Indus River Valley Civilization

Indus River Valley Civilization
The Indus River Valley civilization was an ancient civilization located on a subcontinent called India. The Indus River Valley civilization was naturally
isolated by the Himalayas and the east and west Ghat mountains. The ancient civilization was located near a river, like most of the ancient civilizations
of their time. Because India was surrounded by mountains on all sides, the subcontinent was very prone to attacks. A major problem for theIndus River
Valley civilization was the constant monsoons it had. India had two different types of monsoons, the winter monsoon and the summer monsoon. The
Indus River Valley civilization depended on the summer monsoon, because that is when they got most of their rain. When the winter monsoon hit the
...show more content...
It is also believed they participated in the maritime trade network. The ancient civilization would trade many different types of things, for example they
traded silver, gold, seashells, flint, and gemstones. Cotton was one of the most important items the ancient civilization traded. The Indus River Valley
civilization had one of the largest trade routes of their time, which expanded from Mesopotamia to China.
The Indus River Valley civilization society was based around a social hierarchy, which was divided into groups based upon occupations. The
highest group of the social hierarchy was the Brahmins, or also known as priests. The second highest group of the hierarchy was the Kshatriyas, or
warriors. The third group were called the Vaisyas, which consisted of the herders, farmers, artisans, and merchants. The fourth group consisted of
people who had little or no Aryan heritage called the Sudras, they consisted of farm workers, servants, and other laborers. The lowest group of the
social hierarchy was the dalits, they did work no one else wanted to do. Their social class determined who they could marry, what kind of education
they could get, where they could live, and what jobs they could get.
The Indus River Valley religion was polytheistic, which meant they believed in many god. The ancient civilization worshipped god and goddesses
who embodied natural forces. The main god the civilization worshiped was Indra, the god of war. IndraВґs was weapon
Get more content on HelpWriting.net

Indus Valley Civilization Essay
The Indus Valley civilization is located in India along the Indus River. India is a subcontinent in a region known as South Asia. Two capital cities in
this area are Mohenjo–Daro and Harappa. To this day it includes three out of ten of the world's most populous countries, two mountain nations, and an
island nation. Which includes India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh(countries), Nepal and Bhutan(mountains), and Sri Lanka(island). The Indus civilization
lasted from 2600 to 1900 B.C. and was known as the Harappan civilization. The Early Harappan phase 3300–2600 B.C., Mature Harappan phase
2600–1900 B.C., and the Late Harappan phase 1900–1300 B.C. are the three time phases that separated the Indus Valley civilization. In 1865
constructors where...show more content...
Another economic trait is that India is divided into three major zones: the dry Deccan plateau, the coastal plains on either side of the Deccan, and the
Gangetic Plain in the north. The Deccan juts into the Indian Ocean as a plateau, which lacks much of melting snow that leads into rivers and causes
unproductive agriculture, arid parts, and populated sparsely. The Gangetic Plain is watered by mighty rivers such as the Indus River, Ganges, and
Brahmaputra which carried melting snow from the mountains. The coastal plains are below Deccan because its separation from low–lying mountain
ranges, which contains the Eastern and Western Ghats and because of the low–lying mountains, farmers receive lots of rain water. In the Indus Valley
there is not many records to state how their society actually but artifacts such as pottery, seals, weights, and bricks. Archeologists suggest that they
show some type of authority and governance, though it is not clear. Various theories have developed over time such as that a single state surrounded all
of the communities of the civilization. It is supported by artifacts, standardized ratio of brick size, the evidence of planned settlements, and the apparent
establishment of sources near sources of raw material. Also that there was no single ruler, but a number of rulers representing different communities.
Clues from statues and images on

Indus Valley Civilization And Early Trade
Indus valley Civilization and Early Trade Earliest indian civilization lies between the Indus and Saraswati Rivers The Himalaya separate India and
Pakistan from Tajikistan and China Farming on flood plains started in 6,000 BCE Mohenjo–Daro and Harappa Cities/ Villages were built from fired
bris– roads were just large enough for two large carts and some pedestrians because of theocracy priests served as representatives for the gods cities
usually depended on farms that were irrigated for a source of food The decline if the Indus valley sped up when nomads started to move in The Vedic
Epoch Aryans were some of the earliest nomads in ancient Asia Vedas are are old oral epics that were written down long after the Aryan Invasion The

The Indus River Civilization
In the year 3000 BCE the Indus River civilization was formed in the northwest of India (Indus River). This was the beginning of the long reign of
Hinduism over the Indian peninsula. They were an advanced civilization having many artifacts architecturally especially bathhouses but the biggest
thing they left behind was religious symbols and religious figures; They also set a precedent by having a mother goddess. Around 1800 BCE the
Aryans a militant tribe from central Asia came into India and took over the Indus River civilization (Indus Valley Civilization). Also according to many
scholars the belief of the collapse of the Indus River Valley Civilization wasn't from an invasion by the Aryans but a decline in trade with Egypt and
Mesopotamia along with a drought (Indus Valley Civilization).
Since the beginning of the civilization they've had many religious texts starting with the Vedic scripture of the Rig Veda (
Hinduism). There were many
Hindu writings including the Upanishads, Brahmanas, and Vedantas. These writings are Indo–Aryan writings as the Aryan occupation had some
influence on the text (Hinduism). The year 300 BCE brought along a new and one of the most important Hindu books The Bhagavad Gita. The Hindu
religion is a polytheistic religion meaning that it has many gods split into three different sections being Celestial, Atmospheric, and Terrestrial. Gods
have their own specific reason of being in this structured universe. The main gods worshiped in Vedic Hinduism

The Indus Valley Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization:
In the region of South Asia, Indus Valley civilization is acknowledged as the oldest civilization which is situated in the region of India's western drift
and Indus River (Hirst, 2017). This civilization performed central government and delivered well developed cities and towns along with compositions
and controlled food productions. This civilization is different from those of Mesopotamia and Egypt, and hence was not overwhelmed by intense
figures of religion (Green, 2016). No sanctuaries were manufactured and no pictures of state divine beings or lords have been found. Deforestation,
environmental change and a progression of intrusions all added to the decline of the Indus civilization. The Indus Valley Civilizationis also
acknowledged as Indus civilization which was situated in a zone of somewhere in the range of 1.6 million square kilometers in what is today eastern
Pakistan and northeastern India between around 2500–1900 BC (Hirst, 2017).
Indus Valley Seals:
Alexander Cunningham, in 1870, distributed a few discoveries uncover at Harappa under the establishment of the Archeological Survey of India. That
demonstrate some inquisitive protest among them, a 1*1 inch of smooth engraved mud, covered in the vestiges (Rao et al., 2009). The piece was not
cleaned and appeared to engrave the sculpture of a bull. It was at first suspected that the seal was a not a local possession rather a foreign object. Later
on numerous such revelations were

Abstract
Introduction
The Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1300 BCE) was the one among the greatest early civilzation of the Old World alongside the ancient Egypt and
Mesopotamia (Wright 2009, Wright 2010), which developed in South Asia along perennially flowing Indus and Ghaggar–Hakra ( also called as
Saraswati) river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan (Wright 2010, Giosan 2012, Maemoku 2013). Though least studies so far, emerging
archeological studies suggest that the Indus Valley (oftenly called Harappa) might have been most wide spread, extending across today's northwest
Pakistan deep into western India and carried probably more than five million people at its peak (Kahn 2005, McIntosh 2008). Reduced water supply
has possibly caused the civilization's demise and eastward movement of its population (Madella 2006, MacDonald 2011, Brooke 2014) towards the
Gangetic plain after its decline (Possehl 1999; McIntosh 2002:11) giving rise to many succeeding Vedic tradition linked cultures reinforced by reports
of many religious artefacts of Hindu practices from Indus Valley locations (Mishra 2001). The northwestern region of pre–partition India was the centre
for Indus Valley civilizationand for the shift from hunting–gathering to the societies with settled agriculture and domesticated animals (Allchin and
Allchin 1997) well supported by archeological discoveries of first agricultural occupation in the Indus basin near Mehrgarh (now in Pakistan) and
surrounding areas

The Indus valley civilizations was an intriguing and sophisticated ancient culture and also a major contributor in the development of what later came to
be known as "Hinduism" . The civilization was founded "accidentally" in the 19th century when the British engineers were searching for ballast for a
railway line in north–western India (which is now modern day Pakistan) and found the remains of what seemed to be an ancient city which was only
known only to locals until then. In the early 20th century, when other similar sites were uncovered, archaeologists realized the significance of the
discovery, which turned out to be one of the most prospering civilizations of the ancient world. It is called TheIndus Valley Civilizationbecause most
of its settlements are situated along the banks of the Indus River .The largest and most important of this civilization were its two prospering cities
known as Mohenjo–Daro and Harappa. These names are of post–Indus origin as they were given with reference to the towns built much later on the
ruins of these ancient cities. During their prosperous period,, Mohenjo–Daro and Harappa had a population of around 40–50 thousand, which was a lot
by ancient standards. Both of these cities were highly organized and strategically planned, and displayed remarkably similar features during their
excavation. Given the structure of the cities, archaeologists suggest that there may have been a central authority for code enforcement and the Harappan

The Indus Valley Civilizations
Ancient Economy Indus Valley Report The Indus Valley civilization, which lasted from 5,500 B.C.E to 1,500 B.C.E, was one of the most
advanced ancient civilizations of all time and it had an economy which was extremely dependent on trade, agriculture, hunting, and pottery.
Through trade, the Indus Valley Civilizations exchanged many technologies with other major civilizations and this allowed them to become one of
the most successful civilizations of all time. Although their cities, which had buildings with multiple stories and were air conditioned, were made
out of mud bricks as compared to the tall metal skyscrapers of today, Indus Valley was one of the first large human settlements on Earth. This
coupled with inventions such as buttons, irrigation, the seal, and the ruler, helped Indus Valley to go down in history as a civilization which was
ahead of its time. The economy of Indus Valley was very diverse. It specialized in producing dates, grapes and melons; cotton for cotton cloths; and
other crops such as wheat and peas. Indus Valley is known to be the first place that cotton was cultivated and used to weave cloths. This was a
revolutionary advancement since cotton is one of the most used resources today. This proves that Indus Valley was a really valuable ancient
civilization which was way ahead of its time. The use of cotton allowed them to step up as a unique and valuable trading partner since they provided a
product which was scarcely found. This along with the

Ancient Indian Civilization
ANCIENT INDIAN CIVILIZATION
INTRODUCTION
In the 1920s, a huge discovery in South Asia proved that Egypt and Mesopotamia were not the only "early civilizations." In the vast Indus River
plains (located in what is today Pakistan and western India), under layers of land and mounds of dirt, archaeologists discovered the remains of a 4,600
year–old city. A thriving, urban civilization had existed at the same time as Egyptian and Mesopotamian states– in an area twice each of their sizes.
The Indian civilization is one of the most ancient civilizations of the world. It is known as the Sindhu civilization or the Indus Valley civilizationor the
Aryan civilization. Sometimes it is also referred to as the Vedic civilization.
The Aryans...show more content...
CLIMATE
Climate was an ingredient in early Indian civilizations for several reasons. Monsoons, winds that mark the seasons, are one of the most immediate. The
first monsoon of the season blows from North to Northeast periodically during November through March. Little rain is present during this monsoon,
however what precipitation does fall, it falls on the Northern slope of the Himilayas. During mid–June through October a second monsoon indicates the
'Wet Season' – a.k.a. – the southwest monsoon. Following the southwest monsoon, heavy rains fall in its wake (however sparse rainfall falls on the
Western Ghats, the heaviest rainfull occours over the Ganges Valley and the Eastern Himilayan Mountains). The timing of these winds is critical; too
little or too late rainfall results in an unsuccessful harvest, yet too much or an extended period of rainfall causes flooding along the country side.
Temperatures also play a significant role in how Indian's settled the land in anchient times. The ideal area – the Deccan plateau – had mild temperatures
in the summer opposed to the blistering heat of the Western Ghats and valleys which could climb up to one–hundred twenty degrees farenheit.
The annual rainfall in the Indus region varies between 5 and 20 inches (125 to 500 millimeters). Except for the mountainous section of Pakistan, the
Indus valley lies in the driest part of the subcontinent. Northwestern winds

India Of The Indus Valley Civilization
India, the Indus Valley civilization is truly an ancient seat of human civilization. Being the seventh largest country in the world, India has always been
rich in both natural and human resources. So far as human history goes India towers in its achievements among which would be included written
language, philosophy and one of the earliest large scale urban civilizations. The history of India is replete with many examples of the integration of
indigenous peoples with the migrating peoples of the ancient world. As a modern country India has successfully integrated a hugely diverse mixture
of races into a functioning and democratic nation state. India's population of over 1 billion speak hundreds of different languages yet they manage to
live in relative harmony with each other. Such a wide diversity and acceptance places India at the center of a crossroad of cultures spanning from
Europe to China. India has absorbed all this in a way nearly unprecedented in world history. Finally India can be considered the birthplace of organized
religion starting with Hinduism and spawning others like Buddhism and Sikhism. In later times India also absorbed the Islamic invasions and thereby
spread its cultural influence throughout the Arab Islamic world. India's 5000 year history illustrates just how successful the idea of unity in diversity
can really be.
Political overview:
India, officially the Republic of India is a huge country in South Asia with a population of 1.2 billion growing

The peaceful, wealthy and structured Indus Valley Civilisation fell apart between the time of 1900BC and 1700BC. The combination of floods in some
areas, drought, anarchy and supposedly natural disasters brought the Civilisation that was once flourishing between 2600BC and 1900BC to the
ground. Some historians speculate the Indus Valley Civilisation was devastated by a great war. Hindu poems titled the Rig Veda (1500BC) explain
northern invaders conquering the Indus Valley cities. But, despite the physical annihilation of the Indus Civilisation, only the cities fell into ruins.
Farmers in the Indus Valley continued living in their villages, and the monsoons "de–urbanized" them. The Indian Religion Hinduism appears to have
close connections with the ancient Indus religion. Some of the Hindu gods are very similar to the gods shown on Indus Valley seals. The Indus
Valley people considered water as being Holy, and the Hindus believe they are 'purified' in a religious way when they bathe in the sanctified Ganges
River. The Indus Valley Civilisation was destroyed from the outside, but many features of the Civilisation and people lived on.
Distinct from most major religions, Hinduism doesn't have a central person who claims they are the founder of it. In its place, there is an intricate
origin which dates back five thousand years to the people that lived in the Indus Valley Civilisation. When the Aryan communities of Persia attacked
the Indus Valley around the time of 1700 BC, the

Development Of Indus Valley Civilization
The Indus Valley Civilization Is the first known Urban Culture in India. Majority of the sites developed on the banks of river Indus, Ghaggar and its
tributaries. This civilisation is credited for building cities complete with : town planning, sanitation, drainage system and broad well–laid roads. Persian
empire includes Cyrus the great and his establishments, Darius I and his establishments, and the religion during the persian empire. It also included the
achievements and religions of india and explains and talks about how buddhism and hinduism were created and spread across the indus valley
civilization . The persian empire was established by Cyrus the great, controlled areas from asia minor to india, was the largest empire in the world
at that time period, and had a tolerance over people. Then there was Darius I who unified the persian empire. The development of the imperial
bureaucracy started where the empire was divided into provinces called satrapies headed by officials called satraps and each strappy paid taxes
based on wealth and resources. The development of road systems occurred and the economics was a coin, and there was a system of weights and
measurements which switched from a barter economy to a money economy.The religion of Persia was Zoroastrianism the belief in two opposing
forces in the universe. Zoroaster taught that one god, Ahura Mazda, ruled the world. Ahura Mazda was in constant battle with Ahriman, prince of lies
and evil and each person had to choose a side. And on the final judgment day, people would be judged for their actions during life and this influenced
Christianity and Islam (heaven, hell, judgment day).
Then there was India and its two main cities were Harappa and Mohenjo–Daro (main cities). Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra Rivers, Hindu Kush, E. and
W. Ghats, Himalayan Mountains, and the Deccan plateaus are main areas in india.
Some of the people in India were Aryans and they were nomads who intermarried and settled down, as they blended their nomadic culture with the
Indus Valley culture. They Migrated down from the North and their assertion of dominance conquered Indus Valley.
They had a caste system which influenced all social interactions and choices of occupations. The

Research Paper On Indus River Valley Civilization
Ancient Egypt
Egyptian civilization began around 5000 BC and began to flourish in 3000 BC. Generally ancient Egyptian history is seperated into three kingdoms the
old kingdon, middle, and new kingdom. The old kingdom (2686BC– 2134BC) is the time period where most of what we think of ancient Egypt like
the pyramids (built as burial tombs for the pharoah). During that time Egyptians began to write texts, study medicine, and find new battle tactics. The
Egyptians were polytheists and had a pantheon of gods, they believed the pharoah to be the god Horus and was thus treated as such.Egyptian society
was more egalitarian than other societies, women could own property and divorce their husbands. There was not social mobility in Egyptian society,
but It was not impossible to rise up the social ladder.
Indus river valley
The Indus river valley civilization located along the Indus river was first settled around 5000BC l. It began to flurish in 3000 Bc, And In 2600 BC
one of the best known cities of the Indus river valley civilization, Moenjo Daro was established. Buildings in the city were built out of baked bricks
and set up so the buildings...show more content...
The rivers were unstable and flooded often, the area also Lacked many natural resources. In response the mesopotamians began building things like
irrigation systems and levies to help keep the rivers under control and make it easier to grow food. As more and more cities began forming people
increasingly did more than make food leading to things like writing and technology. Travel was fairly easy as sailing on the rivers allowed people to
quickly go from one end of Mespotamia to the other. Eventually as cities grew larger they needed more from outside their borders, they started trading
with other countries; leading cities like Uruk to become centers of world

Indus Valley Research Paper
The Indus Valley was larger than other ancient civilizations including: Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China. Western India and Pakistan are two modern
day countries that give us an idea of where the Indus Valley was located. When completing an Indus Valley trading game, it put in perspective the
tactics that they would have used for trading purposes. To start off, seals were a major aspect when trading. The clay piece would seal a rope that
was tied around a bundle of goods. The people of the Indus valley would put different designs onto the seal; examples of designs they would put onto
a seal was a unicorn, bull, bison, elephant, rhino, and even designs of humans. People would not accept packages if the seal was broken, because that
meant it had

Indus Valley Polytheism
The early river valley civilizations are different and similar in many ways. The one and
big similarity of Sumer, Egypt, and the Indus Valley would have is that they were all
worshipping more than one god as of which we call it "polytheism." First off, since Egypt,
Sumer, and the Indus Valley were all polytheistic in their own ways, those places also had
"empires." This shows the thing about Egypt, Sumer, and the Indus Valley is that they can be
similar in things that they do but except they can do their own ways differently than the others, as
an example, since Egypt has their slaves as to also have jobs as warriors, then it would be
different if Sumer or the Indus Valleycivilization has the potential for protecting their slaves,...show more content...
First off, we definitely know
that Egypt is a country(or a region) in northeastern Egypt. Second, to combine, we already know
that Egypt has more than 2,000 temples and each temple, there is a god for each Egyptian to
worship. Third and finally, Egypt has developed something interesting called "hieroglyphics,"
which is to, to make it real short and interesting, worshipping all types of different civilization
idols. Since we are done with Egypt, we move on to the Indus Valley civilization. As we said

Egypt, Sumer and the Indus Valley were different in many ways, it can still relate to the other
two civilizations in many ways. First, The Indus Valley can be located in about 4 countries of
Southern Asia which are Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and the biggest country of them all, India.
The second and final thing about the Indus Valley is that they were the first ever known
civilization in the Southern asia country, India. We move on to the Indus Valley, and we are
finally are on Sumer. One thing that was independent in Sumer was that they only worshipped "4
Gods." This shows that Egypt could not worship as many gods as Egypt because Sumer

Indus Valley And Mesopotamia Research Paper
Both the Indus Valley civilization and Mesopotamia civilization were religiously based societies who focused on religion and valued it very much.
But the two civilizations had different views on religion and also differed on what the gods and goddesses had control over. Also, the central point of
the two civilizations' cities varies, too.
One of the main similarities between Indus Valley andMesopotamia was that they were both religiously based societies. The Mesopotamians
dedicated most of their art to the gods, including having statues of gods in most households. They also had very complex religious rituals and created
large shrines and temples dedicated to the cities personal patron god. Indus Valley also had temples dedicated to their gods.

Artifact Of Indus Valley Civilization
The Indus Valley Civilization was an early civilization between 3000 B.C to 15000 B.C and as the civilization collapsed, archaeologist found a 3–D
figurine of a man on a structure with wheels, attached to two animal like figures. The artifact reflects on innovation used by this society by the use of
the wheel. As the wheel was first invented, it was mainly used as a "potter wheel" just to shape and mold ceramic ware and they innovated from that
idea of a wheel, to a transportation device as shown in the artifact. Also, the artifact teaches us about a belief in this society by displaying they believed
in efficiency. The man was transporting on wheels and with the help of animals to make it easier and faster for travelling. Another thing that

The Indus Valley Civilization was located in floodplains of the Indus and Saraswati. Their rivers flooded twice a year on the dot. They flourished
around 3,000 B.C.E. They were one of the largest ancient civilizations. They had great cities some of the best known were Harappa and Mohenjo
Daro. They started trading with Mesopotamian in 3,500 B.C.E. They had great cities some of the best known were Harappa and Mohenjo Daro.
Archaeologists found more than 1,500 sites. Homes were multistory made with uniform bricks and their streets were perpendicular. Homes also had
natural air conditioning by building them to catch the wind. Most homes were connected to an underground drainage system that used gravity. Some of
their largest buildings or rooms were bathhouses. Archaeologists thought they were peaceful because the found no weapons and are thought to have
faded into obscurity. There are three ways people think this happened either they were defenseless because they had no weapons, they destroyed their
environment or there was an earthquake that changed the environment. The Mesopotamian Civilization was located in modern Iraq between the rivers
Tigris and Euphrates Potamoi. They helped create writing and taxes. They started appearing 5,000 years ago. Farmers contributed their crops to public
storehouses where workers were paid in grain. There was a lot of conflicts between country and city. In the cities, there was a canal system and a
couple of monumental

Indus River Valley Civilization

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Indus River Valley Civilization

Similar to Indus River Valley Civilization (12)

More from Buy Custom Papers Sewanee

More from Buy Custom Papers Sewanee (9)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Indus River Valley Civilization