Complete Introduction to Remote Sensing_2014

1. Part _ 1

2. Emerging New Subjects and their applications
Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 2

3. Introduction to New Fields
Remote
Sensing (RS)
Geographic
Information
System (GIS)
Geomatics
Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 3

4. PART - 01
Remote Sensing
Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 4

5. Introduction to Basics
Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 5

6. Remote Sensing (RS)
 “The art and science of obtaining information about an object without being in
direct contact with the object” (Jensen 2000).
 The science (and art) of acquiring information about an object, without
entering in contact with it, by sensing and recording reflected or emitted
energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information.
 Information usually gathered from spacecraft or an airplane.
 In from of aerial photographs to satellite images.
Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 6

7. Remote Sensors …
Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 7
Eyes Ears
Binoculars Digital Camera
Pigeon Cameras
1903

8. Types of Remote Sensing
Types
Terrestrial
RS
Optical 300nm – 3000nm
Thermal >3000nm-14,000nm
Microwave 1mm-1m
Celestial
RS
Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 8

9. VISION
Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 9
HUMAN’s EYE
Rods (to see objects at night) = 7 million
Cones (to see colors) = 100 million
CAT’s EYE
Rods (to see objects at night) =~ 21 million
Cones (to see colors) =~ far less

10. The basic principle of remote sensing is based upon the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with atmosphere
and the earth. Electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from an object is the usual source of remote sensing data.
Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 10

11. Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 11
Wavelength
Frequency
(how many times peak
passes per second)
Light - can be thought of as a wave in the 'electromagnetic field' of the universe
A wave can be characterized by its wavelength or its frequency
Remote sensing is
concerned with the
measurement of EMR
returned by the earth’s
natural and cultural
features that first receive
energy from the sun or an
artificial source such as a
radar transmitter.
Blue green yellow red
1020 Hz 1018 Hz 1016 Hz 1014 Hz 1012 Hz 1010 Hz
1 pm 10pm 10 nm 1 micron 100 microns 1 mm 100 mm
vi-
si-
ble
Gamma
Rays
X-Rays UV N.
IR
Th.
IR
Microwaves
Radar
TV FM
Radiowaves
0.4 m 0.5 m 0.6 m 0.7 m
Mid
IR
Far IR
Visible light contains light
from 0.4 to 0.7 micrometers
Infrared light from 0.1
micrometers to 1 millimeter

12. Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 12

13. Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 13

14. Resolutions
Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 14
Resolutions
SPATIAL
Smallest
identifiable area as
a discrete object in
an image
SPECTRAL
No. of frequencies
recorded = sensors
TEMPORAL
Time interval
between
measurements
RADIOMETRIC
Intensities
identified by
sensors

15. Image is the Pictorial Presentation of Raster. Pixels are called as Picture elements. Size of Pixel gives the Resolution of the image.
Smaller the Pixel size Larger will the Resolution. Every Raster is not image but every image is a Raster.
Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 15
SPATIAL RESOLUTION

16. * Vegetation in Yellowish green, * Vegetation in Red.
* Water in Gray, * Water in Black.
Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 16
SPECTRAL RESOLUTION

17. Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 17
Spectral
Resolution
MSS Multi-spectral Bands: 3-14
Hyper-spectral Bands: 24-224

18. Temporal Resolution (Example: for satellite in Red and Black colors)
Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 18
Time
July 1 July 12 July 23 August 3
11 days
16 days
July 2 July 18 August 3
TEMPORAL RESOLUTION

19. Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 19
1023
6-bit range
0 63
8-bit range
0 255
0
10-bit range
2-bit range
0 4
RADIOMETRIC RESOLUTION

20. Resolution of Satellite Systems
Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 20
SPATIAL RESOLUTIONS
 NOAA-AVHRR (1100 m)
 GOES (700 m)
 MODIS (250, 500, 1000 m)
 Landsat TM and ETM (30 – 60 m)
 SPOT (10 – 20 m)
 IKONOS (4, 1 m)
 Quick-bird (0.6 m)

21. *LAC: Local Area Coverage
*GAC: Global Area Coverage
Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 21
Serial
No.
Satellites
Altitude
(km)
Bands (µm) Multi-spectral (m)
Panchromati
c (m)
Thermal
(m)
Purpose

22. Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 22

23. October 23, 2005 Dust storm in Chad at 250 m resolution, MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro radiometer) NASA Moderate
Resolution Imaging Spectrometer, 705 km, sun-synchronous orbit, 1-2 day for all of earth, 250 m, 500 m, 1000 m resolution. NASA
Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 23
MODIS (250 m)

24. 30 m resolution and 60 m resolution (thermal), 705 km orbit, 7 bands including thermal infrared, Manhattan, KS. Image, 2000 (USGS-
EROS)
Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 24
LANDSAT (30 m)

25. Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 25
IKONOS (04 m)
MSS

26. Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 26
SPOT (2.5 m)

27. Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 27
IKONOS (01 m)
(Panchromatic)

28. Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 28
Quick Bird (0.6 m)

29. Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 29
Imagery and their price ranges

30. Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 30
Imagery free of cost

31. Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 31

32. REFERENCES
Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 32
1. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) to Manage Civil Engineering Projects By Asmaa Abdul
Jabbar
2. Longley et al (2005) Geographic Information Systems and Science. 2nd Edition. John Wiley and Sons
Ltd. (Chapter 14, pages 317-319)
3. www.esri.com/engineering
4. http://webhelp.esri.com/arcpad/8.0/userguide/index.htm#capture_devices/concept_intro.htm
Special Acknowledgement
Industrial partners: ESRI, Danish Hydraulic Institute, Camp, Dresser and McKee, Dodson and Associates
Government partners:
Federal: EPA, USGS, Corps of Engineers (Hydrologic Engineering Center)
State: Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Texas Water Development Board
Local: Lower Colorado River Authority, City of Austin, Dept. of Watershed Protection
Academic Partners: University of Texas, Brigham Young University, Utah State University

33. Monday, August 11, 2014PIAIP_NESPAK 33