AMERICAN LANGUAGE HUB_Level2_Student'sBook_Answerkey.pdf
reproductive health.ppt
1. Reproductive health
Total well being in all aspects of
reproduction i.e physical,
emotional, behavioral & social is
called reproductive health
A society with people having
physically & functionally normal
reproductive organs normal
emotional& behavioral
interactions among them in all
sex related aspects is said to be
reproductively healthy society
2. Reproductive & child health care (RCH)
THE MAJOR TASKS UNDER THIS PROGRAMMES ARE
1. Creating awareness among people about various reproduction related aspects
2. providing facilities & support for building up reproductively healthy society
3. Steps taken by the government Creating awareness
among people about various reproduction related
aspects
1.Introduction of the sex education
in the schools is encouraged to
provide right information to the
young so as to discourage myths
& misconceptions about sex
related aspects
2.proper information about
reproductive organs ,adolescence
& related changes safe & hygienic
sexual practices ,STD,AIDS would
help the people especially those in
the adolescent age groupto lead a
reproductively healthy life
4. introduction of sex education in schools is necessary. It would
provide right information to young individuals at the right time
about various aspects of reproductive health such as reproductive
organs, puberty, and adolescence related changes, safe sexual
practices, sexually transmitted diseases, etc.
The young individual or adolescents are more susceptible in
acquiring various sexually transmitted diseases.
Hence, providing information to them at the right time would help
them to lead a reproductively healthy life and also protect them
from the myths and misconceptions about various sex related
issues.
5. 3. Educating people especially
fertile couple & those in
marriageable age group about
birth control options , care of
pregnant mothers, post- natal care
of mother & child ,importance of
mother feeding , equal
opportunities for the male
&female child would address the
importance of bringing up socially
healthy societies of desirable size
6. Awareness of problems due
to uncontrolled population
growth, social evils like sex
abuse ,sex related crimes
need to be created to
enable the people to take
up necessary steps to
prevent them& there by
build up a socially
responsible& healthy
society
7. Factors which indicate the reproductively
healthy society
1. Better awareness about sex
related matters
2. Increased number of medically
assisted deliveries
3. Better post natal care leading to
decreased maternal & infant
mortality rates
4.Increased number of couples
with small families
5. Better detection & cure of STD
6. Overall increased medical
facilities for all sex related
problems
8. Population explosion
World population was 2 billions in 1900
It was increased to 6 billions by 2000
Indian population was 350 millions at the time of our independence
It crossed one billion in may 2000
Every sixth person in the world is an Indian
9. Reasons for population explosion
1. A rapid decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate, infant mortality rate
2. Increase in number of people in reproducible age
10. Measures taken by the government to
check the population growth rate
1. Motivating the people to have smaller families by using various contraceptive
methods
2. Raising the marriagble age of the females to 18 years & males to 21 years
3. Giving incentives to the couples with small families
11. IDEAL CONTRACEPTIVE
1) User friendly
2) Easily available
3) Effective
4) Reversible with no or less side effects
5) It should not interfere with the sexual desire or sexual act of the user
13. NATURAL METHODS
There are three natural methods
1) PERIODIC ABSTINANCE
2) WITHDRAWL( OR ) COITUS INTERRUPTUS
3)LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA
Natural methods work on the principle of avoiding
chances of ovum & sperms meeting
As no medicines or devices are used in this method ,
side effects are almost nil
Chances of failure through these methods are also
high
14. 1. Periodic abstinance
In this method couple avoid or abstain from coitus
from 10th to 17th day of the menstrual cycle when
ovulation could be expected
As chances of fertilization are high during this period,
it is called the fertile period
Therefore by avoiding the coitus during this period
conception can be prevented
15. 2.WITHDRAWL( OR ) COITUS
INTERRUPTUS
In this method male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before
ejaculation to avoid the insemination
16. 3) LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA
It is the absence of the menstruation
This method is based on the fact that ovulation &
menstrual cycle do not occur during period of the
intense lactation following parturition
As long as the mother breast feeds the child fully, the
chances of conception are nil
This method is effective only for 6 months following
parturition
18. Barrier methods
In barrier methods ovum & sperm are prevented physically meeting with the help
of the barriers
These methods are available for both males & females
19. Condoms
These are the barriers made of thin rubber latex sheath that are used to cover the
penis in males or vagina & cervix in females just before coitus
Due to this ejaculated semen will not enter into the female reproductive tract
This can prevent conception
22. Benefits of condoms
The use of condoms in recent years has increased
due to their additional benefits
1. They protect the user from contracting STDs &
AIDS
2. Both male & female condoms are disposable
3. They can be self inserted & there by gives privacy
to the user
Nirodh is the popular brand of condom for the male
23. .
DIAPHRAGMS
Diaphragms ,cervical
caps , vaults are also
barriers made of
rubber that are inserted
into the female
reproductive tract to
cover the cervix during
the coitus
They prevent the
conception by blocking
the entry of the sperms
through the cervix
They are reusable
28. INTRA UTERINE CONTRACEPTIVES
IUDs are ideal contraceptive devices for the females who want to
delay pregnancy or space children
This is one of the most widely accepted contraceptive device in India
These are of three types
1. Non medicated IUD(Lippes loop)
2. Copper releasing IUD( CuT, Cu7,multiload 375)
3.Hormone realeasing IUD (progestasert,LNG-20)
Function of IUD
IUDs increase the phagocytosis of the
sperms within the uterus
30. COPPER T (CuT)
Function of copper
releasing IUD
1. Phagocytosis of the
sperms
2.Copper ions suppress
the sperm motility& the
fertilizing capacity of the
sperms
33. This is the oral
administration of the
small doses of either
progestogens or
progestogen-
estrogen
combinations
They are used in the
form of tablets that’s
why they are said to
be oral pills
34. How to use pills
They have to be taken daily for a period of 21 days
After a gap of 7 days ( during which menstruation occurs ) it has to be repeated in
the same pattern till the female desires to prevent conception
Pills are very effective with less side effects
Pills are used by the females
35. Pills as contraceptive methods
1. They inhibit ovulation , implantation
2.They alter the quality of the cervical mucus to prevent & retard the entry of the
sperms
36. Saheli
It is a new oral contraceptive pill for the females contains a non steroidal
preparation
It is a once a week pill with very few side effects & high contraceptive value
38. Injections & implants
Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen can also be used by
females as injections or implants under the skin
Their mode of action is similar to the pills & their effective periods are longer
40. HOW TO USE IMPLANTS
The Norplant system requires just one trip to the
doctor every 5 years—
and nothing else! There's no
daily pill to remember and nothing to fuss with
before sex. The only major drawback to the
system is the insertion procedure. Because the 6
levonorgestrel-filled capsules that make up the
system must be placed under the skin, you can
expect tenderness and swelling of your upper
inner arm for a couple of days while the insertion
site heals.
41. EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVES
Progestogens alone or Progestogen-estrogen combination or IUD within 24 hours
of coitus are very effective as emergency contraceptives to avoid possible
pregnancy due to rape or casual unprotected intercourse
43. Surgical methods
Surgical methods, also called sterilisation, are
generally advised for the male/female partner
as a terminal method to prevent any more
pregnancies.
Surgical intervention blocks gamete transport
and thereby prevent conception. Sterilisation
procedure in the male is called ‘vasectomy’
and that in the female, ‘tubectomy’.
These techniques are highly effective but
their reversibility is very poor
44. Tubectomy
In tubectomy, a small part of the
fallopian tube is removed or tied
up through a small incision in
the abdomen or through vagina.
45. Vasectomy
In vasectomy, a small part of the
vas deferens is removed or tied
up through a small incision on
the scrotum
47. It needs to be emphasised that the selection of a suitable
contraceptive method and its use should always be
undertaken in consultation with qualified medical
professionals.
One must also remember that contraceptives are not
regular requirements for the maintenance of
reproductive health.
In fact, they are practiced against a natural reproductive
event, i.e., conception/pregnancy. One is forced to use
these methods either to prevent pregnancy or to delay or
space pregnancy due to personal reasons.
48. Ill effects of contraceptives
Contraceptives are not regular requirements for the
maintenance of reproductive health
They are practiced against the natural reproductive event
They cause ill effects
1. Nausea
2. Abdominal pain
3. Break through bleeding
4. Irregular menstrual bleeding
5. Breast cancer
57. MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY
Intentional or voluntary termination
of pregnancy before full term is
called MTP or induced abortion
58. Nearly 45 to 50 million MTPs are performed in a year all over the world which
accounts to 1/5th of the total number of conceived pregnancies in a year.
Obviously, MTP has a significant role in decreasing the population though it is not
meant for that purpose.
59. CAUSES FOR MTP
1) Casual or unprotected intercourse
2) Failure of contraceptive device used during coitus
3)MTP is essential in certain cases where continuation of pregnancy could be
harmful or fatal either to the mother or fetus or both
60. Government of India legalised MTP in 1971 with some strict conditions to avoid its
misuse. Such restrictions are all the more important to check indiscriminate and
illegal female foeticides which are reported to be high in India
61. SAFER PERIOD FOR MTP
During first trimester i.e. up to
12 weeks of pregnancy MPTS
are considered safe
second trimester abortions
are much more riskier
62. Amniocentesis
Amniocentesis (also referred to as amniotic fluid test or AFT) is a medical procedure
used in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities and fetal infections, and
also used for sex determination in which a small amount of amniotic fluid, which
contains fetal tissues is sampled
75. MODES OF TRANSMISSION OF STD
Sexual contact
AIDS &Hepatitis B spread also by
1) By sharing of injection needles
2)Surgical instruments
3)Transfusion of blood
4)From infected mother to fetus
76. EARLY SYMPTOMS OF STD
SYMPTOMS APPEAR IN GENITAL REGION
1) Itching
2) Fluid discharge
3) Slight pain
4) Swelling
77. Preventive measures of STD
1) Avoid sex with unknown persons /multiple persons
2) Always use condoms during coitus
3) In case of doubt ,go to qualified doctor for early detection & get
complete treatment if diagnosed with diseases
78. If STDs are not treated for long time ,they lead to
1) Pelvic inflammatory diseases
2) Abortions
3) Still births
4) Ectopic pregnancies
6) Infertility
79.
80. Factors which deter the persons for going
for timely detection & proper treatment
1. Absence or less significant symptoms in the early stages of the infection
2. Social stigma attached to the STD
82. CAUSES FOR INFERTILITY
1)Physical
2)Congenital
3)Diseases
4)Drugs
5)Immunological or physiological
83. ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES
Test tube programme
Gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT)
Intra cytoplasmic sperm injections( ICSI)
Artificial inseminations
84. TEST TUBE BABY PROGRAMME
It involves 2 steps
1. in vitro fertilization
2. Embryo transfer
85.
86.
87. In vitro fertilization
The ovum from the mother
and the sperm from the
father are collected
They are allowed to fuse to
form the zygote under
stimulated conditions in
the laboratory. This is
called in vitro fertilization
88. Embryo transfer
In vitro fertilization is followed by
the embryo transfer into the
uterus or fallopian tube
The zygote is allowed to form
embryo
The zygote or early embryoes with
8 blastomers will be transferred
into the fallopian tube . This is
called ZIFT( Zygote intra fallopiasn
transfer)
The zygote or early embryoes with
more than 8 blastomers will be
transferred into the uterus . This is
called IUT ( Intra uterine transfer)
89. Zygote intra fallopian transfer
Embryo with 8
blastomeres
Embryo with 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube
90. Embryo has more
than 8 blastomeres
Embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is introduced into the uterus
91. In this the sperm is directly introduced
into the ovum
94. Gamete intrafallopian transfer
Injection of the egg
Transfer of an ovum collected from a
donor into the fallopian tube is called
Gamete intra fallopian transfer
95. In this technique the semen collected either from the
husband or healthy donor is artificially introduced
either into the vagina or into the uterus of the female
96.
97. ARTEFICIAL INSEMINATION
This is used
1) when male partner has the inability to inseminate the female
2) Very low sperm count In the male ejaculate