The document discusses three types of trauma: historical, collective, and individual. Historical trauma involves genocide or policies that impact cultural identity intergenerationally. Collective trauma impacts a group of people, such as disasters or acts of violence. Individual trauma includes experiences like abuse, neglect, accidents, or acts of war. Trauma responses generally involve re-experiencing the event, avoidance of reminders, and increased anxiety. Symptoms in children may differ and include fears, regressive behaviors, nightmares, and acting out the trauma.

1. Trauma

2. 3 types of trauma
 Historical
Generally involves genocide. Examples:
Wounded knee massacre/Native American policies
Holocaust
Apartheid
Becomes intergenerational trauma
Inability to grieve appropriately, mistrust, loss, lack of
cultural identity
“Hybrid” trauma historical/collective such as forced
adoptions of 1950’s and 60’s; slavery

3.  Collective
trauma in which society or group of people
impacted. Examples include:
Pittsburgh synagogue bombing
Boston marathon bombing
9/11
Hurricane Maria
2004 Tsunami
JFK assassination
Estonia disaster
“hybrids”

4. Individual
Trauma experiences include:
 sexual, physical and emotional abuse
 neglect
 witnessing or experiencing violence
 Institutional violence
 a serious accident/medical trauma
 natural disaster
 acts of war

5. Trauma
“A normal response to an abnormal event”
The DSM definition:
development of characteristic symptoms following
exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor involving
direct personal experience of an event that involves
actual or threatened death or serious injury, or other
threat to one's physical integrity; or witnessing an event
that involves death, injury, or a threat to the physical
integrity of another person; or learning about unexpected
or violent death, serious harm, or threat of death or injury
experienced by a family member or other close
associate .

6. Trauma responses
Three main types of symptoms:
 Re-experiencing the traumatic event
 Avoiding reminders of the trauma
 Increased anxiety and emotional arousal

7. Re-experiencing the traumatic event
 Intrusive, upsetting memories of the event
 Flashbacks (acting or feeling like the event is
happening again)
 Nightmares (either of the event or of other
frightening things)
 Feelings of intense distress when reminded of
the trauma
 Intense physical reactions to reminders of the
event (e.g. pounding heart, rapid breathing,
nausea, muscle tension, sweating)

8. Avoidance and numbing
 Avoiding activities, places, thoughts, or feelings
that remind you of the trauma
 Inability to remember important aspects of the
trauma
 Loss of interest in activities and life in general
 Feeling detached from others and emotionally
numb
 Sense of a limited future (you don’t expect to live
a normal life span, get married, have a career)

9. Increased anxiety and emotional arousal
 Difficulty falling or staying asleep
 Irritability or outbursts of anger
 Difficulty concentrating
 Hypervigilance (on constant “red alert”)
 Feeling jumpy and easily startled

10. Children
 For children symptoms may differ from
adults. Symptoms in children include:
 Fear of being separated from parent
 Regressive behaviors in areas of mastery
(such as toilet training)
 Sleep problems and nightmares (non or ill
defined content)
 Somber, compulsive play in which themes or
aspects of the trauma are repeated

11.  New phobias and anxieties that seem
unrelated to the trauma (such as a fear of
monsters)
 Acting out the trauma through play, stories, or
drawings
 Aches and pains with no apparent cause
 Irritability and aggression