(9818099198) Call Girls In Noida Sector 14 (NOIDA ESCORTS)
Dna replication in prokaryotes
1.
2. DNA REPLICATION IN
PROKARYOTES
Submitted by:
Biyyani Suman
RAM/13-76
Dept. of Agril. Microbiology
Submitted to:
Dr. A. Vijaya Gopal
Associate Professor
Dept. of Agril. Microbiology
3. Introduction to Replication
Replication process in Prokaryotes
Proposed models of replication
Semi-conservative method by meselson and sthal
Topics to be covered………
4. Introduction
DNA replication, the basis for biological
inheritance, is a fundamental process
occurring in all living organisms to copy their
DNA.
In the process of "replication" each strand of
the original double-stranded DNA molecule
serves as template for the reproduction of
the complementary strand.
Two identical DNA molecules have been
produced from a single double-stranded
DNA molecule.
5. DNA has to be copied before a cell divides
DNA is copied during the S or synthesis phase
of interphase
The unit of DNA replication is referred to as a
replicon
Mitosis
-prophase
-metaphase
-anaphase
-telophase
G1 G2
S
phase
interphase
DNA replication takes
place in the S phase.
6. Replicon is the segment of DNA that is capable of DNA
replication
Each replicon has an origin and terminus
Bacterial and viral chromosomes usually contain a single
replicon per chromosome
In Eukaryotes each chromosome is made up of several
replicons ex: 3500 replicons in 4 chromosomes of
Drosophilla
7. Replication begins at one site called origin (ori) and
proceeds in both directions around the chromosome. It
is a particular sequence in a genome at which replication is
initiated.
Origins are A T rich which is important for easy un winding of
the two strands.
Origin of replication in E.Coli is ori C locus its 245 bp long.
The site at which replication stops.
E.coli has two termini one on each strand.
Termination requires tus gene product , which recognize and
binds to ter sequence and stops replication.
7
Origin of Replication
8. BIDIRECTIONAL REPLICATION
•Synthesis of DNA proceeds bidirectionally
around the bacterial chromosome.
•The chromosome of E.coli phage T7 replicates
in a linear form, and DNA replication begins at
one end.
•Replication produces so called eye structure in
the t7 chromosome
•Two replication forks are formed and progress
in the both the directions away from the origin.
•Replication fork will reach one end of the
chromosome much sooner than the other end &
give rise to Y shaped chromosome.
9. Replication fork
Melting produces two Y shaped forks at origin; one located at
each end of origin.
These forks become replication forks when replication begins
Replisome is the smallest functional unit in the factories and
are responsible for copying one segment of DNA
To begin DNA replication, unwinding enzymes called DNA
helicases cause the two parent DNA strands to unwind and
separate from one another at the origin of replication to form
two "Y"-shaped replication forks.
11. The double helix is unwound by the enzymes
helicase , and DNA gyrase
SSBP (single stranded binding protein) helps keep
strands separated
DNA polymerase III (pol III) is responsible for most of
DNA synthesis
◦ Adds nucleotides to the 3’ end of the daughter
strand of DNA; DNA synthesis is from 5' to 3'
◦ Requires RNA primers as a guide for synthesis
RNA primers are made by the enzyme primase
DNA polymerase I: involved in proof reading and
DNA repair
DNA ligase: involved in connected ends of replicated
DNA together
11
13. Replication process in Prokaryotes
DNA replication includes:
◦ Initiation – replication begins at an origin
of replication
◦ Elongation – new strands of DNA are
synthesized by DNA polymerase
◦ Termination – replication is terminated
differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
14. The main events involved in replication
initiation are
Recognition of origin
DNA melting
Stabilization of single strands
Assembly of primosome at the two forks
produced
Start synthesis of two daughter strands
15. I. DnaA recognizes oriC seq.
and opens duplex at specific
sites.
Denaturation of DNA at oriC
requires a histone-like HU
protein and ATP
II. DnaB helicase (hexamers)
binds to unwound DNA
region. Binding of DnaB to
individual strands also
requires DnaC.
III. DNA gyrase unwinds DNA
IV. SSBs bind to single stranded
DNA
v. DnaG primase synthesizes
short RNA primers.
Proteins for initiation
16.
17. Initiation of Replication at oriC
DNA replication is initiated by the binding of
DnaA proteins to the DnaA box sequences
– causes the region to wrap
around the DnaA proteins and
separates the AT-rich region
20. INITIATION IN DETAIL
2-4molecules of DnaA bind oriC results in folding of
DNA around the aggregate & melting starts
An aggregate having 6 molecules each of DnaB and
DnaC binds to each of the three separate single-standard
regions produced by DnaA
Agregate eventually displaces DnaA and DnaC loads
DnaB
DnaB funtions as Helicase and begin unwinding and
Gyrase provides a swivel
SSBP bind to single strand regions and stabilise them
One DnaB hexamer binds to each of the two folks
produced by unwinding at the origin
21. Once replication fork is generated primosome
assembles the origin, and initiates primer
synthesis(priming)
Priming occurs only once and at origin for the
replication of leading strand
Priming occurs repeatedly at intervals of 1000 to
2000 bases in case of lagging strand
The primosome moves along the single standard
region
When the primosome reaches a site at which a
priming can occur ,it synthesises an RNA primer
and the primer sponsors synthesis of a new
okazoki fragments
22. Melting of DNA by DnaA
Release of DnaB at the forks by DnaC
Helicase action of DnaB
Swivel action of DNA Gyrase
Activation of primase DnaG by DnaB
Activation of DNA polymerase to start replication
23. B) Elongation
Requires at least 7 proteins
a) SSBs bind to ssDNA
b) DnaB helicase unwind DNA,
primosome
c) Primase RNA primer synthesis
d) DNA pol. III new strand elongation
e) DNA pol. I remove primers & fills
gaps
f) DNA ligase seals nicks
g) DNA gyrase supercoiling
24. Parental DNA
DNA pol III
Leading strand
Connecting
protein
Helicase
Lagging strandDNA
pol III
Lagging
strand
template
5
5
5
5
5
5
3 3
3
3
3
3
25. Subunit Function
α DNA polymerase
ε 3’ – 5’ Exonuclease
θ stimulates 3’ – 5’ exonuclease
τ dimerises core and activates helicase
γ binds ATP
δ & ψ Unknown
χ Removal of primase
β Sliding clamp
Catalytic
core
Clamp loader
27. Elongation in detail
Replisome complex:
• The entire DNA-synthesizing complex at each
replication fork, which also includes
topoisomerase , helicase, and primase, is referred
to as a replisome
• Replication activity is due to the DNA
polymerase III of Replisome.
• E.coli has 10 molecules of DNA polymerase
enzymes
28. A single holo enzyme molecule functions at one replication
fork.
Each holo enzyme molecule has 2 catalytic cores, one
catalyses the replication of leading strand and other
catalyses lagging strand.
In case of leading strand the catalytic core extends the
primer one nucleotide at a time.
DnaB progressively unwinds the duplex and the replication
fork moves along
Replication of lagging strand will be after some time.
When DnaB associated with the advancing fork reaches a
site suitable for priming,it activates DnaG to synthesize a
primer in the normal 5’-3’ direction i.e, towards oriC
30. When the primer becomes10-14bases the other core begins
to elongate in 5’-3’ direction
The lagging strand is in effect , pulled up by the replisome
in the process of replication
When the replisome reaches 5’-end of primer of previous
okazaki fagment it stops replication and dissociates from
the lagging strand
Mean while DnaB continues to move forward with the
replication fork
When it reaches the appropriate site, it again induces
primer synthesis by DnaG and the eents described above
takes place again
31. Simultaneous synthesis of leading and lagging strands:
• DNA is synthesized only in the 5’-3’ direction and never in the 3’-5’
direction for the complementary strand
• In the 3’-5’ template strand the DNA synthesis made in the 5’-3’
direction in a continuous way is called the leading strand
• On the other template short pieces of DNA ( ~1000 nucleotides
long) in the 5’- 3’ direction are made and the pieces are joined
together.
• The small fragments of DNA are called Okazaki fragments, after
their discoverer, R. Okazaki.
• The new DNA is made by this discontinuous method is called the
lagging strand
• The leading and lagging strands are synthesized simultaneously by a
single dimeric DNA polymerase III complex
34. DNA Chain extension:
• The primer is then extended by DNA Pol III
• DNA Pol synthesizes DNA for both the leading and
lagging strands
• After DNA synthesis by DNA Pol III DNA pol I
uses its 5’-3’ exonuclease activity to remove the
primer and then fills the gaps with a new 5’ – 3’
exonuclease activity
• Finally, DNA pieces are joined together by the
DNA ligase
35. DNA ligase seals the gaps between Okazaki fragments with a
phosphodiester bond
36. • The sequence that stop the movement of
replication fork are identified as ‘ter’elements
• These are 23 bp consensus sequences that provide
the binding site for the ‘tus’gene, a 36 kD Protein
needed for the termination.
• Tus protein binds to ter elements and stops Dna B
from unwinding DNA.
• Leading strand replicated upto ter elements and
lagging strand replication stopped 50-100bp
before the ter elements.
C) Termination:
37. Origin of replication
Overview
Leading
strand
Leading
strand
Lagging
strand
Lagging strand
Overall directions
of replication
Template
strand
RNA primer
for fragment 1
Okazaki
fragment 1
RNA primer
for fragment 2
Okazaki
fragment 2
Overall direction of replication
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
55
5
5
5
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
38. In the late 1950s, three different mechanisms were proposed
for the replication of DNA
Conservative model
Both parental strands stay together after DNA
replication
Semi-conservative model
The double-stranded DNA contains one parental and one
daughter strand following replication
Dispersive model
Parental and daughter DNA are interspersed in both
strands following replication
Proposed Models of DNA Replication
39. Semi-conservative model
The double-stranded
DNA contains one
parental and one
daughter strand
following replication
Conservative model
Both parental
strands stay
together after
DNA replication
Dispersive model
Parental and daughter
DNA are interspersed in
both strands following
replication
40.
41. Expt by meselson and sthal:
•Bacterial (E coli) DNA is placed in a media containing heavy
nitrogen(N15), which binds to the DNA, making it identifiable.
•This DNA is then placed in a media with the presence of N14 and
left to replicate only once. The new bases will contain nitrogen 14
while the originals will contain N15.
•The DNA is placed in test tubes containing caesium chloride
(heavy compound) and centrifuged at 40,000 revolutions per
minute.
•The caesium chloride molecules sink to the bottom of the test tubes
creating a density gradient. The DNA molecules will position at
their corresponding level of density (taking into account that N15 is
more dense than N14)
•These test tubes are observed under ultraviolet rays. DNA appears
as a fine layer in the test tubes at different heights according to their
density.
42. 1958: Matthew Meselson & Frank Stahl’s Experiment
Semiconservative model of DNA replication
43. Bacteria
cultured in
medium with
15N (heavy
isotope)
Bacteria
transferred to
medium with
14N (lighter
isotope)
DNA sample
centrifuged
after first
replication
DNA sample
centrifuged
after second
replication
Less
dense
More
dense
Predictions: First replication Second replication
Conservative
model
Semiconservative
model
Dispersive
model
21
3 4
EXPERIMENT
RESULTS
CONCLUSION