1. TOOLS AND METHODS OF
DATA COLLECTION
Presented by:
Ms. Bhoomika Patel
Assistant Professor
Sumandeep Nursing college
Sumandeep Vidyapeeth
SUMANDEEP NURSING COLLEGE, SVDU
31. Questionnaires
Characteristics of a good questionnaire
• A good questionnaire should be as brief as possible; however,
it should be long enough to obtain the essential data.
• It should be attractive in appearance and neatly arranged.
• Each question should deal with a single idea.
• Questions should be clearly worded.
• There should not be suggestions for the desired response.
• Questions should be presented in psychological order—from
the general to the specific.
• Questions of intimate nature should be placed at the end of
the questionnaire.
SUMANDEEP NURSING COLLEGE, SVDU
32. Questionnaires
Guidelines for constructing and administering questionnaires
• Identify the construct/concept to be captured using the
questionnaire.
• Review the pertinent literature to identify the key areas about
which questions should be developed.
• Frame semi-structured/structured questions involving a close
choice for the participant.
• The stem of the question should be in clear, simple language
and should not be unnecessarily lengthy.
• Negative wording should be clearly contrasted in the stem by
using underline or bold italic fonts.
SUMANDEEP NURSING COLLEGE, SVDU
33. Questionnaires
Guidelines for constructing and administering questionnaires
• Double-negative statements should be avoided in the stem of the
question.
• All alternatives should be grammatically consistent with the stem of
the test item.
• Carefully avoid verbal clues that might enable participants to select
the correct answer or eliminate an incorrect alternative.
• Avoid similarity of wording in both the stem and the correct answer.
• Make the distracters similar to the correct answer in both length
and complexity of wording.
SUMANDEEP NURSING COLLEGE, SVDU
34. Questionnaires
Guidelines for constructing and administering questionnaires
• Avoid the use of alternatives such as ‘All of the
above’ or ‘None of the above’.
• Make sure that each question is independent of the
other items and does not provide leading answers.
• The wording of the statement in true–false items
should be highly precise so that it can be judged as
unequivocally true or false.
SUMANDEEP NURSING COLLEGE, SVDU
35. Questionnaires
Advantages
• Less expensive
• Less time is involved in data collection
• Can be administered to large groups
• Respondents can attempt the questionnaire at their
own pace and convenience
• Provides liberty to participants to answer questions
out of order and in several sessions
SUMANDEEP NURSING COLLEGE, SVDU
36. Questionnaires
Disadvantages
• The researcher cannot probe deeply into the beliefs
and attitudes of the participants
• Modifications to questions cannot be made once the
questionnaire has been distributed
SUMANDEEP NURSING COLLEGE, SVDU
107. THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST
ROSENZWIG TEST : Cartoon with empty balloons
ROSARCH TEST: 10 cards, how they perceives
HOLTZMEN INCBLOT TEST: 45 cards based on color, shading,
movement etc.
TMKINS HORN PICTURE ARRANGEMENT TEST : for groups, five plates
which contains 3 sketches each
SUMANDEEP NURSING COLLEGE, SVDU
108. • Ordering: qualitative studies, specify the
factors, use “most” and “least”
• Expressive: Draw, role play, act or paint on
some stories.
• Others: drawing a picture, creating families,
using fantasy and day dreams, clay modelling.
SUMANDEEP NURSING COLLEGE, SVDU
109. Q - sorts
• 1930 by william stephenson.
• To assess the subjectivity of human mind
• Card arrangements, card with words, phrases
or statements, approx. 60 to 100 cards , with 9
to 11 piles.
SUMANDEEP NURSING COLLEGE, SVDU
110. Vignettes
• To clarify people’s judgment
• Open ended questions or close ended.
• Vignettes are short scenario in written or
pictorial form, intended to elicit response to
typical scenario.
SUMANDEEP NURSING COLLEGE, SVDU
111. Vignettes
• Vignettes are simulations of real events that can be
used in research studies to elicit the subject’s
knowledge, attitudes or opinions based on their
statements about how they would behave in the
hypothetical situation depicted.
• Participants are presented with a hypothetical
scenario and characters.
• Enough context and information is also provided for
participants to have an understanding of the
scenario being depicted, but needs to be vague in
ways that compel participants to ‘fill in’ details.
SUMANDEEP NURSING COLLEGE, SVDU
112. Methods of DC
• Operationally defining the data to be collected
• Selecting appropriate method of DC.
• Selecting or developing data collection instrument.
• Try out of data collection instrument and procedure.
• Developing data collection supportive forms or
procedure.
• Training of data collectors.
• Inform the local authority
• Data collection and data management.
SUMANDEEP NURSING COLLEGE, SVDU
