First workshop of the REFIT project (refitproject.com) - Bibracte, March 2016 Exploring integrated approaches to cultural landscapes Current strategies, problems and potential Iron Age oppida as a case study

1. Vincent Négri, Chercheur au CNRS, ISP – ENS Cachan
Cultural landscapes
A juridico-historic perspective

3. A notion of landscape as the
compelling mirror
of peoples’ and human groups’ attachment
to a territory or a place

4. The notion of landscape
Its roots in the work of intellectuals
since the beginning of the 20th century

5. John Ruskin
Hugo Conwentz
The notion of landscape

6. ‘Landscape is the beloved face of the country’
“You cannot have a landscape by Turner,
without a country to paint,
you cannot have a portrait by Titian
without a man to be portrayed…I can get no soul to
believe that the beginning of art is in getting
our country clean, and our people beautiful”
(J. Ruskin Lectures on Art 1870, works, vol. 20, p. 107)
Heimatschutz → landscape
Heimat : country, homeland
Schutz : protect, preserve

8. • The International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation’s (IIIC)
project for an international convention that presented
landscapes as natural monuments (1930s).
• The first inter-American convention ‘on nature protection
and wildlife preservation in the Western hemisphere’ (1940)
aimed to protect regions that have aesthetical, historical
and scientific value, defined as superlative sceneries.
Attempts to design international normative tools
for the safeguarding of landscapes

9. • UNESCO recommendation concerning the safeguarding of
beauty and character of landscapes and sites (1962)
« Considering that, on account of their beauty and character,
the safeguarding of landscapes and sites, as defined in this
recommendation, is necessary to the life of men for whom
they represent a powerful physical, moral, while at the same
time contributing to the and spiritual regenerating influence
artistic and cultural life of peoples, as innumerable and
universally known examples bear witness »
Attempts to design international normative tools
for the safeguarding of landscapes

10. • Operational guidelines of the World Heritage Convention:
in 1992, the notion of cultural landscape entered the field of
international law through a backdoor
Cultural landscapes are cultural properties and represent the
"combined works of nature and of man" […]. They are
illustrative of the evolution of human society and settlement
over time, under the influence of the physical constraints
and/or opportunities presented by their natural environment
and of successive social, economic and cultural forces, both
external and internal.
Attempts to design international normative tools
for the safeguarding of landscapes

11. ‘A cultural landscape is fashioned from a
natural landscape by a culture group.
Culture is the agent, the natural area is
the medium, the cultural landscape is the
result’
Carl Sauer, “The Morphology of Landscape”, 1925
‘“Urlandschaft”
Original landscape, that
which existed before major
human induced changes
“Kulturlandschaft”
Cultural landscape, the
landscape created by
human culture
Otto Schlüter, 1908

13. Rio Declaration on environment and development (1992):
• Principle n°22: local communities participate in the decision-
making process in the field of environmental management.
Social groups are allowed to reinterpret
international notions their involvement is
favoured in the heritage field.
New trends

14. European Landscape Convention (2000)
• Art. 1 – Definitions
For the purposes of the Convention:
a) "Landscape" means an area, as perceived by people, whose
character is the result of the action and interaction of natural
and/or human factors;
• Art. 5 – General measures
Each Party undertakes:
a) to recognise landscapes in law as an essential component
of people’s surroundings, an expression of the diversity of
their shared cultural and natural heritage, and a foundation of
their identity;
New trends

15. Council of Europe Framework Convention on the Value of
Cultural Heritage for Society (2005)
• Art. 8 – Environment, heritage and quality of life
The Parties undertake to utilise all heritage aspects of the cultural
environment to:
a) enrich the processes of economic, political, social and cultural
development and land-use planning, resorting to cultural heritage
impact assessments and adopting mitigation strategies where
necessary;
b) promote an integrated approach to policies concerning cultural,
biological, geological and landscape diversity to achieve a balance
between these elements;
…
New trends

17. What’s the meaning of cultural landscape in vernacular or local
languages?
To conclude:

18. What’s the meaning of cultural landscape in vernacular or local
languages?
i.e. Indonesian legislation :
saujana → as far as you can see
To conclude:

19. The words that translate cultural landscape encapsulate both
the historically stratified meanings of the notion of landscape
and the claims for increased social power of the civil society.
To conclude:

20. Thank you for your attention