A PowerPoint Presentation of Terrestrial Planets.

1. WELCOME

7. OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson the learners should be able to:
(a)Identify the terrestrial planets in the solar system,
(b)Describe the distinct and common characteristics of
each terrestrial planet

8. What is terrestrial planet?
TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
• derived from the latin word for Earth (terra) "earth-like"
• a terrestrial planet, telluric planet or rocky planet is a planet
that is composed of silicate rocks or metals.
• the four terrestrial planets-Mercury,Venus, Earth and Mars.

9. MERCURY
closest and smallest planet in
the solar system (3,032 miles
wide)
 consist about 70% metallic
and 30% silicate material

10. HISTORY and MYTHOLOGY
of MERCURY
 often identified with Greek god, Hermes,
the messenger of the God in Roman
mythology
 in 17th century ,Galileo Galilei observed
first the Mercury

11. GEOLOGY OF MERCURY
 mercury's surface is dominated
with basaltic rocks ,smooth
plains and solid-cratered surface.
 Caloris basin-largest known
crater.
 mercury's interior has large
core, mantle and crust.

12. MERCURY'S TEMPERATURE
 noon temperature at the equator about 800°F(430°C)
 nighttime temperature about -290°F (-180°C)

13. MERCURY'S ATMOSPHERE
no atmosphere
 possess a thin exosphere made of atom blasted off the surface
by solar winds and striking meteroids.

14. MERCURY'S ORBIT AND ROTATION
 is highly eccentric
can complete its orbit around the sun in 88 Earth days
 completes one rotation every 59 Earth days

15. has no moon and ring
mercury's magnetic field is offset relative to the planets equator.
other features

16. SPACECRAFT VISITED MERCURY
NASA'S MARINER 10
-launched on 1973
- the first spacecraft visited mercury
-captured the imaged about 45% of
mercury's surface
NASA'S MESSENGER
-launched on 2004
-spacecraft flew by Mercury three times
and orbited the planet for four years before
crashing on its surface at the end of its
mission.

17. DYK?
BEPICOLOMBO?
-joint mission of ESA and JAXA in 2018 to visit the
planet Mercury.
-ESA built the main spacecraft, the Mercury
Planetary Orbiter, and JAXA supplied the Mercury
Magnetospheric Orbiter.
-in October 2021 it captured its first view of
Mercury.

18. VENUS
 the second terrestrial planet from
the sun and often called as
"Earth's twin"
 also known as the "evening star"
or " morning star"
 it is nearly as big as Earth -7,521
miles across

19. HISTORY and MYTHOLOGY
of VENUS
 Venus a cloud-swaddled planet
named for a love and beauty
goddess, Venus.
 Galileo, first observed the venus
through his telescope.

20. GEOLOGY OF VENUS
 Venus has a broiling surface which
appears to have completely erased
most traces of its early surface. In
older surface Venus has a
landscape of valleys and mountains
dotted with thousands of volcanoes.
 Venus interior has iron core
enveloped by hot rock mantle,
thinnest of skins forms a rocky
exterior crust

21. Venus has two "continents," Ishtar
Terra in the north and Aphrodite
Terra near the equator.

22.  Ishtar Terra contains the
four main mountain
ranges of Venus: Maxwell
Montes on the eastern
edge, Freyja Montes in the
north, Akna Montes on
the western edge, and
Danu Montes in the
southern region.

23. Maxwell Montes
-the tallest mountain range
on Venus, rising to about 11
km (7 miles) above the
planet's mean radius

24. TEMPERATURE OF VENUS
day temperature about 900°F (475°C)

25. ATMOSPHERE OF VENUS
 Venus atmosphere is very dense and
composed mostly of carbon dioxide and with
clouds of sulfuric acid.

26. ORBIT AND ROTATION OF VENUS
 planet Venus has extremely slow rotation
 spins in retrograde
a day on venus would be 243 Earth days-longer than Venus year (trip
around the sun) takes on 225 Earth days.

27. other features
 It has no moons and rings
Venus had an induced magnetic field, created by the interaction of
the sun's magnetic field and planets outer atmosphere

28. SPACECRAFT VISITED VENUS
NASA'S MAGELLAN
-launched on May 4, 1989
-to map the surface of Venus by using
synthetic-aperture radar and to measure the
planetary gravitational field.
SOVIET UNION'S VENERA 8
-was the Soviet Union's first fully successful
mission to Venus between 1961 and 1984 to
gather information about the planet Venus.

29. DYK?
In ancient times, Venus was taught as being two different objects in the
sky: The Morning Star and The Evening Star.

31.  The third planet from the Sun and our home planet.
 The fifth largest planet in the solar system and the only
world with liquid water on the surface.
 The biggest planet among the other terrestrial planets.

33.  Its name is a germanic word which simply means “the
ground”.
 Its distance from the sun is about 93 millon miles (150
million kilometers).
 Earth makes a complete orbit around the sun in about
365.25 days.

36.  Earth is not flat but it is not perfectly round either.
 Its diameter from North to South Pole is 12,714
kilometers (7,900 miles), while through its equator is
12,756 kilometers (7,926 miles). The difference is 42.78
km (26.58 miles).

38.  When Earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago its day is
roughly 6 hours long.
 620 million years ago, this had increased to 21.9 hours.
 Today, we have 24 hours long but it is increasing by 1.7
milliseconds every century.

41.  It is a rocky planet with solid and dynamic surface of
mountains, canyons, plains and more. It is mostly
covered in water.
 800 million years ago the great tectonic plates that
Earth’s land masses ride upon came together forming a
large supercontinent called Rodinia.

43.  Rodinia broke apart and re-collided 250-500 million
years ago. The collision created the Appalachian
Mountains in North America and Ural Mountains in
Russia and Kazakhstan.

46.  250 million years ago, the continents came together once
again to form another supercontinent called Pangaea,
which is surrounded by a single, worldwide ocean.

48.  50 million years later, Pangaea split into two large land
masses, which are the Gondwanaland and the Laurasia.

51.  Earth’s atmosphere is 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent
oxygen and 1 percent other ingredients.

53.  Earth has only one moon.
 However moon is not Earth’s only companion.
 There are two other bodies orbiting near Earth and are
sometimes referred to as moons, but are not worthy of
the title.

54.  Discovered in 1986, 3753 Cruithne is an asteroid that
orbits the sun and takes the same amount of time to
orbit the sun as Earth.

55.  Asteroid 2002 AA29 also orbits the sun once a year and
has a bizarre horseshoe-shaped path that brings it close
to Earth every 95 years.

57.  Due to its tilted axis, the sun’s rays hit different parts of
the planet more directly depending on the time of year.

58.  June to August, sun’s rays hit the Northern Hemisphere
more directly than the Southern Hemisphere. The result
is warm (summer) weather in the Northern Hemisphere
and cold (winter) weather in the Southern Hemisphere.

59.  December to February, sun’s rays hit the Southern
Hemisphere more directly than the Northern
Hemisphere. The result is cold (winter) weather in the
Northern Hemisphere and warm (summer) weather in
the Southern Hemisphere.

60.  September to November, sun shines equally in both
Hemispheres resulting in fall in the Northern Hemisphere
and spring in the Southern Hemisphere.
 March to May, sun shines equally on both Hemispheres
resulting in the Northern Hemisphere having spring and
fall in Southern Hemisphere.

62.  The fourth planet from the Sun, and is one of Earth's
two closest planetary neighbors.
 It is a cold desert world and it is red because of rusty
iron in the ground.

64.  Mars was named by the ancient Romans for their god
of war because of its reddish color.
 Eqyptian called it "Her Desher", meaning "the red one."

66.  With a radius of 2,106 miles (3,390 kilometers), Mars is
about half the size of Earth.
 From an average distance of 142 million miles (228
million kilometers), it is 1.5 astronomical units away
from the Sun.
 It takes sunlight 13 minutes to travel from the Sun to
Mars.

68.  Mars completes one rotation every 24.6 hours.
 Martian days are called sols, short for "solar day".
 A year on Mars lasts 669.6 sols, which is the same as
687 Earth days.
 Mars axis of rotation is tilted 25 degrees with respect to
the place of its orbit around the Sun.

69.  Like Earth, Mars has distinct seasons, but they last
longer than seasons here on Earth since Mars takes
longer to orbit the Sun (because it's farther away).
 The seasons vary in length because of Mars' elliptical,
egg-shaped orbit around the Sun.

70.  Spring in the northern hemisphere (autumn in the
southern) is the longest season at 194 sols.
 Autumn in the northern hemisphere (spring in the
southern) is the shortest at 142 days.
 Northern winter/southern summer is 154 sols, and
northern summer/southern winter is 178 sols.

72.  Mars has two small moons, Phobos and Deimos, that
may be captured asteroids.
 They are shaped like a potato because of their little
mass that gravity cannot make them spherical.
 The moons got their names from the horses that pulled
the chariot of the Greek god of war, Ares.

73.  Phobos is the larger
moon and is heavily
cratered. It is said to
crash into the planet
or break apart in
about 50 million
years.

74.  Deimos is half the
size of Phobos and
orbits two and a half
times farther away
from Mars. It is
covered in loose dirt
that often fills the
craters on its surface
making it appear
smoother.

76.  Mars has no rings. However, after Phobos crashes into
Mars or if it breaks apart in 50 million years time it could
create a dusty ring around Mars.

78.  Mars was formed when gravity pulled swirling gas and
dust in to become the fourth planet from the Sun.
 Like its fellow terrestrial planets it has a central core, a
rocky mantle, and a solid crust.

80.  Mars has a dense core at its center between 930 and
1,300 miles (1,500 to 2,100 kilometers) in radius and it is
made of iron, nickel, and sulfur.
 Surrounding the core is a rocky mantle between 770 and
1,170 miles (1,240 to 1,880 kilometers) thick.
 Its crust is made of iron, magnesium, aluminum, calcium,
and potassium. It is between 6 and 30 miles (10 to 50
kilometers) deep.

82.  The reason Mars look reddish is due to oxidation- or
rusting, of iron in the rocks, regolith (Martian "soil"), and
dust of Mars.
 This dust gets up into the atmosphere and when viewed
from a distance it makes the planet appear red.
 Its surface is the same area as Earth's dry land even if it
is half the diameter of Earth.

83.  Its volcanic, impact craters, crustal movement, and
atmospheric conditions such as dust storms have
altered the landscape of Mars over many years.
 It is home to the largest volcano in the solar system,
Olympus Mons.

85. A large canyon system called
Valles Marineris is long enough to
stretch from California to New
York – more than 3,000 miles
(4,800 kilometers). This Martian
canyon is 200 miles (320
kilometers) at its widest and 4.3
miles (7 kilometers) at its
deepest. That's about 10 times
the size of Earth's Grand Canyon.

86.  Mars appears to have had a watery past and some of its
features suggest that Mars experienced huge floods
about 3.5 million years ago.
 There is water on Mars today but the Martian
atmosphere is too thin for liquid water to last for long on
the surface.

88.  Mars has a thin atmosphere made of mostly of carbon
dioxide, nitrogen, and argon gases.
 Mars' atmosphere does not offer much protection from
impacts by objects such as meteorites, asteroids, and
comets.
 Mars' temperature can be as high as 70 degrees
Fahrenheit (20 degrees Celsius) or as low as -225
degrees Fahrenheit (-153 degrees Celsius).

89. If you were to stand on the equator of Mars at noon, it
would feel like spring at your feet (75 degrees Fahrenheit
or 24 degrees Celsius) and winter at your head (32
degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Celsius).