Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, occurs when cancerous cells develop in the lining of the stomach. It is difficult to diagnose early because symptoms often do not appear until later stages. Risk factors include H. pylori infections, family history, smoking, and being over 50 years old. Staging of stomach cancer ranges from Stage 0 (earliest) to Stage IV (has spread to other organs). Diagnosis involves endoscopy, biopsy, and imaging tests. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Nursing care focuses on managing pain, nutrition, anxiety, and educating patients. Preventive measures include avoiding smoking and red meat and consuming enough calcium and vitamin D.

1. PRESENTED BY
MR SUDIP DAS
M.SC NURSING 2ND SEMESTER
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
INS
STOMACH
CANCER

2. DEFINITION :-
• Stomach cancer is characterized by a growth
of cancerous cells within the lining of the
stomach. Also called gastric cancer, this type
of cancer is difficult to diagnose because most
people typically don’t show symptoms in the
earlier stages.

4. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

5. INCIDENCE :-
• The National Cancer Institute (NCI) estimates
there’ll be approximately 28,000 new cases of
stomach cancer in 2017. The NCI also
estimates that stomach cancer is 1.7 percent
of new cancer cases in the india.

6. RISK FACTOR AND CAUSES :-
• Lymphoma (a group of blood cancers)
• H. pylori bacterial infections (a common stomach infection
that can sometimes lead to ulcers)
• tumors in other parts of the digestive system
• stomach polyps (abnormal growths of tissue that form on
the lining of the stomach).
• older adults, usually people 50 years and older
• men
• smoking.
• people with a family history of the disease
• people who are of Asian (especially Korean or Japanese),
South American.

7. TNM CLASSIFICATION OF GASTRIC
CANCER :-

8. STAGING OF GASTRIC CANCER :-
• Stage 0 (This is also called carcinoma in situ. The
cancer is found only on the surface of the
epithelium).
• Stage IA: The cancer has grown into the inner
layer of the wall of the stomach. It has not spread
to any lymph nodes or other organs.
• Stage IB: Stomach cancer is called stage IB in
either of these 2 conditions:
• The cancer has grown into the inner layers of the
wall of the stomach. It has spread to 1 to 2 lymph
nodes but not elsewhere.
• The cancer has grown into the outer muscular
layers of the wall of the stomach. It has not
spread to the lymph nodes or other organs.

9. CNTD.....
• Stage II a :- The cancer has grown into the
inner layer of the wall of the stomach. It has
spread to 3 to 6 lymph nodes but not
elsewhere .
• Stage IIB: The cancer has grown into the inner
layers of the wall of the stomach. It has spread
to 7 or more lymph nodes but not elsewhere.

10. CONTD....
• Stage IIIA: The cancer has grown into the outer
muscular layers of the stomach wall. It has spread to 7
or more lymph nodes but not to other organs.
• Stage IIIB: The cancer has grown through all of the
layers of the muscle into the connective tissue outside
the stomach but has not grown into the peritoneal
lining or serosa.
• Stage IV: Stage IV stomach cancer describes a cancer of
any size that has spread to distant parts of the body in
addition to the area around the stomach

11. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY :-

13. CLINICAL FEATURES :-
• Poor appetite
• Weight loss (without trying)
• Abdominal (belly) pain
• Vague discomfort in the abdomen, usually above the navel
• A sense of fullness in the upper abdomen after eating a
small meal
• Heartburn or indigestion
• Nausea
• Vomiting, with or without blood
• Swelling or fluid build-up in the abdomen
• Blood in the stool
• Low red blood cell count (anemia)

14. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION :-
• History and physical examination.
• Upper endoscopy.
• Ultrasound.
• Biopsy.
• Imaging test.
• Upper GI series.
• CT scan.
• MRI.
• PET.
• Laparoscopy.
• Lab test.

15. Treatment:-
• Radiation therapy.
• Chemotherapy (used before surgery are 5-FU
(fluorouracil), often given along with
leucovorin (folinic acid), Capecitabine
(Xelode), Carboplatin ,Cisplatin etc, after
surgery are ECF (epirubicin, cisplatin, and 5-
FU).
• Surgery ( Gastrectomy )

16. NURSING MANAGEMENT :-
• Assessment.
• Nursing diagnosis :-
 Acute pain related to damage of mucosa layer of
stomach.
 Fluid volume deficit related to vomiting.
 Imbalance nutrition less than body requirement
related to disease process.
 Sleeping pattern disturbance related to pain.
 Anxiety related to hospitalization.
 Knowledge deficit related to treatment process.
o Intervention.

17. • Take an occasional aspirin
• Don’t smoke
• Avoid red meat
• Get enough calcium and vitamin D
• Exercise.
• Genetic counselling.
PREVENTION OF STOMACH CANCER :-

18. BIBLIOGRAPHY :-
• Brunner & Suddarth, “Textbook of Medical
Surgical Nursing”, 12th edition,2014, vol-I, Wloters
kluwer,New delhi, Page no-1098-1107.
• Lewis, “ Medical Surgical Nursing”, 2014 edition,
New delhi, South asian publication, Page no –
1075-1088.
• Lippincott, “Manual of Nursing Practice”, 10th
edition, 2014, Wloter kluwer, New delhi Page no-
705-708.

19. THANK YOU