Cbse Geography Solar System Project

1. Geography P.P.T. Project
By CreativeKi ds P.P.T.Group
Neel,Janardhan, Sarthak,OmkarC. & OmkarJ.

2. Galaxy
 A galaxy is a system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellargas,
dust, and dark matter bound together by gravity. The word is
derived from the Greek galaxias (γαλαξίας), literally ‘milky’, a
referenceto the Milky Way galaxy that contains the Solar
System. Galaxies, averaging an estimated 100 million stars,
range in size from dwarfs with less than a hundred million
stars, to the largest galaxies known – supergiants with one
hundred trillion stars, each orbiting its galaxy’s center of mass.
Most of the mass in a typical galaxy is in the form of dark
matter, with only a few percent of that mass visible in the form of
stars and nebulae. Supermassive black holes are a common
feature at the centres of galaxies.

3. Milky way Galaxy
 The Milky Way is the galaxy that includes the Solar
System, with the name describingthe galaxy’s
appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in
the night sky formed from stars that cannot be
individually distinguishedby the naked eye. The term
Milky Way is a translation of the Latin via lactea,
from the Greek γαλακτικὸς κύκλος (galaktikòs kýklos),
meaning “milky circle”. From Earth, the Milky Way
appears as a band because its disk-shapedstructure is
viewed from within. Galileo Galilei first resolved the
band of light into individual stars with his telescopein
1610. Until the early 1920s, most astronomers thought
that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the
Universe.

5. Andromeda Galaxy
 The Andromeda Galaxy is a barred spiral galaxy and is the
nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way, where the Solar
System resides.It was originallynamed the Andromeda
Nebula and is cataloged as Messier31, M31, and NGC 224.
Andromeda has a diameter of about 46.56 kiloparsecs (152,000
light-years) and is approximately 765 kpc (2.5 million light-
years) from Earth. The galaxy’s name stems from the area of
Earth’s sky in which it appears, the constellation of
Andromeda, which itself is named after the princess who was
the wife of Perseus in Greek mythology.

7. Constellations
 A constellation is an area on the celestialsphere in
which a groupof visible stars forms a perceived
patternor outline, typically representingan
animal, mythologicalsubject, or inanimate
object.The origins of the earliest constellations
likely go back to prehistory. People used themto
relate stories oftheir beliefs, experiences, creation,
or mythology. Different culturesand countries
invented their ownconstellations,some ofwhich
lasted into the early 20th century before today’s
constellations wereinternationally recognized.
The recognitionof constellationshas changed
significantly over time. Many changed in size or
shape. Some became popular, only to dropinto
obscurity. Some were limited to a single culture or
nation. Naming constellationsalso helped
astronomers and navigatorsidentify starsmore
easily.

8. Solar System
 The Solar Systemis the gravitationally bound systemofthe Sun and the objects that
orbit it. The largest of such objects are the eight planets, in order from the Sun: four
terrestrialplanets, named Mercury, Venus, Earthand Mars;and four giant planets,
including two gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, and two ice giants, named Uranus and
Neptune. The terrestrialplanets have a definite surface and are mostly made of rock and
metal. The gas giants are mostly made of hydrogenand helium, while the ice giants are
mostly made of volatile substances suchas water,ammonia, and methane. Insome
texts, these terrestrialand giant planets are called the inner Solar Systemand outer
Solar Systemplanets respectively.The SolarSystemwas formed 4.6 billion years ago
from the gravitationalcollapse ofa giant interstellar molecular cloud. Over time, the
cloud formed the Sun and a protoplanetarydiskthat gradually coalescedto form
planets and other objects. That is the reasonwhy all eight planets have an orbit that lies
near the same plane. In the present day, 99.86% ofthe Solar System’s mass is in the Sun
and most of the remaining mass is contained in the planet Jupiter. Six planets, the six
largest possible dwarfplanets and many other bodies have naturalsatellites or moons
orbiting around them. All giant planets and a few smaller bodies are encircled by
planetary rings, composed ofice, dust and sometimes moonlets.

10. Kuiper Belt
 The Kuiper belt(/ˈkaɪpər/ KY-pər) is a circumstellar disc in the
outer Solar System, extending from the orbit of Neptune at
30 astronomical units (AU) to approximately 50 AU from
the Sun. It is similar to the asteroid belt, but is far larger—
20 times as wide and 20–200 times as massive. Like the asteroid
belt, it consists mainly of small bodies or remnants from when
the Solar System formed. While many asteroids are composed
primarily of rock and metal, most Kuiper belt objects are
composed largely of frozen volatiles (termed "ices"), such
as methane, ammonia, and water. The Kuiper belt is home to
most of the objects.

12. Nicolaus Copernicus
 NicolausCopernicus (Polish:Mikołaj
Kopernik) (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543)
was a Renaissance polymath, activeas a
mathematician, astronomer,
and Catholic canon, who formulated
a model of the universe that placed the Sun
rather thanEarth at its center. Inall
likelihood, Copernicus developed his model
independently ofAristarchus ofSamos, an
ancient Greekastronomerwho had
formulated sucha model some eighteen
centuries earlier.This Theory is knownas
heliocentic heliocentic theory

13. Planet
 A planet is a large, rounded astronomicalbody that is neither a star nor
its remnant. The best available theory ofplanet formationis the nebular
hypothesis,whichposits that an interstellar cloud collapses out ofa nebula to
create a young protostarorbited by a protoplanetarydisk. Planets grow in
this disk by the gradualaccumulationofmaterialdrivenby gravity, a
process called accretion. The Solar Systemhas at least eight planets:
the terrestrialplanets Mercury,Venus, Earthand Mars, and the giant
planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. These planets eachrotate
around anaxis tilted with respect to its orbital pole. All planets of the Solar
Systemother than Mercury possessa considerable atmosphere,and some
share suchfeatures as ice caps, seasons, volcanism, hurricanes, tectonics,
and evenhydrology. Apart fromVenus and Mars, the Solar Systemplanets
generate magneticfields, and all except Venus and Mercury have natural
satellites. The giant planets bear planetary rings, the most prominent
being those of Saturn.

15. Mercury
 Mercury is the first planet from the Sun and the smallest planet
in the Solar System. It is a terrestrial planet with a heavily
cratered surface due to the planet having no geological activity
and an extremelytenuous atmosphere (called an exosphere).
Despitebeing the smallest planet in the Solar System with a
mean diameter of 4,880 km (3,030 mi), 38% of that of Earth,
Mercury is denseenough to have roughly the same surface
gravity as Mars. Mercury has a dynamic magnetic field with a
strength about 1% of that of Earth’s and has no natural satellites.

17. Venus
 Venusis the second planet from the Sun. It is a rocky planet with the
densestatmosphere of all the rocky bodies in the Solar System, and
the only one with a mass and size that is close to that of its orbital
neighbour Earth. Orbiting inferiorly (insideof Earth's orbit), it
appears in Earth's sky always close to the Sun, as either a "morning
star" or an "evening star". While this is also true for Mercury, Venus
appears much more prominently, since it is the third brightest object
in Earth's sky after the Moon and the Sun, appearing brighter than
any other star-like classical planet or any fixed star. With such
prominence in Earth's sky, Venus has historicallybeen a common
and important object for humans, in both their cultures and
astronomy.

19. Earth
 Earthis the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical
object known to harbor life. This is enabled by Earthbeing a water world, the
only one in the Solar Systemsustainingliquid surface water.Almost all of
Earth's water is contained inits global ocean, covering70.8% of Earth's
surface. The remaining29.2% of Earth's surface is land, most of which is
located in the form of continentallandmasses withinone hemisphere,
Earth's land hemisphere. Most ofEarth's land is somewhat humid and
covered by vegetation, while large sheets ofice at Earth's polar deserts retain
more water thanEarth's groundwater, lakes, rivers and atmospheric
water combined. Earth's land is part of Earth's crust, consistingofseveral
slowly moving tectonicplates, whichinteract to produce mountain
ranges, volcanoes,and earthquakes. Earthhas a liquid outer core that
generates a magnetosphere capable ofdeflecting most of the destructive solar
winds and cosmic radiation.

21. Mars
 Marsis the fourth planet and the furthest terrestrialplanet from
the Sun. The reddish color of its surface is due to finely
grained iron(III) oxide dust in the soil, giving it the nickname
"the Red Planet". Mars's radius is second smallest among the
planets in the Solar System at 3,389.5 km (2,106 mi).
The Martian dichotomy is visible on the surface: on average, the
terrain on Mars's northern hemisphereis flatter and lower than
its southern hemisphere.Mars has a thin atmosphere made
primarily of carbon dioxide and two irregularlyshaped natural
satellites:Phobos and Deimos.

23. Jupiter
 Jupiteris the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the
Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass more than two and a
half times that of all the other planets in the Solar
System combined, and slightly less than one one-thousandth the
mass of the Sun. Jupiter orbits the Sun at a distance
of 5.20 AU (778.5 Gm) with an orbital period of 11.86 years.
Jupiter is the third brightest natural object in the Earth's night
sky after the Moon and Venus, and it has been observed
since prehistoric times. It was named after Jupiter, the chief
deityof ancient Roman religion.

25. Saturn
 Saturnis the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largestinthe Solar
System, after Jupiter. It is a gas giant with an average radius ofabout nine-
and-a-halftimes that of Earth. It has only one-eighththe average densityof
Earth, but is over 95 times more massive.Saturn’sinterior is thought to be
composed ofa rocky core, surrounded by a deeplayer of metallic hydrogen,
an intermediate layerofliquid hydrogenand liquid helium, and finally, a
gaseous outer layer.Saturnhas a pale yellow hue due to ammonia crystals in
its upper atmosphere. Anelectricalcurrent withinthe metallic hydrogenlayer
is thought to give rise to Saturn’s planetarymagneticfield, which is weaker
thanEarth’s, but which has a magneticmoment 580 times that of Earthdue to
Saturn’s larger size. Saturn’s magneticfield strengthis around one-twentieth
of Jupiter’s. The outer atmosphereis generally bland and lacking in contrast,
althoughlong-lived features canappear. Wind speeds onSaturncan reach
1,800 kilometres per hour.

27. Uranus
 Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun and is a gaseous cyan
ice giant. Most of the planet is made of water, ammonia, and
methane in a supercriticalphase of matter, which in astronomy
is called ‘ice’ or volatiles. The planet’s atmosphere has a complex
layered cloud structure and has the lowest minimum
temperature of 49 K (−224 °C; −371 °F) out of all Solar System’s
planets. It has a marked axial tilt of 97.8° with a retrograde
rotation rate of 17 hours. This means that in an 84 Earth years
orbital period around the Sun, its poles get around 42 years of
continuous sunlight, followed by 42 years of continuous
darkness.

29. Neptune
 Neptuneis the eighth planet from the Sun and the farthest IAU-recognized planet in
the Solar System. It is the fourth-largest planet in the Solar System by diameter, the
third-most-massive planet, and the densest giant planet. It is 17 times the mass of
Earth, and slightly more massive than its near-twin Uranus. Neptune is denser and
physically smaller than Uranus because its greater mass causes more gravitational
compression of its atmosphere. Being composed primarily of gases and liquids, it has
no well-defined solid surface. The planet orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an
average distance of 30.1 astronomical units (4.5 billion kilometres; 2.8 billion miles). It
is named after the Roman god of the sea and has the astronomical
symbol , representing Neptune's trident.

31. Star
 A staris an astronomical object comprising a
luminous spheroidof plasma held together by self-gravity.
The nearest star to Earth is the Sun. Many other stars are visible
to the naked eye at night; their immense distances from Earth
make them appear as fixed points of light. The most prominent
stars have been categorisedinto constellations and asterisms,
and many of the brightest stars have proper
names. Astronomers have assembled star catalogues that
identifythe known stars and provide standardized stellar
designations.The observable universe contains an
estimated 1022 to 1024 stars. Only about 4,000 of these stars are
visible to the naked eye—all within the Milky Way galaxy.

32. Sun
 The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a
massive, hot ball of plasma, inflated and heated by nuclear
fusion reactions at its core. Part of this internal energy is emitted
from its surface as light, ultraviolet, and infrared radiation,
providing most of the energyfor life on Earth.The Sun’s radius is
about 695,000 kilometers(432,000 miles), or 109 times that of
Earth. Its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth, making up
about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System. Roughly
three-quarters of the Sun’s mass consistsof hydrogen (~73%); the
rest is mostly helium (~25%), with much smaller quantities of
heavier elements, including oxygen, carbon, neon, and iron.

34. Dwarf Planet
 A dwarfplanet is a small planetary-massobject that is in direct orbit of the
Sun, smaller thanany of the eight classicalplanets. The prototypicaldwarf
planet is Pluto. The interest ofdwarfplanets to planetary geologists is that
they may be geologically active bodies, an expectationthat was borne out in
2015 by the Dawnmissionto Ceres and the New Horizons missionto
Pluto.Astronomers are ingeneralagreement that at least the nine largest
candidates are dwarfplanets:Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake,Gonggong,
Quaoar, Sedna,Ceres, and Orcus. Ofthese nine plus the tenth-largest
candidate Salacia, two have beenvisited by spacecraft (Pluto and Ceres) and
sevenothers have at least one known moon(Eris, Haumea, Makemake,
Gonggong, Quaoar,Orcus, and Salacia), whichallows their masses and thus
an estimate oftheir densities to be determined.

35. Pluto
Pluto (minor-planet designation:134340Pluto) is a dwarfplanet in the Kuiper
belt, a ring of bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune. It is the ninth-largest and
tenth-most-massive knownobject to directly orbit the Sun. It is the largest known
trans-Neptunianobject by volume, by a small margin, but is slightly less
massive thanEris. Like other Kuiper belt objects, Pluto is made primarily of ice
and rockand is much smaller than the inner planets. Pluto has only one sixth the
mass of Earth’s moon, and one third its volume.Pluto has a moderately eccentric
and inclined orbit, ranging from 30 to 49 astronomicalunits (4.5to 7.3 billion
kilometers;2.8to 4.6 billion miles) from the Sun. Light from the Sun takes 5.5
hours to reachPluto at its orbitaldistance of 39.5AU (5.91 billion km; 3.67billion
mi). Pluto’s eccentricorbit periodically brings it closer to the Sun than Neptune,
but a stable orbitalresonance preventsthemfromcolliding.

37. Ceres
 Ceres (pronounced /ˈsɪəriːz/ SEER-eez), minor-planet designation1Ceres, is a
dwarfplanet in the asteroid belt betweenthe orbits of Mars and Jupiter. It
was the first asteroid discovered, on1 January 1801, by Giuseppe Piazziat
Palermo AstronomicalObservatoryinSicily and announced as a new planet.
Ceres was later classified as an asteroid and thena dwarfplanet, the only one
always inside Neptune’s orbit.Ceres’ssmallsize means that evenat its
brightest, it is too dim to be seenby the naked eye, except under extremely dark
skies. Its apparent magnitude rangesfrom6.7to 9.3, peaking at opposition
(when it is closest to Earth) once every 15- to 16-monthsynodicperiod. As a
result, its surface features are barely visible evenwith the most powerful
telescopes,and little was known about it until the roboticNASA spacecraft
Dawnapproached Ceres for its orbital missionin 2015.

39. MakeMake
 Makemake (minor-planet designation136472 Makemake) is a dwarfplanet
and the second-largest ofwhat are knownas the classicalpopulationof
Kuiper belt objects, witha diameter approximately that ofSaturn’s moon
Iapetus, or 60% that of Pluto. It has one known satellite. Its extremely low
average temperature,about 40K (−230 °C), means its surface is covered with
methane, ethane,and possibly nitrogenices. Makemake was discovered on
March 31, 2005 by a teamled by Michael E. Brown, and announced onJuly
29, 2005. It was initially known as 2005FY9 and later giventhe minor-planet
number 136472. In July 2008, it was named after Makemake, a creator god
in the Rapa Nui mythology of Easter Island, under the expectationby
the InternationalAstronomicalUnion (IAU) that it would prove to be a dwarf
planet.

41. Eris
 Eris (minor-planetdesignation136199Eris)is the most massive and second-
largest known dwarfplanet in the Solar System. It is a trans-Neptunian
object (TNO) in the scattereddiskand has a high-eccentricity orbit. Eris was
discovered inJanuary 2005by a Palomar Observatory–based teamled
by Mike Brown and verified later that year. In September 2006, it
was named after the Greco–Romangoddess ofstrife and discord. Eris is
the ninth-most massive knownobject orbitingthe Sun and the sixteenth-most
massive overallin the Solar System(countingmoons). It is also the largest
known object in the solarsystemthat has not beenvisited by a spacecraft. Eris
has been measured at 2,326 ± 12 kilometers (1,445 ± 7 mi) in diameter;its mass
is 0.28% that of the Earth and 27% greater thanthat of Pluto, althoughPluto is
slightly larger by volume, both having a surface area that is comparable to
the area of Russia or Antarctica.

43. Haumea
 Haumea (minor-planet designation136108Haumea) is a dwarfplanet located
beyond Neptune’s orbit. It was discoveredin 2004 by a teamheaded by Mike
Brownof Caltechat the Palomar Observatoryinthe United States and
disputably also in 2005 by a teamheaded by José Luis Ortiz Moreno at the
Sierra Nevada Observatory inSpain, thoughthe latter claim has been
contested. OnSeptember 17, 2008, it was named after Haumea,the Hawaiian
goddess ofchildbirth, under the expectationby the International
AstronomicalUnion(IAU) that it would prove to be a dwarfplanet. Nominal
estimates make it the third-largestknowntrans-Neptunianobject,after Eris
and Pluto, and approximately the size of Uranus’s moon Titania.

45. Natural Satellite
 A natural satellite is, in the most common usage, an
astronomical body that orbits a planet, dwarf planet, or small
Solar System body (or sometimes another natural satellite).
Natural satellitesare colloquially referredto as moons, a
derivation from the Moon of Earth.

46. Planets Number of Moons
Mercury 0
Venus 0
Earth 1
Mars 2
Jupiter 95
Saturn 146
Uranus 27
Neptune 14
Pluto 5

47. Moon
 The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It orbits around Earth at an average
distance of 384,400 km (238,900 mi), or about 30 times Earth's diameter, having a sidereal period of
27.3 days and a synodic period of 29.5days. The Moon faces Earth always with its near side by
having a rotation period that equals its orbital period, resulting from being tidally locked to Earth.
Its gravitational influence is the main driver of Earth's tides and causes Earth's day to lengthen
very slowly. Its diameter is 3,474 km (2,159 mi), which is roughly one-quarter that of Earth or twice
the width of Australia, making it by far the largest and most massive satellite in the Solar
System in relation to its parent planet and the fifth-largest Solar System satellite overall. The Moon
is a satellite planet in geophysical terms and among all planetary-mass objects of the Solar System
larger and more massive than all known solar dwarf planets. The Moon's mass, density
and surface gravity of about one-sixth of Earth's (at 0.1654 g), are rivaled among Solar System
satellites only by Jupiter's moon Io. The body of the Moon is differentiated and terrestrial, with no
significant atmosphere, hydrosphere, or magnetic field.

48. Moon

49. Phases of the Moon
 In astronomy, the new moon is the first lunar phase, when
the Moon and Sun have the same ecliptic longitude. At this phase, the lunar
disk is not visible to the naked eye, except whenit is silhouetted againstthe
Sun during a solar eclipse.
 The Waxing Crescent Moonstarts as the Moonbecomes visible againafter the
New Moon conjunction, whenthe Sunand Earthare on opposite sides ofthe
Moon, making it impossible to see the Moon from Earth.
 The moon is 90 degrees away fromthe sunin the sky and is half-illuminated
from our point of view.We call it “first quarter” becausethe moonhas traveled
about a quarterofthe way around Earthsince the new moon.
 Waxing gibbous the area of illumination continues to increase.More than
half of the moon’s face appears to be gettingsunlight.

50.  Full moon:The moon is 180 degrees awayfromthe sun and is as close as it
can be to being fully illuminated by the sun from ourperspective.The sun,
Earthand the moon are aligned, but because the moon’s orbit is not exactly in
the same plane as Earth’s orbit around the sun, they rarely forma perfect
line. When they do, we have a lunar eclipse as Earth’s shadow crossesthe
moon’s face.
 Waning gibbous: More than half of the moon’s face appears to be getting
sunlight, but the amount is decreasing.
 Last quarter:The moonhas moved another quarter ofthe way around Earth,
to the third quarter position.The sun’s light is now shining on the other half of
the visible face of the moon.
 Waning crescent:Less thanhalf of the moon’s face appears to be getting
sunlight, and the amount is decreasing.

52. Asteroids
 An asteroid is a minor planet—an object that is neither
a true planet nor a comet—that orbits within the inner
Solar System. They are rocky, metallic or icy bodies
with no atmosphere. Sizes and shapes of asteroids vary
significantly, ranging from 1-meter rocks to a dwarf
planet almost 1000 km in diameter.

54. Meteoroid
 A meteoroid (/ˈmiːtiərɔɪd/) is a small rocky or metallic
body in outer space. Meteoroids are distinguished as
objects significantly smaller than asteroids, ranging in
size from grains to objects up to a meter wide. Objects
smaller than meteoroids are classified
as micrometeoroids or space dust. Most are fragments
from comets or asteroids, whereas others are collision
impact debris ejected from bodies such as
the Moon or Mars.

56. Meteorite
 A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, suchas a comet, asteroid,
or meteoroid,that originatesinouter space and survives its passage through
the atmosphere to reachthe surface ofa planet or moon. When the original
object enters the atmosphere, various factorssuchas friction, pressure,and
chemical interactionswiththe atmosphericgases cause it to heat up and
radiate energy.It then becomes a meteor and forms a fireball, also known as
a shootingstar;astronomerscallthe brightest examples “bolides”. Once it
settles onthe larger body’s surface, the meteor becomes a meteorite. Meteorites
vary greatly in size. For geologists, a bolide is a meteorite large enoughto
create animpact crater.