2. INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION
PRESENTED BY :
1. AHSANUL HAQUE RIFAT
2.PSYCHE MANKHIN
3.AZIZUL ISLAM
4. LIVA HAQUE
5.SHAIRA TASNIM ANIKA
DEPT. OF SOCIOLOGY
JATIYA KABI KAZI NAZRUL ISLAM UNIVERSITY
TRISHAL , MYMENSINGH
3. INTRODUCTION :
The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age
civilization ( 3300-1300 BCE ; mature period
2600-1900 BCE) that is located in north-western
region of Indian subcontinent.
Flourishing around the Indus River basin, the
civilization primarily centered along the Indus
and Panjab region, extending into the Ghaggar-
Hakra River Valley and the Ganges-Yamuna
Doab.
The Indus Valley civilization is also known as
the Harappa Civilization .
5. EVOLUTION OF INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION :
1. 6500-5000 BC : EARLY FOOD PRODUCING ERA .
2. 5000-2600 BC: REGIONALIZATION ERA
(3300-2600 BC: EARLY HARAPPAN).
3. 2600-1900 BC: INTEGRATION ERA ( MATURE HARAPPAN)
4. 1900-1300 BC: LOCALIZATION ERA ( LATE HARAPPAN)
5. 1300-300 BC: POST INDUS TRADITION
6. DISCOVERY & EXCAVATION
:
• INDUS VALLEY WAS FIRST DESCRIBED IN
1842 BY CHARLES MASSON IN HIS
“NARRATIVE OF VARIOUS JOURNEYS IN
BALUCHISTAN, AFGHANISTAN AND THE
PUNJAB”, WHERE LOCALS TALKED OF AN
ANCIENT CITY .
• IN 1872-75 ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAM
PUBLISHED THE FIRST HARAPPA SEAL
(WITH AN ERRONEOUS IDENTIFICATION
AS BRAHMI LETTERS).
• FINALLY, AN EXCAVATION CAMPAIGN
WAS STARTED UNDER SIR JOHN HUBERT
7. GEOGRAPHY OF INDUS
VALLEY• THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE INDUS VALLEY PUT THE
CIVILIZATION THAT AROSE THERE IN A HIGHLY SIMILAR
SITUATION TO THOSE IN EGYPT AND PERU , WITH RICH
AGRICULTURAL LANDS BEING SURROUNDED BY HIGHLANDS
, DESERT, AND OCEAN .
• THE CIVILIZATION EXTENDED EAST INTO THE GHAGGAR-
HAKRA RIVER VALLEY AND THE UPPER RICHES GANGES-
YAMUNA DOAB; IT EXTENDED WEST TO THE MACRON
COAST OF BALUCHISTAN.
• THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION ENCOMPASSED MOST OF
PAKISTAN, EXTENDING FROM BALUCHISTAN TO SINDH AND
EXTENDING INTO MODERN DAY INDIAN STATES OF
GUJARAT, RAJASTHAN, HARYANA AND PUNJAB, WITH AN
UPWARD REACH TO RUPAR ON THE UPPER SUTLEJ.
• RECENTLY, INDUS SITES HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED IN
9. CITIES
MOHENJO-DARO :
TO THE NORTH IS A CITADEL OR RAISED
AREA. IN MOHENJO-DARO, THE CITADEL
IS BUILT ON AN ARCHITECTURE
PLATFORM ABOUT 45 FEET ABOVE THE
PLAIN.
Harappa :
At the upper site of valley the
another city was situated named
Harappa. This Civilization is also
called Harappa civilization.
11. RELIGION :
THE RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEM OF THE INDUS VALLEY PEOPLE HAVE RECEIVED CONSIDERABLE
ATTENTION ESPECIALLY FROM THE VIEW OF IDENTIFYING PRECURSORS TO DEITIES AND
RELIGIOUS PRACTICES OF INDIAN RELIGIONS THAT LATER DEVELOPED IN THE AREA.
12. WRITING SYSTEM :
• BETWEEN 400 AND AS MANY AS 600 DISTINCT INDUS SYMBOLS
HAVE BEEN FOUND ON SEALS, SMALL TABLETS, CERAMIC POTS
AND MORE THAN A DOZEN OTHER MATERIALS, INCLUDING A
“SIGNBOARD” THAT APPARENTLY ONCE HUNG OVER THE GATE
OF THE INNER CITADEL OF THE INDUS CITY OF DHOLAVIRA.
14. ART & CRAFTS :
• VARIOUS SCULPTURES, SEALS, POTTERY,
GOLD JEWELRY, AND ANATOMICALLY
DETAILED FIGURINES IN TERRACOTTA,
BRONZE, AND STEATITE HAVE BEEN FOUND
AT EXCAVATION SITES .
• A NUMBER OF GOLD, TERRACOTTA AND
STONE FIGURINES OF GIRLS IN DANCING
POSES. THESE TERRA-COTTA FIGURINES
INCLUDED COWS, BEARS, MONKEYS AND
DOGS .
15. TRADE & TRANSPORTATION :
• THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION’S
ECONOMY APPEARS TO HAVE
DEPENDED SIGNIFICANTLY ON TRADE,
WHICH WAS FACILLATED BY MAJOR
ADVANCES IN TRANSPORT
TECHNOLOGY .
• THE IVC MAY HAVE BEEN THE FIRST
CIVILIZATION TO USE WHEELED
TRANSPORT .
• THEY HAVE BEEN USED BOAT AND
SEA-GOING CRAFT FOR
TRANSFORMATION .
• DURING THE EARLY HARAPPAN
PERIOD, SIMILARITIES IN POTTERY,
17. CAREFULLY PLANNED CITIES :
• THE CITIES OF THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
WERE WELL-ORGANIZED AND SOLIDLY BUILT OUT OF
BRICK AND STONE .
• THEIR DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, WELLS AND WATER
STORAGE SYSTEMS WERE THE MOST SOPHISTICATED
IN THE ANCIENT WORLD .
18. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY :
• THE PEOPLE OF THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
ACHIEVED GREAT ACCURACY IN MEASURING
LENGTH , MASS, AND TIME .
• THEY WERE AMONG THE FIRST TO DEVELOP A
SYSTEM OF UNIFORM WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
• HARAPPANS EVOLVED SOME NEW TECHNIQUES IN
METALLURGY AND PRODUCED COPPER , BRONZE ,
LEAD AND TIN .
• THE ENGINEERING SKILL OF THE HARAPPANS WAS
REMARKABLE , ESPECIALLY IN BUILDING DOCKS .
20. DECLINE OF INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION
• BY 1900 B.C. THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION WAS ALREADY ON THE
DECLINE . THE TRADITIONAL EXPLANATION WAS THAT AGGRESSIVE INDO-
ARYANS DESTROYED INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION .
• THE MORE RECENT EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT IVC BROKE DOWN FROM
WITHIN PROBABLY DUE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS . CARELESS
DEFORESTATION DEGRADED THE INTEGRITY OF THE INDUS VALLEY
LANDSCAPE AND RUINED THE FARM LANDS .
21. EFFECT ON HUMAN CIVILIZATION
ACTUALLY EACH AND EVERY ACHIEVEMENT MAKE AN IMPORTANT EFFECTS ON
SUB-CONTINENTAL CULTURE.
• THE INDUS CIVILIZATION MAY HAVE BEEN THE FIRST CIVILIZATION TO USE
WHEELED TRANSPORT . THESE ADVANCES MAY HAVE INCLUDED BULLOCK
CARTS THAT ARE IDENTICAL TO THOSE SEEN THROUGHOUT SOUTH ASIAN
TERRITORY TODAY , AS WELL AS BOATS .
• THEIR WELL ORGANIZED URBANIZATION SYSTEM MAKE AN EFFECTS ON NEXT
CIVILIZATION .
• SOME OF THE CRAFTS WHICH WERE FOUND IN HARAPPA CIVILIZATION ARE
STILL PRACTICED IN THE SUB CONTINENT TODAY .