This document summarizes research on removing acidic dye from water using modified kaolinite clay. It discusses the history and types of dyes. The study examines removing Congo Red dye, a toxic acidic dye, using modified kaolinite clay. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of initial dye concentration, contact time, and amount of adsorbent on removal efficiency. Adsorption isotherms were also analyzed. Results showed over 95% removal was achieved under optimal conditions, with adsorption following Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The conclusion is that modified kaolinite clay is a promising adsorbent for wastewater treatment.

1. Removal of Acidic Dye from Aqueous solution
using modified Kaolinite Clay

2. PRESENTED BY: ATIKA BATOOL
SUPERVISOR: MS. SUMINA IBRAHIM
CO-SUPERVISOR: DR.UZMA HAMEED

4. DYES:
Definition:
“A dye is a colored substance
that chemically bonds to the
substrate to which it is being
applied. This distinguishes dyes
from pigments which do not
chemically bind to the material
they color. ”

5. HISTORY OF
DYE:

6. The textile industries are
working more than 4000 years
ago. But in the past like about
last 150 years natural sources
were used to acquire dyes.

7. • Probably the oldest
known dye is the
blue dye indigo,
obtained in Europe
from the leaves of
the dyerswoad herb.
and in Asia from the
indigo plant.

8. CLASSIFICATIONOF DYES:
1- on the basis of source
 natural dye
 synthetic dye
• 2-on the basis of composition

9. Until the 1850s virtually all dyes were obtained from
natural sources, most commonly from vegetables,
such as plants, trees, and lichens, with a few
from insects.

10. DECLINE OF NATURAL
DYES
• Until 1857 the dye industry utilized
natural dyes almost declined. By 1900
nearly 90% of industrial dyes were
synthetic. Several factors contributed
to the commercial decline of natural
dyes.
• In 1856, the big change in dyes came
following the discovery of Mauveine
by William Henry Perkin, as he tried to
prepare quinine, quinine is a drug that
is given to cure a disease called
Malaria, while he was attempting to
synthesize quinine, he made a dye.

11. CLASSIFICATIONONTHEBASISOFCOMPOSITION:
• 1- nitro and nitroso dye
• Eg: naphthalene yellow

12. 2-azo dye
eg:Congo red

13. 3-triphenylmethane dye

14. 4-anthraquinone dye
eg: Alizarin

15. 5-indigo dye
eg:indigo blue

16. APPLICATIONS OF DYES:
 dye used to impart color to paper,
leather, and other materials
 Dyes are widely used by industries
for inks and tinting.
 Dyes are used by textile industries
for cloth coloring.
 used in cosmetic stuff.
 Used in identification of micro-
organisms.

17. NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF
DYES
• As due to the increasing dependency
of the industries on synthetic dyes,
many negative effects of dye
discharges on human health and
ecology have been become matter of
worry.
• The discharge of industries getting
mixed with water causing pollution.

18. POLLUTION:
Pollution is the introduction
of contaminants into the
natural environment that
cause adverse change.

19. ROLE OF INDUSTRIES IN
POLLUTION
• According to an estimate value, out of
approximately 900,000 metric tons of dye
produced yearly, with up to 50% of yearly dye
production goes into environment due to various
way either loss while in process of dying or directly
as effluent. A significant amount of industrial waste
( 17% to 20% ) is composed of dye effluents.

20. HOW TO OVERCOME WATER POLLUTION
• Different techniques have been used for removal of dyes. these Includes
• Flocculation
• Coagulation
• precipitation
• adsorption etc.

21. ADSORPTION:
THE TWO BASIC COMPONENTS OF
ADSORPTION:
ADSORBATE
ADSORBENT

22. OPTIMIZATION OF
AMOUNT:

24. OPTIMIZATION OF
CONCENTRATION:

26. OPTIMIZATION OF TIME:

28. ADSORPTION ISOTHERM:
• LANGMUIR ADSORPTION
ISOTHERM:
0.00E+00
5.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.50E-01
2.00E-01
2.50E-01
0.00E+00 2.00E-04 4.00E-04 6.00E-04 8.00E-04 1.00E-03 1.20E-03 1.40E-03
Ce/x/m
Ce
Langmuir Asorption isotherm for the removal of Congo red
dyeby using Kaolin Clay

30. • In the equation above, Ce (mg L−1) and x/m (mg g−1) are the concentration of
the molecules at equilibrium and the amount of adsorbed molecules on the
surface of the adsorbent at any time.
• Vm shows the maximum adsorption capacity (mg g−1) and
• K represents the langmuir constant (L mg−1).
Ce/x/m=1/KVm X Ce/Vm

31. FREUNDLICH
ADSORPTION
ISOTHERM:
Logx/m=logK+1/nlogCe

33. Logx/m=LogK+1/nLogCe
Where x/m (mg g−1) represents the amount of adsorbed molecules to the adsorbent surface at any time.
Ce (mg L−1) is the equilibrium concentration,
n and Kf are the Freundlich constant and Freundlich exponent. Kf (, respectivelymg g−1) indicates the
adsorption capacity of the adsorbent toward the adsorbate
n is an indicator for the degree of the surface heterogeneity and describes the distribution of the
adsorbed molecules on the adsorbent surface.

34. WORKING:
Optimization of amount.
Optimization of concentration.
Optimization of time.

35. CURRENTSTUDY:
• In this study modified kaolin clay was tested to find out their
adsorptive potential for the removal of Congo red dye from
wastewater and the effect of initial adsorbate concentration, time
and amount of adsorbent for the removal of congo red dye has
been studied.

36. CONGOREDDYE
Uses:
 Histological stain.
 As pH indicator.
 Helps in identification
of micro-organisms.
 Used to color textiles.
Structure

37. TOXICITYOF CONGOREDDYE
• Carcinogen
• mutagen.
• Platelet aggregation.

38. ADSORBENT:
KAOLIN CLAY

39. ADVANTAGEOFUSINGKAOLINCLAY:
• Usage of these clay could bring massive economic and environmental benefits
to wastewater industries. They have advantages over commercially available
adsorbents in terms of:
• low-cost
• abundant availability
• high adsorption properties

40. Result and Discussion

41. In this study modified kaolinite clay were tested to explore their adsorptive
potential for the removal of Congo red from wastewater and the effect of initial
adsorbate concentration, time and amount of adsorbent for the removal of
Congo red dye has been studied.
Effect of initial concentration of dye:
The effect of Congo red dye concentration on adsorption was studied. The maximum
adsorption found was 95.8%.
Effect of time:
The effect of time is an important parameter as it determines the maximum contact time
of desorption of Congo red dye. In order to find out equilibrium time for a maximum
adsorption 0.9g adsorbent was used for a contact time while shaking for 30 ml.
Experiments showed maximum contact time were carried on different times to find the
minimum contact time it was found that at contact time 25 minutes it gives highest
value of 93.5% adsorption of Congo red.

42. Effect of amount of an adsorbent:
Effect of amount is also very important parameter to determine the capacity of
adsorbent for initial concentration of the dye. It was found that a maximum amount of
0.9 g was effective for maximum adsorption of Congo red dye.
Effect of adsorption isotherm:
Temperature is additional factor which is which greatly effects adsorption processes. The
effect of solution temperature was investigated at 303k, 313k, 323k, 333k and 343k.

43. Langmuir adsorption isotherm
Langmuir isotherm model explains monolayer and homogenous adsorption of molecules
to adsorbent layer.
Ce/x/m=1/kVm+Ce/Vm
Graph showed straight line by plotting Ce/x/m on Y-axis and Ce on x-axis. From CR
studied at temperature ranges from 303k, 313k, 323k, 333k and 343k. In case of
kaolin clay CR system. There were increased in the value of K with rise in
temperature which shows the strong adsorbate-adsorbent interaction at high
temperature. The monolayer capacity (Vm) for this system increases with rise in
temperature, this shows high affinity at high temperature. The result shows that this
system follows Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

44. Freundlich adsorption isotherm:
The Freundlich isotherm model is another approach that is used for the description of
the multilayer and heterogeneous adsorption of molecules to the adsorbent surface.
Logx/m=logK+1/nlogCe

45. CONCLUSION:
The results showed that kaolin clay which is abundantly available in
environment can be a promising adsorbent for different types of pollution
especially for treatment of wastewater, polluted by congo red dye.
For adsorption of kaolin it was found that a maximum adsorption of 95.8% was
reached so it would be a good adsorbent.

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dye C.I. Remazol Red and textile effluent by isolated Lysinibacillus sp. RGS. J.
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Kant, R., Textile dyeing industry an environmental hazard. 2011.

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