A short Overall view of phylum protozoa by microbiologist Muhmmad Bilal Kakar. University of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan.

1. THE OVER ALL VEIW OF

2. PRESENTATION BY

3. OUTLINES
 CHARACTERSTICS OF PROTOZOANS
 SYMBIOSIS
 STRUCTURE
 PROTOZOANS TAXONOMY
 LOCOMOTION
 THE AMEOBA

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTOZOANS
PROTOZOANS:
Protozoa are one-celled animals found worldwide in most habitats. Most species
are free living, but all higher animals are infected with one or more species of
protozoa. Infections range from asymptomatic to life threatening, depending on
the species and strain of the parasite and the resistance of the host.
STRUCTURE:
Protozoa are microscopic unicellular eukaryotes that have a relatively complex
internal structure and carry out complex metabolic activities. Some protozoa
have structures for propulsion or other types of movement.

5. PROTOZOA THE SUBKINGDOM
KINGDOM OF PROTISTA
More than 50,000 have been discovered.
 Protozoa are found in almost all living habitat.
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first person to see protozoa using
his own made microscope.

6. EFFECTS OF PROTOZOANS ON HUMANS:
 Virtually all humans have protozoa living in or on their
body at some time, and many persons are infected with
one or more species throughout their life.
 Protozoan diseases range from very mild to life-
threatening.

7. SYMBIOSIS
(AN INNATE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TWO
ORGANISIMS)
THREE TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS:
PARASITISIM: A relationship between two organisms in which
one organism (the parasite) benefits and the other (the host) is
harmed.
COMMENSALISM : The process in which organisms get benefit the
other get nothing nor harm .
MUTUALISM: The process in which both organisms get benefits.

8. STRUCTURE OF PROTOZOANS
 Most parasitic protozoa in humans are less than 50 μm in size. The smallest (mainly
intracellular forms) are 1 to 10 μm long, but Balantidium coli may measure 150
μm.
 Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotes.
 The plasma membrane enclosing the cytoplasm also covers the projecting
locomotory structures such as pseudopodia, cilia, and flagella.

9. TAXONOMY/CLASSIFICATION

10. PHYLUM SARCOMASTIGOPHORA
CHARACTERSTICS:
 18,000 SPECIES, LARGEST PROTOZOANS PHYLUM
 UNICELLULAR OR COLONIAL
 LOCMOTON BY FLAGELLAAND PSEUDOPODIA
 AUTOTROPHIC OR HETROTROPHIC
 SINGLE NUCLEUS CONTAINING
 USUALLY REPRODUCE SEXUAL

11. SARCOMASTIGOPHORE
AMEOBA
ARCELLA
ACTINOPHRYS

12. PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA
CHARACTERSTICS
 ALLARE PARASITES
 CONATIAN SINGLE NUCLEUS
 USSUALY NO CILIAAND FLAGELLA
 BOTH SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION ARE FOUND

13. PLASMODIUM
Plasmodium is a parasite
which cause malaria in
human beings

14. PHYLUM CILIOPHORA
 ORGANISMS IN CILIOPHORA ARE CALLED
CILIATES.
 CILIATES ARE THE MOST COMPLEX OF CELLS,
HAVING AN ELABORATE CYTOSKELETON,
CILIAAND TWO DIFFERENT KINDS OF NUCLEI.
 USE CILIA FOR LOCOMOTION

15. PARAMECI
UM
• THE PARAMECIUM CAUSES
GUT PROBLEMS IN THE
HUMAN BEINGS.
• IT IS FRESH WATER
ORGANISMIS

16. LOCOMOTION IN PROTOZOANS
 LOCOMOTION THROUGH CILIA , FLAGELLA
AND PSEUDOPODIA.
 THE CILIAARE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED ON THE
CELL.

17. THE AMEOBA:
 Amoeba is a highly motile eukaryotic, unicellular
organism.
 Amebae species can be found in all major eukaryotic
lineages, including fungi, algae, and even animals.
 Amoebae contain an endoplasm that is granular in
nature and contains the nucleus and various engulfed
food vacuoles.
 The amoeba contain no mitochondria and generate ATP
via anaerobic means.
 Amoebas can be classified as free-living and parasitic.

18.  Only a limited number of amoeba species are capable of
infecting humans, and typically invade the intestine.
 Only Entamoebahistolytica represents a true human
pathogen, which infects the gastrointestinal tract.
 Interestingly, some free-living amoebas can cause
opportunistic infections in humans, leading to eye
infections, as well as various neurological, and
cutaneous (skin) infections.

19. AMOEBIC MOVEMENT
 The amoebic cytoplasm contain plasmol (central fluid) surrounded
by a more viscous plasmagel. The plasmagel is converted to
plasmasol causing the cytoplasm to slide and form a pseudopodium
in front to move the cell forward.

20. SHAPE AND REPRODUCTION
 Amoeba has no regular shape due to its pseudopodia.
 Amoeba reproduce both sexually and asexually.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
 Binary fission
 Multiple fission
 Spore formation

21. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
 Myxamoebae are also unique in that they can also reproduce sexually.
This occurs when two myxamoebae fuse to create a giant cell. This giant
cell will then engulf all other cells in a myxamoebae aggregate. After
ingesting all of its neighbors, the giant cell will encyst itself, and undergo
meiosis and mitosis division a number of times under the protective cover
of the cyst. When appropriate environmental conditions are met, the cyst
will burst, releasing new myxamoebae. Since this process involves
meiosis and the genetic information from two amoebae, the resulting
daughter cells will be genetically distinct from the parent cells

22. DISEASE CAUSE BY AMEOBA IN HUMANS