Film Genres and Their Iconography

Essay on Film Genre
A true film genre relies on shared iconography, formalistic themes and similar narrative structures and content.
'What genre does is recognize that the audience any one film within a context of other films, both those they have personally seen and those they have
heard about or seen represented in other media outlets. ...In general, the function of genre is to make films comprehensible and more or less familiar.
(turner 97)'.
Action/adventure, the Western, Gangster/Crime, Detective/Film Noir, Comedy, Science fiction/Fantasy, Horror/Monster, Suspense Thriller/Spy/Heist
and many others groups are usually used for marketing in stores where films are being sold. The majority of viewers, film critics, and film producers
talk about films in...show more content...
One of the genre conventions is iconography, which 'derives from art history, where it only referred to visual signs. The context in which an object
or sound is used is crucial in defining its meaning. For example, a crucifix is readily associated with the church as a symbol of Christ`s resurrection,
and is not simply an example of horror iconography.' In terms of a horror film a symbol of Christ would represent not only the Christ but the weapon
against the evil. Another example could be a knife which is used to kill somebody rather than in comedy it is used for cutting things. In order to
identify that the genre of a film is horror, such visual signs like red and black colors, blue filters in films are used. The use of blue filter is called
digital color correction. It was hard and expensive to achieve this correction previously. However, since computer technologies have developed a lot,
much more powerful and exciting effects can be achieved by simply editing a film sequence in different computer software nowadays. Moreover, the
mise– enscene of horror films also show that this film is horror film with the help of using such things like knives, guns, axes and many others.
Another use of iconography is the setting. In horror films the setting is usually abandoned, isolated from people, the houses generally hide scaring past.
The majority of scenes are filmed in night time but the plot can be
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Representation of the Future in Various Films One of the most important factors or conventions of science fiction films is that it is always set in a
dystopian future, which means the worst possible future. In the films there is lots of technology and gadgets, the film look technological because of the
grey/silver filters which give it this look.
Science fiction is usually about fears held in society at the time the film is released, for example minority report tells us about fears of violent crime,
murder being the most important shown in the film, as well as drugs.
Science films are popular...show more content...
In the lower city it is a factory where the poor workers work, there is no natural light so it looks dull and depressing. The poor characters wear black
overalls and their actions are exaggerated they act robot or zombie like. The technology is mainly machines operated by the workers, the machines are
difficult to operate and wear the workers out.
In metropolis the film tries to reflect issues and fears of the time these fears which Fritz Lang tries to show is the fear of machines taking over and how
the poor have to support the rich to live, because metropolis is one of the first sci–fi films ever made lots of other films have taken ideas from it, one of
these films being minority report.
Minority report is set in a futuristic city, it Is shown through a blue/grey filter which makes it look technological and futuristic. The buildings are tall
and reflect the ones in upper city, in metropolis. There is also high rise roads linking buildings which is also shown in metropolis. To show the vast
size of the city long range shots are used.
One of the main characters in the film are the pre–cogs. The lighting makes them appear angelic and peaceful the lights are above them to focus on
their faces. They wear a metallic to suit to make them look inhuman at the beginning of the film they look lifeless and alien like.
John Anderton is the main

Editing and Montage Film
"Once I understood that editing is crucial to how a film is made, I was hooked. Imagine: placed in your hands is fantastic raw footage that 250 people
have created during shooting. You and the director are then allowed to sculpt this raw material into something that has structure, rhythm and pace, that
builds characters, that creates dramatic peaks and lows and that hopefully has a good ending. Editing is an incredibly rewarding profession.
Film editing is described, when typed in to google as "the activity of selecting the scenes to be shown and putting them together to create a film" `but it
is much more than just that. If done well it is invisible but also has the ability to control a film, even control the viewer watching the film. The process
of editing film has been around nearly as long as film itself. After the cinema of attractions, people realised a narrative story could be constructed by
splicing ends of celluloid together to tell a story. The most famous early example of this is The Great Train Robbery (1903) directed by Edwin S.
Porter. Before Porters film the cinema of attractions consisted of single shot films of streets and crowded areas, projected later that day so that the
people could see themselves on the big screen.
As the 1900's marched on so did editing and montage. The Great Train Robbery had established that it was possible to create a narrative by cutting
film. The next decade would build on that and establish rules which apply to films today. One

Thirteen Movie Essay
The movie thirteen touched many important factors of adolescent's development. Some of the ones I want to concentrate in this paper are: family
system, developmental tasks, and peer pressure.
The movie begins with Tracy, the main character, as a normal teenager whose life seems from the outside "ok". However, even at this point in the
movie, there are hints of Tracy's inner pain and discomfort or distress with her world. Tracy lives a tough life. Her parents are separated, and do not
have a good relationship. Tracy lives with her mom and brother in a suburban low to middle class neighborhood. Her mom, Mel, is a recovered addict,
who works as a hair dresser. Her dad, Travis, is a somewhat rich executive, who works all the time and barely...show more content...
Tracy always used baggy clothes and did not mind about her appearance. Since she met Evie, her looks started to change dramatically, wearing short
and tight clothes. There is one significant incident happened involving change of clothing. The first day Tracey hangs out with Evie, they meet at a
high brand clothing store called "Melrose". Here is where Tracy learns how Evie and her friends get to wear this type of clothing: "Stealing".
Afterwards, she leaves the stores very nervously, since she initially did not want to be involved in that kind of drama. While she's sitting down at the
bus stop, waiting for the bus to go back home, a somewhat rich woman sits down next to her and her wallet fell from her purse. Tracy sees the
opportunity and decides to steal it. She ran back to Evie and spends the money on clothes. From that day, we assume that this "stealing" habit continues.
This was definitely a turning point for Tracy. After this event, her life style and attitude changes considerably.
From here we can start seeing many bad choices and decisions Tracy commits: as lying to mother about tattoos and piercings, rejects old friends,
misses classes, and even do drugs. These activities were greatly influenced by Evie, and how much Tracy wanted to be accepted in the group. This
peer pressure is also demonstrated when Evie and Tracy invite over two popular boys from sch ool to EvieВґs house.
Yet, I do believe there is a factor of

Film Friday: Analyzation Of Films And Film
Film Analysis: "Friday" With Film Analysis comes the analyzation of films and movies that depict narrative structure, cultural context, the evaluation of
discourse, and many other approaches. The film, "Friday" (1995), is a comedy and drama that displays the relationship between two childhood friends
growing up in an impoverished neighborhood. These two friends became affiliated with a neighborhoods drug dealer, and were startled and clueless as
to how they were going to come up with the money they owed him by the end of the night! The characterization, setting, and conflicts are the three
main elements, in which are portrayed can indicate the analyzation of contributing a larger meaning of this particular film.

Film Synthesis Essay
Vanessa R. Schwartz, Gyan Prakash, and Camilo D. Trumper are authors who wrote books on urban globalization in different cities around the world.
All three historians used cinema and film as part of their evidence in support of their different arguments. Schwartz, Prakash, and Trumper, however,
agree that filmmakers created realities, either as entertainment, political messages, or reflections of their city. For Schwartz, Prakash, and Trumper,film
reveals intimate details about cities during the time filmmakers created the films. Often filmmakers communicated their impressions, experiences, and
ideas about the city through film and aspects of film production. These created realities were the result of different cultures within a city dealing...show
more content...
For Schwartz, nineteenth century Paris became a city filled with distractions and entertainment built for the new leisurely inclined populace. Film
logically followed the trends already put in place.
Gyan Prakash wrote Mumbai Fables originally in 2011, which he then developed more, into several editions in the years after. Mumbai Fables portrays
early–twentieth century Bombay and Mumbai as cities with facades or at least cities that have been imprinted with an invented history by writers,
architects, politicians, and filmmakers. Prakash states that
My goal is not to strip fact from fiction, not to oppose the "real" to the myth, but to reveal the historical circumstances portrayed and hidden by the
stories and images produced in the past and the present. I am interested in uncovering the back–stories of Mumbai's history because they reveal its
experience as a modern city, as a society built from

The Grand Budapest Hotel revolves around Europe of the 1930s and 1960s while it was in time of the war, through the adventures of The Grand
Budapest Hotel's doorman Zero and the Hotel manager Gustave. The saga is linked to a burglar and a Renaissance painting, a great family's wealth
war, and the sudden change of war in Europe. It reflects the vicissitudes of political history in Europe for half a century. This article will analyze The
Grand Budapest Hotel from two aspects: artistic style and film theme.
I. Artistic style
The Grand Budapest Hotel is the work of American director Wes Anderson. His works have a strong personal style: bright colour, the full symmetry of
the composition, a straight frame, a deliberately orderly stance, unique visual style and narrative mode. In his film, a sense of humour is often through
"Deadpan" expression: actors often deadpan and no body movements, but in the restraint and slight change, as well as in the pause between the odd
cold humour. The hues, props and sets of his films are often colourful and whimsical. There are still plenty of these factors in The Grand Budapest
Hotel, but many new elements are added.
1. Narrative mode
In terms of the overall structure of the film, this film breaks through the previous single–line narrative mode, using four layers of nested narrative
structure, layer by layer, and without any lack of independence. The first level is a little girl went to the cemetery to worship writer's grave, she put
the key to hanging on the writer' statue, and took out a book called "The Grand Budapest Hotel", she turned to the end of the book, the book was
printed with pictures of writer; the second level is the story of the girl who began to pay tribute to the author in the cemetery. The third level is in
The Grand Budapest Hotel, where old Zero tells his story to a young man. Time and space returned to Zero when Zero was young, and this began the
journey of Zero and Mr. Gustave, this is the fourth level of narrative mode. Skip the middle specific storyline and go straight to the end. Gustave's last
moments are in black and white. Then, when the writer was young, he ended his conversation with Zero, and the writer was sitting in the lobby of The
Grand

The History of Film Essay
A major change that has occurred in the development of film is the linearity of narrative. The history of film spans over one hundred years ago, with
classical narrative emerging in Hollywood around the nineteen thirties. The classical narrative period had a strong emphasis on linearity and coherence,
where characters where goal centred and consistent in personality and action. In the nineteen sixties a change began to emerge in Hollywood, with
Breathless (Jean–Luc Godard, 1960) breaking the editing rules, and narrative coherence, with the introduction of jump cuts. This film among others
greatly contributed to the outburst of non–linear narratives, a narrative technique wherein events are portrayed out of chronological order. In the...show
more content...
Rather than accepting the outlined narrative, as with classical narrative, the unpredictability and shifting structure of non–linear narrative forces the
viewer to question and evaluate the sequence of events.
Sudden shifts in scenes or stories keep the viewers concentration. Media, for example news headlines and YouTube, provide bursts of information in a
very short period of time. When browsing the internet, the twenty–first century has become accustomed to skimming, and flipping between different
matter. As we have become accustom to Medias influences, our desire to concentrate on one subject for a long period of time is diminishing. This has
contributed to the popularity of non–linear films in the twenty–first century as many people are finding the suspense more pleasing than the classical
narrative structure. This shifting of structure can also greatly help to portray how we remember things.
Memory is our ability to store, retain and recall information and experiences. As memories are not always accurate and different points of view can
lead to different interpretation of situations, stories are often complicated and therefore can be difficult to portray in a linear fashion. Non–linear
narratives, especially perceptible in thriller or detective films, provide bursts of memories, and previously accumulated emotions, in order to place the
viewer in the characters

Medium Specificity Essay
According to Clement Greenberg, an American essayist, "medium specificity holds that 'the unique and proper area of competence' for a form of art
matches the ability of an artist to manipulate those features that are 'unique to nature' of a particular medium." It implies that if the notion that the
medium consists to bring artwork into life is accomplished, then the artwork is said to be successful. Medium specificity refers to unique qualities of
films, compared to other mediums of artistic expressions; for example, a drama, stage play, theater, or melodrama. The purpose of this essay is to
determine the value and implications of medium specificity. Over the past hundred years, the Pathfinders have improved the morphology of cinema by
diving into the unchartered boundary. Any normal person who owns a television today is familiar with the languages and basic techniques of cinema
without even realizing it. Andre Bazin is one of those pathfinders who developed the language; he is a renowned film critic. But, as the time passed
and different areas of art evolved, so did the photography and painting evolved into a more established form, which is cinema. According to Bazin,
each step towards the more refined form of cinema is a step towards realism. Whereas, Noel Carroll writes in the introduction of "Theorizing the
Moving Image", "Film interpretation is a form of film appreciation, in the first instance, and then a guide to others about the ways in which they too
can come

Examples Of Structuralist Film Theory
B. Theories From a different angle of view, the ultimate aim of culture/media theories is to provide theoretical/academic foundation to different genres
within art and media. Likewise, there are several film theories aiming to provide theoretical framework to different genres within motion picture.
Besides, these theories help to perceive the relationship between other genres within art and Hollywood movies.
Structuralist Film Theory One can easily identify that this theory is interconnected with structuralism, especially related to structural linguistics. This
theory claims that directors basically make use of different codes to construct meaning. For instance, different scenes are combined into a single story
with the help of editing. If editing is not done, the viewers cannot perceive the directors codes or ideas. But in Hollywood films, utmost importance is
given to editing because the directors know that editing can provide spontaneity to their films as a whole.
Post–structuralist Film Theory One can see that Post–structuralism is basically an extension of structuralism, but with differences. For instance, a viewer
...show more content...
The films produced during this time period provided ample importance to group activities related to Marxism. For instance, films produced under
Marxist influence provided ample importance to working class struggles and related class–wars. So, one can see that Marxist Film Theory tries to
explore the scope of group mentality, providing less importance to individual heroism. On the other side, corporate overtone can be seen in
Hollywood movies, which is totally against Marxist ideology. Still, some traces of Marxism can be seen in the movies by Hollywood directors like
James Cameron. In short, Marxist Film Theory attempts to evaluate the scope of motion picture from Marxist view

Filmmaking Process Essay
The filmmaking process is an extremely important, long, and complicated process. It usually takes between several months and several years. A film
always starts with an original story idea, then a screenplay gets written, and then they shoot it. After that they edit the film and direct it. Then they
distribute the film to its intended audience. There are also many people involved in the filmmaking process, from the directors to the cast, to the stage
crew. The first step is coming up with the concept of the film, which is the idea. It could be an original story, or a remake. It could be part of a
series. It could also come from a book or a play. Then they have to make an outline which describes the dramatic structure in each scene,...show more
content...
There is also a hair and makeup designer, who styles each of the actors, making sure they look the same each time. There is also a choreagorapher.
As is usual for a choreagorapher they create dances and fight scenes, as well as regular movements. After all of these people are hired they are
ready for production. The next part is production. Production is the most grueling part of filmmaking. The cast and crew can frequently spend 12 or
more hours on the set, filming only three or four pages of script, often in very uncomfortable locations. This goes on for days, weeks, months with the
same schedule day after day, review dailies (the footage shot yesterday), shoot today's footage, prepare for tomorrow's filming. For many people
though, this is the most exhilarating part of production and this is indeed where "the magic happens." Yet to some people it sometimes seems strange
that a movie that will eventually only occupy two hours onscreen could take months to film. However, it does, and here's just a few of the reason why.
The first reason is lighting. One of the single most important elements to a film's visual appearance is lighting. However perfect lighting does not exist
and takes time to create. Lighting must be made consistent (or inconsistent depending) and mood–enhancing, yet remain unobtrusive. It takes a great
deal of planning and then man–hours by electricians and their assistants to create a light set–up for even a small

Essay on Film Making
Film Making
Film production phases
Film production is the process of making a film starting from the story or idea through scriptwriting, shooting to the distribution of the movie to the
audience. There are four main phases involved in film making.
Development phase
In the development phase, the film is written from the story (Cones, p. 195). The story may come from a book, a play, another film or an original
idea developed by the film producer. During the development of the film, the film producer works in corroboration with the film writers to develop
the film message and a theme of the message. They then prepare a synopsis of the film. The film producer and the writers then prepare a step outline
of the film that break the whole...show more content...
It is aimed at making the film ready to be distributed to the viewers (Barbara and Sphor, p. 1–3). In this phase, the production scripts and items are
assembled to make a complete movie. According to Barbara and Sphor (2002), activities involved in the post–production phase include film processing
and printing. Moreover, the pictures and the sound are synchronized in the post–production phase, and an assemblage created. After the movie has been
completed, it is then ready to be distributed to the viewers.
Narrative films
According to Pramaggiore and Wallis (p. 8), narrative films produce comedy or tragedy. Therefore, in narrative films, viewers expect the stories of
human actors that produce comedy or tragedy due to circumstances. According to Pramaggiore and Wallis (p. 8), viewers of narrative films would
expect to see stories about people who in the attempt to achieve certain objectives or goals undergo through various obstacles on their way.
Mise–en–scene
This is a term used in film production and that is concerned with the way the story is told in a film (Gibbs, p. 5–10). As such it refers to all the
elements of visual styles used in the film. Mise–en–scene refers to all components of the film composition including the film composition, film
framing, camera and character movement, film lighting as well as the sound used in the film composition.
Three important attributes of the image of a film shot
One of the

Boyhood Film Analysis
Richard Linklater's Boyhood leaves the audience questioning, asking, and wanting more. The entirety of the film is a recollection of memories and
experiences throughout the course of Mason's childhood. Overall Boyhood is like an unsolved puzzle with missing pieces that aren't enough to solve
the puzzle. The entire movie is questionable and has so many gaps in–between each memory that there really is no plot. Since there isn't a plot it makes
you question if it is really about boyhood, about family, maybe Mason's childhood, or girlhood. Certain questions begin to formulate like, why doesn't
Linklater use the typical format of storytelling during Mason's childhood? How come we never know what happened between Oliva and Mason Sr?
Why doesn't...show more content...
This is exactly what happened in Boyhood. Since there is no concrete storyline the audience is left to guess and criticize instead of enjoying the movie
and appreciating the director's work.
The whole movie is a series of milestones which makes the audience question every event that is represented. For instance, it is insinuated that
Mason's parents aren't together, but there's never a conversation explaining why they aren't. The only conversation that was remotely close to
explaining why was Mason Sr. stating that it just didn't work out. Linklater opens the conversation up with Mason Sr. giving a vague explanation
about his relationship with Olivia to the kids that "your mom is a piece of work, I think you know that by now" (Linklater). This leaves the audience
again to assume or make predictions about what happened between the two. Another reoccurring event that didn't go into too much detail is Olivia's
companionships throughout the movie. Each relationship is happening sporadically that it is unclear how she ends up with her second and third
husband. The marriages come and go on so often and vaguely that no one really knows what is going on or why she keeps marrying these men when
it really it seems like she doesn't even know them. For a movie that is a hundred and sixty–six minutes long it seems like the moments that are the most
pivotal and life–changing would have more detail and depth. Thus,

The 2015 Disney–Pixar animated film "Inside Out" is the story of an 11–year–old girl named Riley and the personified emotions that shape and control
her personality. The movie is a wonderful example of the functional analysis theoretical perspective of sociology, also known as structural functionalism
or, simply,functionalism, in that it illustrates a society (in this case, the young girl Riley) can maintain equilibrium only when its component parts (the
emotions/characters of Joy, Sadness, Fear, Disgust, and Anger) are each present and fulfilling their assigned functions. At the beginning of the film,
Riley and her parents live in Minnesota, where she has friends, enjoys her school, is a valued member of an ice hockey team, and has an all–around
happy life. The movie's introduction depicts a typical day of Riley's life in Minnesota, during which all five of the emotion characters properly fulfill
their functions and leave Riley in a normal state. Joy provides happiness for the young girl. Sadness provides Riley moments of comfort from her
parents and emotional bonding between Riley and her parents. Fear keeps her from hurting herself by prompting a cautionary response. Likewise,
Disgust and Anger fulfill their intended, beneficial roles, thereby fulfilling their manifest functions. At the end of the day, Joy congratulates her
counterparts, telling them, "Nice job, everybody. Another perfect day." As the story progresses, Riley and her family move from Minnesota to San
Francisco, where Riley experiences culture shock. She and her family find their home to be more than a bit worn and dismal. To make matters worse,
their furniture has become lost in the cross–country move, and Riley's father is experiencing stress and anxiety in his job at a startup firm. Riley is
uncomfortable at her new school and in her new social environment as a whole. Riley's mother urges her to keep smiling, stay happy, and be there for
her father. At first the emotions are able work together, keeping Riley in harmony. However, Sadness begins to cloud Riley's memories and feelings
and override her balanced personality. She tells Joy, "Something's wrong with me. I think I'm having a breakdown." Joy attempts to take Sadness out of

Elements Of A Semantic Approach To Film Genre
How is a genre picked for a film? There are many theorists and critics that judge the films and voice an option and eventual a genre is picked for the
movies. There are many different kinds of genres, however, todays focus is on the genre type fantasy. What in a fantasy film makes it a fantasy genre?
This paper will break down what a film genre truly is, explain how costume design can effect viewers, and describe the key elements of a film in detail
to determine what makes it a fantasy genre.
The word genre refers to a type or category of designated motion picture productions. In other words, a genre serves as an upfront guarantee that the
audience can expect to find a certain emotional appeal in that film. This allows the viewer to positively know they will get to see similar kinds of films
that they prefer to view. In the article, A Semantic/Syntactic Approach toFilm Genre, lists some key elements, "[...] we can as a whole distinguish
between generic definitions which depend on a list of common traits, attitudes, characters, shots, locations, sets, and the like[...]", (page 10). Here is
another explanation from the book, American Cinema/American Culture by John Belton, express in more detail, "Films that belong to a specific genre
draw from a fairly fixed body of character and story types, setting and situations, costumes and props, thematic concerns and visual iconography, and
conventions that are shared by other films in that particular genre." (page 124). The book and

Digital Convergence Impact On The Film Industry
Media changes drastically over short periods of time because of digital convergence. Just in the past decades it has become much more advanced and
useful for people all around the world. There has been an extreme advance in media technology, especially that used in film industry. This includes the
creation of analog–to–digital converters, technology convergence, and the changes in the media industry and audiences. In this article, I will analysis
how digital convergence impact on the film industry structure, forms of consumption with the innovation of revenue models and cultural production.
Industry Structure
In the digital era of convergent media, the most obvious about the change of cinema is the storage which rely on celluloid that you can touch in the
past. Now, however, it is stored as electronic packets of 1s and 0s which is virtual. The changes of the cinema is not only about the film storage, but
also the productionпјЊpost–production, exhibition and distribution which is the main part of the film industry structure. In the era of celluloid, the
four steps of movie is relatively independent and has its sequence. In digital movie, whereas, the connection and integration among four parts of
industry structure are ever close.
Production & Post–production
Post–production is overlapping with production.The digital non–linear system replaced linear taped–based process reducing the cost of editing. The
parallel process not only saves editing time but also develops the

Thesis On Film And Architecture
Film and Architecture
ABSTRACT:
Film and architecture are similar. Both involve space, movement and time. Architecture is one of the great hinges on which the world of the film turns.
Architecture and film are works of art, but they also inspire creative art practices.
Space and time can be related to each other beautifully when it comes to Film and Architecture. They both engage the viewer, one by projecting
moving images while the viewer is still, the other by being still while the viewer moves. Both architecture and film play an important role in
influencing how we physically and imaginatively interact with the world around us.
This thesis intends to investigate the interplay of film and architecture by following two paths.
The first involves...show more content...
It is mostly used as a backdrop or a prop to support the main action. The use of architecture in film is a spatial perception of physical space either using
real space or designed spaces (Film set). INTENTIONS:
This thesis intends to showcase the process and techniques through which a film is created and the potential to provide theories that can be
reincorporated into architectural design.
This thesis intends to establish a program for both film creation and display.
This thesis intends to investigate films through the questions,
What is filmed?
How the medium of film achieved the manipulation of space?
How can these film techniques can be reincorporated into architectural design?
SITE:
This project intends to deal with the proposal of film creation and display
GOALS & OBJECTIVES:
This thesis aims to

RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
How the medium of film achieves the manipulation of space?
Is there a way that film techniques can be reincorporated into architectural practice?
What are the concerns related to selection of the

Film History Essay "How important a contribution does the script make to any given film?" This essay will look into the history of film and its
development of storytelling on the cinema screen. Including how a script is important towards the final outcome of the film and the many
technical practises that make film narratives ever growing. A script is the very soul of a film, without it there is no story or relatable characters
that have meaning or purpose. When an audience visit the cinema they expect a beginning, middle and end. Sometimes a story can be strong they
effect a person's emotions and have huge impacts on society and also cinema in a whole. But it all starts with a writer, a person who inhabits the
very personality of each character they create and share with us. Stories can be told in many different ways, through fictional characters like a
Disney Princess who is awaiting her 'true love', or they can be a real person like Solomon Northup who spent 12 years as a slave when really he
was a free man. But with each story there is a meaning behind these characters. The film Rocky is a superb example. It's the story of a young boxer
who is trying to make something of himself because of what he loves, and in return finds love in a woman who gives him the very purpose to fight.
He wants to be the best at what he does. And Rocky Balboa never has the happy ending, he lost friends and people he loved on the way to greatness
and had to become a father and teach his son the

Paramount Decree
Outline the main changes the paramount decree effected on the structure of the American film industry and discuss the measures the ex–studios took to
remain in control of the film market.
The period of the 1920's to 1950's where known as the studio era in Hollywood. A few major companies monopolized the industry through vertical
integration when the film companies controlled all production distribution and exhibition. The majors determined which movies were shown in which
theatres, choosing their own over others. The theatres were often palaces, about spectacle and a night out more than the movie itself. Marcus Loew
said , "we sell tickets to theatres, not movies" (pg 113 , Hollywood cinema, Maltby R,...show more content...
Stars whos contracts were cut received tax breaks from investment credits in setting up their own production companies. "Burt Lancaster and his agent
Harold Hecht formed the Hecht– Lancaster company in 1948 while Randolph Scott and producer Harry Joe Brown formed Ranown productions in
1955" (pg8 Hillier J , 1992, The New Hollywood). This rise in independent production did serve to diversify the industry as intended by the anti–trust
cases. The film industry also took advantage of foreign government grants and cheaper labour by making films abroad. "between 1967 and 1972 some
45 % of the 1,200 features made by US companies– not all A pictures were made abroad" (pg8 Hillier J , 1992, The New Hollywood). The
independents did not have the distribution facilities the majors had and their companies were set up to produce only one or two movies at a time. The
big studios stepped in to co–finance the distribution of independent productions. "The rolling production programme of the studio system was replaced
by one–off independent productions backed by a studio for all or part of their financing" (pg 9 Hillier J , 1992, The New Hollywood). As well as
finance the studio backing the independent production would also rent them studio facilities.
The studios possessed lucrative assets from the studio era. The large studio lots were prime real estate and they had

Film Genres and Their Iconography

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Film Genres and Their Iconography