for school biology

1. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
According to the World Health
Organisation (WHO), reproductive
health means a total well-being in all
aspects of reproduction, i.e.
physical, emotional, behavioural and
social.

2. PROBLEM AND STRATEGIES
The main problem is over population.
India started“family planning” in 1951 .
Reproductive health in a society is important part of
general health.

3. PROBLEM AND STRATEGIES
Maternal Health care is required
Proper Medical Care.
Awareness among people.
Sex education among students
Access to reproductive and sexual health in
adults.
Prevention of sex abuse and sex related crime

4. GOVERNMENT PLANS
 Through the help of audio-visuals & print media.
 Even family members, close relations are involved in the
awareness.
 Sex education was introduced in schools to provide
awareness and proper information about reproductive
organs, adolescence & related changes , safe & hygienic
sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS etc.
 Amniocentesis – It is a technique used to find out
chromosomal abnormalities in developing embryo by
using amniotic fluid.

5. NATURAL BIRTH CONTROL
 Abstinence: Celibacy or sexual abstinence means avoiding sexual intercourse.
 If the female have 280day cycle then 9-19 is danger period. Other days are safe.
 Withdrawal: Also known as coitus interruptus, this is when the man removes the penis from the vagina
so that ejaculation occurs outside of the vagina. In theory, this prevents the sperm from being deposited
in the vagina.
 withdrawal is about 80 percent effective.

6. IUD(INTRA UTERINE DEVICES)
 Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs) are the devices introduced in the uterus through vagina by doctors or expert
nurses.
 These are of following types:(a) Non-medicated IUDs, e.g. lippes loop.(b) Copper-releasing IUDs, e.g. Cu-
T, Cu-7, multiload 375.(c) Hormone-releasing IUDs, e.g. progestasert, LNG 20.IUDs prevent contraception
in the following ways:(a) Increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.(b) Some IUDs suppress
sperm motility and fertilising ability of sperm by releasing copper ions.(c) The hormone releasing IUDs
make uterus unsuitable for implantation and make the cervix hostile to sperms.IUDs are ideal
contraceptives for females who want to delay pregnancy. It is one of most widely accepted
contraception method in India

7. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
 Oral contraceptives are hormonal preparations in the form of pills.
(a) Pills are small doses of either progestogens or progesterone-estrogen combinations.
(b) Oral pills alter/inhibit ovulation and implantation and also modify the quality of cervical
mucus to prevent/retard entry of sperms.
(c) Oral pills have to be taken daily for a period of 21 days starting within the first five
days of menstrual cycle.
(d) Saheli an example of oral contraceptive developed by scientists at Central Drug
Research Institute (CDRI) Lucknow, contains a non-steroid called centchroman. It is a
once-a-week pill, with very few side effects.

8. BARRIER METHOD
 Barrier methods of contraception work by creating a physical barrier between sperm and
egg cells so that fertilization cannot occur. The most common forms of barrier
contraception are:
 condoms (male and female),
 diaphragm
 cervical cap
 contraceptive sponge.
 Spermicides, a form of chemical contraceptive that work by killing sperm, are often
combined with barrier methods of contraception for greater effectiveness.
 Barrier methods of contraception generally do not have the side effects of hormonal
contraceptives, and some forms of barrier contraception (contraceptive sponges and
condoms) may be obtained without a prescription and easily purchased over the counter at
pharmacies.

9.  Implants or injections are effective for longer period, although their mode of action is
similar to oral contraceptives. Progesterone alone or in combination with estrogen are used
by females as injections or implants under the skin.
(vi) Emergency contraceptives included administration of progesterone or progestogen
oestrogen combinations or IUDs within 72 hours of coitus. It has been found to be very
effective to avoid possible pregnancy due to rape or casual unprotected intercourse.
Both of these techniques are highly effective but poorly reversible.

10. SURGICAL METHOD
 Vasectomy:- Cutting and tiding of vasdeferens to prevent sperm release.
 It is a permanent contraception.
 It is done in males.
 Tubectomy:-Cutting and tiding of fallopian tubes to prevent Egg Meeting with sperm.
 It is a permanent contraception.
 It is done in females.