Geothermal Direct Applications utilization and use. A complete procedure is mentioned with merits.

2. Tapping an inexhaustible
Energy Source
Geothermal Energy
Azfar Rasool (12-EL-04)

3. CONTENTS
oWhat is Geothermal Energy?
oHistory
oResources
oDirect Applications
oGeothermal Electricity Generation
oAdvantages and Disadvantages
oConclusion

4. Origin of Geothermal Energy

5. CONTENTS
oWhat is Geothermal Energy?
oHistory
oResources
oDirect Applications
oGeothermal Electricity Generation
oAdvantages and Disadvantages
oConclusion

6. History
• Hot springs have been used for bathing since
centuries. The oldest known spa is a stone pool
on China’s Lisan mountain built in the 3rd century BC.
• The world's oldest geothermal district heating system
in France, has been operating since the 14th century.
• In 1911, the world's first commercial geothermal
power plant was built at Larderello, Italy.
• In 1960, Pacific Gas and Electric Co. began operation
of the first successful geothermal electric power plant
in the USA.
• In 2014, 30715 MW of geothermal power was
developed in 70 countries.

7. The oldest known pool fed by
a hot spring, built by the Qin
dynasty in the 3rd century
BCE.
Today, Chevron Corporation is
the world's largest private
geothermal electricity
producer.

8. then and now…
1904 2014

9. CONTENTS
oWhat is Geothermal Energy?
oHistory
oResources
oDirect Applications
oGeothermal Electricity Generation
oAdvantages and Disadvantages
oConclusion

10. Resources
•The Earth's internal thermal energy flows
to the surface by conduction at a rate of
44.2 TW.
•These power rates are more than double
humanity’s current energy consumption
from all primary sources, but most of this
energy flow is not recoverable.
•The geothermal gradient of
temperatures through the crust is 25–
30 °C per kilometer of depth in most of
the world.
•The conductive heat flux averages
0.1 MW/km2.
•Estimates of the potential for electricity
generation from geothermal energy vary
from 0.035 to 2TW depending on the
scale of investments.

11. CONTENTS
oWhat is Geothermal Energy?
oHistory
oResources
oDirect Applications
oGeothermal Electricity Generation
oAdvantages and Disadvantages
oConclusion

12. Direct Applications
• It includes district heating, greenhouses, fisheries, mineral recovery,
industrial process heating, air conditioning, drying, aquaculture,
melting snow, space heating, green house, etc. ???????HOW?????
• Low-temperature (149C or less) geothermal resources are typically
used in direct-use applications.
• Iceland is the world leader in direct application of geothermal energy.
93% of its homes are heated with geothermal energy.
• Reykjavík, Iceland has the biggest district heating system on the
globe.

13. Borehole Heat
Exchanger
•Borehole heat exchanger
is used for space heating.
•Water is sent down a
well to be heated by the
Earth’s warmth.
•Then a heat pump is
used to take the heat from
the underground water to
the substance that heats
the house.
• Then, after the water is
cooled, it is injected back
into the Earth.

14. 14
…transfer this stored energy & use temperature
differences above & below the earth’s surface to
heat & cool buildings…

15. 15
A geothermal heat pump
circulates water through a
sealed underground piping loop
where it is naturally warmed (or
cooled) by the earth
…using Heat Pump Technology

16. 16
The Earth is the Source of Heat in
Winter…
Outdoor air
design temperature:
-10°C20°C
70°C
A geothermal heat pump transfers underground
heat into the building to provide heating

17. 17
…and an Efficient Place to Reject or
Store Heat in Summer…
Outdoor air
design temperature:
50°C30°C
70°C
A geothermal heat pump transfers heat from the
building into the ground to provide cooling

18. DS-303

19. CONTENTS
oWhat is Geothermal Energy?
oHistory
oResources
oDirect Applications
oGeothermal Electricity Generation
oAdvantages and Disadvantages
oConclusion

20. Types of Geothermal Power Stations
• Dry Steam Power Plants (Vapor Dominated)
• Flash Steam Power Plants (Liquid Dominated)
• Binary Cycle Power Plants

21. CONTENTS
oWhat is Geothermal Energy?
oHistory
oResources
oDirect Applications
oGeothermal Electricity Generation
oAdvantages and Disadvantages
oConclusion

22. Conclusion
Advantages
• Non conventional energy source
• It is replenished by radioactive
decay of minerals
• Unending source
• Continuous supply
• Cheap operation
Disadvantages
• Fluids drawn from the deep earth
carry a mixture of gases,
notably carbon dioxide , hydrogen
sulfide and ammonia which
contribute to global warming, acid
rain
• Construction is too costly
• Noise pollution
• Land survey can be unreliable.

24. Thank You!