brief description on evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes

1. EVOLUTION OF
EUKARYOTES
A report by Asna Aasim
M.Sc Zoology IInd Sem

2. Definition of
eukaryotes ;
A eukaryote is a type of cell or
organism characterised by
having a membrane-bound
nucleus and other membrane
bounded organelles , typically
larger and more complex than
a prokaryote.
introduction

3. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO STUDY THEIR EVOLUTION?
Origin of Life
By unraveling the
mechanisms that led to the
formation of complex cells
and multicellular organisms,
scientists gain insights into
the early stages of life's
development on our planet.
Fundamental Knowledge
It provides insights into the
origins of cellular structures,
functions, and biological
processes that are shared
among diverse organisms.
Ecology and Ecosystems
Understanding eukaryotic
evolution contributes to our
understanding of ecological
interactions and ecosystem
dynamics
Evolutionary Biology
The study of eukaryotic
evolution provides valuable
insights into the processes
of natural selection,
adaptation, and speciation.

4. ORIGIN OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Where did it happen??
The earliest evidence of
eukaryotes comes from fossils
dated to around 1.6 billion years
ago. These early eukaryotes were
likely single-celled organisms with
some of the features
characteristic of eukaryotic cells,
such as a nucleus.
How about when??
The evolution of eukaryotic
cells is believed to have
occurred around 1.6 to 2.1
billion years ago, during a
period known as the
Proterozoic Eon.

5. THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY: MERGING OF PROKARYOTES
The endosymbiotic theory is a scientific
explanation for the origin of certain organelles
within eukaryotic cells, specifically mitochondria
and plastids (like chloroplasts), through a
process of symbiosis between ancestral
prokaryotic cells and early eukaryotic cells. This
theory was proposed by biologist Lynn Margulis
in the 1960s and has since become widely
accepted as a key concept in understanding the
evolution of eukaryotic cells.

6. EVIDENCES
MITOCHONDRIA CHLOROPLASTS

9. FIRST EUKARYOTIC
ORGANISMS
Some of the earliest evidence
of eukaryotic life comes from
fossils known as Grypania
spiralis. These fossils, dated
to around 1.85 billion years
ago, represent filamentous
structures that could be
remnants of early multicellular
or colonial eukaryotes.

10. What’s the role of
endosymbiotic theory in
the evolution of
endomembrane system
seen in eukaryotes?

11. The endosymbiotic theory, as mentioned earlier, plays a significant role in the evolution of
the endomembrane system. Endosymbiosis involved the engulfment of bacteria (such as
mitochondria and plastids) by ancestral eukaryotic cells.These engulfed bacteria
eventually developed into organelles with their own membranes, initiating the formation
of the endomembrane system.As eukaryotic cells evolved, their internal membranes
likely underwent modifications and expansions. This allowed for increased cellular
compartmentalization and specialization of functions..

12. Compartmentalisation and Specialisation

13. The diversification of eukaryotes
refers to the evolutionary process
by which these organisms
evolved into a wide array of
forms, functions, and ecological
niches. This process led to the
development of the diverse and
complex eukaryotic life we
observe today, including plants,
animals, fungi, and various single-
celled organisms.
DIVERSIFICATION
OF EUKARYOTES

14. EVOLUTION OF COMPLEX LIFE
EVOLUTION OF COMPLEX LIFE : TRANSITION TO MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

15. WHAT LED TO EMERGENCE OF GENETIC DIVERSITY
FROM UNICELLULARITY ??
Sexual reproduction likely played a key role in the evolution of
eukaryotes by contributing to genetic diversity and enabling the
development of more complex organisms. As eukaryotes evolved,
sexual reproduction became intertwined with the processes such
as meiosis and fertilisation , leading to the formation of
multicellular organisms with specialised tissues and cell types.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

16. Eukaryotes on land
The transition of eukaryotic organisms from aquatic to terrestrial
environments presented numerous challenges that required the evolution of
various adaptations. Moving from water to land required organisms to cope
with fundamental changes in factors like desiccation, gravity, gas exchange,
and nutrient acquisition. As a result, many eukaryotes developed specialized
structures and behaviors to thrive in these new environments.

17. RISE OF PLANTS,
ANIMALS & FUNGI
The emergence of plants, animals, and
fungi from eukaryotic ancestors
represents key milestones in the
evolutionary history of life on Earth.
These three major groups, collectively
known as the three domains of
multicellular life, have diverse
characteristics and play critical roles in
ecosystems

18. MODERN EUKARYOTIC DIVERSITY

19. CONCLUSION
In summary, the evolution of eukaryotes represents a remarkable journey of
complexity, diversity, and innovation over billions of years. From humble
beginnings as simple single-celled organisms, eukaryotes have evolved into
a vast array of multicellular plants, animals, fungi, and protists, each with
unique adaptations and roles in Earth's ecosystems. This evolution has been
shaped by a multitude of factors, including genetic changes, endosymbiotic
events, environmental pressures, and ecological interactions.

20. BIBLIOGRAPHY
➢ https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki
➢ https://www.oxfordbibliography.com
➢ https://www.jstor.org
➢ https://chat.openai.com [open AI GPT-3]
➢ https://www.googleimages.com [picture courtesy by google]