on the ICT adoption tendency of a hotel. This is because the ICT adoption tendency of a hotel can be linked mainly to its expectations about the value addition that ICTs can provide to its customers, as well as the belief about the expansion of its target market through ICTs. A hotel will therefore be more inclined to adopt ICTs if it ...show more content... Some of the world's largest GDS (Global Distribution System) namely Sabre, Galileo, Amadeus and Worldspsan are examined. Besides analyzing the telecommunication technologies in the industry, the hospitality sector, entertainment sector, transport sector, management sector and other intermediaries have been diligently explored. 2.5 ICT in Tourism and Hospitality Sector Parsons and Oja (2013) mention online reservations systems as one of the greatest impacts of ICT on tourism and hospitality sector. Major travel companies such as Expedia, Orbitz, and Thomas Cook, as well as, medium and even small sized tourism and hospitality firms have online reservation functionalities on official company website. Online reservation capabilities provide substantial cost saving opportunities for businesses in tourism and hospitality sector that otherwise would have been spent on human resources making reservations in a manual manner. Moreover, according to Mihalic and Buhalis (2013), while the majority of businesses in tourism and hospitality sector have adopted various components of ICT to Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 11. Research Study On A Literature Review Essay 4.2 Research Hypothesis Hypothesis Researchers almost never conduct a study in an intellectual vacuum; their studies are usually under taken within the context of an existing knowledge base. It helps to lay the foundation for the study and also inspire new research idea. Hypothesis in other words is an assumption for the research, the researchers organizes his or her ideas and critically thinks what could be the reasons for the stated research questions; thinking of the reasons or possible causal is referred to as hypothesis. Generally hypothesis give cruel before the study starts and the results of the study will be directed to confirm or reject the stated hypothesis. 4.3 Literature review: A literature review is a summary about previous studies on the topic, Conducted at the same time as defining the research question Why conduct a literature review? –Helps ensure that your research is new –Identifies what is known and not known about the topic –Helps frame the research question properly –Suggests potential research designs The literature review outlines what is known about the topic, Identify what remains to be known about the topic and suggest how your research will help advance knowledge to address the problem. This serves as the basis of your RATIONALE which justifies what the researcher does. With the reasons above literature review helps me to up to date with nursing information which I use daily in my practices, I cannot deliver any services out from the blue, Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 12. Literature Review/ Key concepts theories and Theories: The purpose of Literature review is to present an overview of existing scholarly material and to understanding gaps relating to the research area the questions pose. Meharabian and Russell (1974) proposed a theoretical model in which they discussed how service environment stimulates the customer's emotions and there by influences their behavioural intentions. In this model quality of a customer's experience is measured by measuring the emotions of pleasure, arousal and dominance (PAD). Pleasure comes from happiness or satisfaction, arousal is derived from excitement based on environment stimulations and dominance as the ability of the customer to control the environment or feeling in control. Emotions Emotions are a strong feeling deriving from one's circumstances, mood or relationships with others. (Google Sholar). The Mehrabian and Russell model Figure 3 The model focusses on two topics, The emotional impact of physical stimuli and The effects of physical stimuli on variety of behaviours.(Mehrabian and Russell 1974) Mehrabian and Russell defines it as ,the approach "centres on the use of human emotional responses to environments as intervening variables linking the environment to the variety of behaviours it elicits". Later research conducted by Donnavan and Rossiter (1982) finds Dominance emotion does not have a significant impact on customer behaviour. However, In a gambling environment and the intensity of Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 13. Literature Review : Water Pollution CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Water pollution FAO (1992) noted that the adulteration of water supplies from both natural and anthropogenic sources has impacted on the health and economic status of populations. Human activities contribute to pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides and herbicides into aquatic ecosystems. These anthropogenic activities continuously increase the amounts in the environment. According to Malik et al. (2010), heavy metal pollution is burgeoning at an frightening rate and has become an important worldwide problem Increase in population, urbanization, industrialization and agricultural practices as well as lack of environmental regulations have further aggravated the situation (Gupta et al., 2009). Heavy metals are assimilated or incorporated in water, sediments and aquatic biota evoking pollution in water bodies since they cannot be degraded (Linnik and Zubenko, 2000; Malik et al., 2010). As the metal levels in many aquatic ecosystems increase, they raise the concern of metal bioaccumulation through the food chain and related human health hazards (Wright and Welbourn, 2002; Agah et al., 2009). Despite significant efforts to reduce trace metal loads in effluents, municipal wastewater was still found to convey large amounts into the environment (Buzier et al., (2006); ГњstГјn, 2009; Hope et al., 2012). As a consequence, the heavy metals present in municipal wastewater are still present in the effluents and sludge (Chen et al., 2008; Chanpiwat Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 14. Reflective Literature Review This essay will review the literature to critically explore the value and purpose of reflective practice. There has been a rapid increase in the ides of critical reflective practice over the last few decades, (Gould, 2004). Before we look at the value and purpose of reflective practice, it is important to take in account 'reflective practice' carries multiple meanings from the idea of professionals engaging in self–analysis to that of engaging in critical dialogue with others. For example, with reference to teacher education, Larrivee, (2000) argues that reflective practice is fusing together personal beliefs and values into a professional identity whereby critical reflection can take place without staying trapped in unexamined assumptions and expectations of our professional practice. Therefore, from this, it can be concluded that as a teaching professional, it is important to develop reflections on ones' professional and pedagogic knowledge to set aspirational goals for a continuing personal and professional development, in other words, it is a way of life. Schon (1983), identifies two types of reflection; reflection–on–action (after–the–event thinking) and reflection–in–action (thinking while doing). This clearly distinguishes that reflection can occur whilst the action is carried out as it can still benefit the situation rather than reflecting on how things will be done differently for next time. This tool can be effective as it will allow the professional to assess Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 15. Literature Review On Love And Relationships Introduction The world revolves around love. Love for yourself, family, friends and significant others. I want to discuss love and relationships in my literature review. I find it interesting when people get into a new relationship they can change their personality, but some remain the same. I have personally seen my own friends and family change how they act around their significant others and it is intriguing. This can also be a positive or negative effect on the person and those around the person. I want to see the effect that love has on a person and how they can bring that love to themselves. I believe everyone should have self–esteem and self–love. Sometimes it can take another person to bring out self–positivity, but no one should be reliant emotionally on their significant other for validation. Overview of Topic When we are in a relationship, we go back to our younger selves and change who we are for the other person. We develop an intimacy with a person and become close with them. This leads into Erikson's psychosocial stages of development or more specifically the sixth stage of intimacy vs. isolation (Engler, 2014, p 144). This theory connects to my first study because it is discussing romantic relationships and how having a partner with a psychiatric disorder can harm that relationship (Sophia et al., 2009, p 268). Even if at times a relationship can be difficult to be in, it can also be beneficial. My third study speaks about how dating can be beneficial to Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 16. Critique Of A Literature Review Essay Assignment 1: Critique of a Literature Review The article, "Evaluation of the Dogs, Physical Activity, and Walking (Dogs PAW) Intervention", by Richards, E., Ogata, N., & Cheng, C. aim to conduct a longer–term evaluation of the ability of the Dogs, Physical Activity, and Walking (Dogs PAW) intervention to increase dog walking among dog owners. The research problem being addressed explores maintenance of physical activity (PA) behaviour change postintervention and whether changes in behavioral theoretical constructs mediated changes in dog walking behaviour. The literature review is appropriately positioned in the research report and provides support for same. The first few paragraphs of the article discusses the relationship between...show more content... Under theoretical framework, the literature review explains a good amount on SCT and PA, however, it is lacking in how it relates in particular to dog walking. It is not until the next paragraph that the authors mention the relationship between pet walking and specifically pet attachment to be relating to health outcomes that can be measureable such as blood pressure, triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Upon a review of the authors' sources, I have identified that a majority consisted of primary sources. One of the sources cited, Albert Bandura, provides a good deal of credibility in conjunction with several medical journals such as the Journal of Physical Activity & Health and Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. Many of the sources are extremely relevant to the topic being discussed which in turn provides the reader with pertinent information. One of the other sources which is from Centers of Disease Control and Prevention backs up this article with data pertaining to body mass index calculation and interpretation and information that defines over–weight and obesity. A brief review of the sources identifies a good mix that compliments the article as a whole. After careful consideration, I have decided that this article is somewhat biased. The purpose is to increase dog walking among dog owners. The target audience is for those who owns dogs; however, individuals with different pets, such as exotic animals like a capybara are excluded. On the Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 17. Literature Review Of Literature On Depression Literature Review Depression is a mental health issue and is defined as a "mood disorder characterized by persistently low mood and feeling of sadness and loss of interest" (MacGill, 2017, p.2). It is a persistent issue with the average length of a depressive episode lasting anywhere from six to eight months (MacGill, 2017). Everybody at some point in their life feels depressed but depression itself as a diagnosis is more than having a bad day or being in a bad mood. Steadman's medical dictionary defines depression as, "a temporary or chronic mental disorder characterized by feelings of sadness, loneliness, despair, low self–esteem, and self–reproach; accompanying signs include psychomotor retardation or less frequently agitation, withdrawal from social contact and vegetative states such as loss of appetite and insomnia" (p.462). This definition alone gives evidence that the problem facing M.P. could be depression as she has been disinterested in intimacy with her husband, cries often and is having difficulty focusing in order to complete simple tasks. Depression can be further broken down into several different types such as: major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, postpartum depression, psychotic, bipolar and seasonal affective. It is important to understand that depression does not look the same on every individual and that there are different forms of depression that affect people. For the purposes of this literature review in relation to the case study on M.P. the focus will be on major depressive disorder and depression with psychotic features. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (2016) major depressive disorder is a serious mood disorder with symptoms that have a significant impact on a person's affect, cognition, sleep hygiene, appetite, and activities of daily living. For a diagnosis to be made these presenting symptoms must be ongoing for a minimum of two weeks. Furthermore, psychotic depression "occurs when a person has severe depression plus some form of psychosis, such as having disturbing false fixed beliefs (delusions) or hearing or seeing upsetting things that others cannot hear or see (hallucinations). The psychotic symptoms typically have a depressive Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 18. Importance Of Literature Review Aveyard defines a literature review as a comprehensive study and interpretation of literature that relates to a particular topic. In his view, undertaking a literature review takes two steps: identifying a research question and searching for and analyzing relevant literature using a systematic approach to answer this question (Aveyard, 2010). Hart (1998) put significance on a review of the literature because without it researchers would not acquire an understanding of the topic, of what has already known, how it has been researched, and what the key issues are. In Hart's view, ''the review is a part of your academic development– of becoming an expert of the field'' (1998). Hart also offers his criteria of the literature review: ''The literature review as a piece of academic writing, must be clear, have a logical structure and show that you have acquired a sufficient range of skills and capabilities at an appropriate level.'' (Hart, 1998) Different literature requires different ways to review. There areresearch literature and theoretical literature, the former refers to the literature that reports empirical research results, and the latter includes relevant concepts, relevant theories, and theoretical contexts. Generally speaking, reviewing research literature means reviewing the evidence about the topic or question, whereas reviewing theoretical literature means reviewing the thinking about the topic or question. (Punch, 2009:95–97) Morgan et al. (2012) reviewed research Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 19. Literature Review On Climate Change Chapter 3: Literature Review on Climate Change Climate change can be defined as a significant change in the "average weather" of any given region sustained in the long–term and can be caused by Earth 's dynamic processes, external forces including variations in sunlight intensity, and also by human activities (USEPA, 2014). The burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil, and deforestation over the last 200 years has caused the concentrations of heat–trapping "greenhouse gases" to increase significantly in our atmosphere. These gases prevent heat from escaping to space. Greenhouse gases are necessary in our lives as they help in keeping the planet 's surface warmer than it would otherwise be. But, as the concentrations of these gases continue to increase in the atmosphere, the Earth 's temperature is climbing above past levels (USEPA, 2014). It has been observed through various researches that in the last century, average temperatures across the globe increased by over 1.3В°F with an increase of more than two times in the Arctic. (Bates, Kundzewicz, Wu, & Palutikof, June 2008). The results ofclimate change can also be seen in changing precipitation patterns, increases in ocean temperatures, changes in the sea level, and acidity and melting of glaciers and sea ice (USEPA, 2014). 3.1 Climate Change and Water In the water sector, which is a special concern for this research, it is predicted that the water supply conditions in all regions and sectors in the world are likely Get more content on HelpWriting.net
  • 20. WhatВґs a Literature Review? Essays Introduction A literature review is a study written by someone on a specific topic by researching relevant literature available and interpreting it (Aveyard, 2010). A research question is developed and by using relevant literature the question is analysed in detail (Aveyard, 2010). The literature review is important because it gives you a shorter version of all relevant literature on the topic chosen, this is so the reader does not have to access the number of literatures used (Aveyard, 2010). The writer will conduct a literature review on the following hypotheses: Urban Art is reducing illegal graffiti at Albion station, this is followed by the research question: Is urban art at Albion station reducing illegal graffiti? In the...show more content... Drug lords use this to impersonate political parties and their campaign (Salopek, 2011). This form of graffiti and how it is used is different compared to the Egyptian times, the Egyptians graffiti consisted of markings or drawings on rocks and walls, an example is seen on temple walls where Egyptians and travellers have made their marks, this wall is as long as the Nile (Gopnik (2011). History of graffiti is seen all over the world in Australia graffiti go back to 1905 where Aboriginal carvings in caves and stone where found these carvings helped to tell the story of the people who had lived in that area (Winchester, Davidson, & O'Brien, 1996). The first signs of graffiti in New York were people from a low privileged background trying to voice the boundaries between race and class (Gopnik (2011). In Libya graffiti was used to express freedom, it was used to voice forbidden thoughts in public but today graffiti is less about politics and religion and more about personal style and art (Gopnik (2011). Today makers, pens, paint and the most popular material, spray paint, are used to do graffiti. It is more about looking good and artistic self–expression, it can include drawings and words that some people may call art and some may call it vandalism (Gopnik (2011). Defining this will be addressed later on in the literature Get more content on HelpWriting.net