TL_Cons_present_Kishanpur_20[1].08.09.ppt

OVER VIEW ON TRANSMISSION LINE
CONSTRUCTION
KISHANPUR 20/08/2009
By.
MAN MOHAN RAINA
MANAGER T/L
PANIPAT

INTRODUCTION
 Different Stages of Transmission Line Construction
a) Planning a Transmission Line Project
b) Approval of the Scheme by Government
c) Preparation of Feasibility Report and BOQ
d) Framing of estimate for tentative cost of project
e) Issuance of NIT for competitive bidding
f) Award of Project to the lowest bidder
Once contract is awarded, the execution part starts.

INTRODUCTION
 Main components of a Transmission Line
for successful completion of project:
a) Foundation
b) Tower Parts
c) Conductor
d) Earth Wire
e) Insulator
f) Hardware & Accessories

INTRODUCTION
 Main activities of a Transmission Line during
execution stage:
a) Route Alignment
b) Detail Survey
c) Check Survey
d) Soil Investigation
e) Casting of Foundations
f) Erection of Towers
g) Stringing of Conductor and Earth Wire
h) Testing and commissioning of project.

INTRODUCTION
For next few hours we will be mainly discussing the following
components of Transmission Line Project:
a) Soil Investigation
b) Tower Foundations
c) Earthing of Towers
d) Tower Erection
f) Stringing
h) Statutory Clearances
i) Right of Way Issues.

SOIL INVESTIGATION
 Why required?
 To provide designer with sufficiently accurate
information about the substrata profile and
relevant soil and rock parameters at site on the
basis of which the foundation of transmission
towers can be classified and designed
rationally
 When required?
 Carried out after Detailed Survey

SOIL INVESTIGATION
 Purpose:-
- Technical: -Inadequate design/conservative
choice of foundation may cause failure
-To carry out pre-design of foundation
as large variety of soil encountered in
long line with voltage going up
- Economic: -Foundation costs a major portion
- Considerable saving by way of
devolving a Techno/ Economic
foundation design as per actual soil

 Field Investigation:-
1. Boring
Required to have knowledge of sub-soil profile, its
nature & strength etc.
To collect soil samples for strata identification and for
conducting laboratory tests
Minimum diameter of bore 150 mm
Depth of 7/10 mtr for normal soil conditions
Depth of 40 mtr for river crossing/ spl locations

Type of Boring
 Augur Boring
For soft to stiff cohesive soil above water table
 Shell & Augur Boring
All types of soil free from boulders
 Rotary Boring
For all types of soil below water table

Soil Investigation
 Type of Soil:-
 Cohesive Soil- Bearing capacity- 0.5-4.5 Kg/cm2 ,
Angle of internal Friction- 0-300 (Dry)
50%(Wet)
 Non-Cohesive Soil- Bearing capacity- 1-4.5
Kg/cm2 , Angle of internal Friction-28-450 (Dry)
50%(Wet)
 Rocks- Bearing capacity 4.5-33 Kg/cm2

Standard Penetration Test
 To be conducted in all types of soil deposits
encountered within borehole to find variation
in soil strata by correlating with number of
blows required for unit penetration of a
standard penetrometer
 To be conducted at depths:-
Location Depth (mtr)
Normal Soil 2, 3, 5, 7, 10
River X-ing/ 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and every 3
Special Loc mtr intervals up to 40 mtr

Standard Penetration Test
 The test is carried out by driving a standard split spoon
sampler in the bore hole by means of a 65 KG hammer having
a free fall of 750 centimeters.
 The sampler shall be driven using the hammer for 450 mm
recoding the number of blows for every 150 mm.
 The number of blows for last 300 mm drive shall be reported
as N value
 This test shall be discontinued when the blow count (N value)
is 100
 The level where test is discontinued to be reported

Sampling
 Disturbed Sample-
Jar sample of 1 Kg for every 0.5 mtr intervals starting from 0.5 mtr
from GL & every change of strata
 Undisturbed Sample-
To be collected at change of strata & at depths:-
Location Depth (mtr)
Normal loc 1, 4, 6, 8 & 10
River X-ing/ Spl 1, 4, 5, 8, 10 & every 3 mtr up to 38 mtr
Location
Ground Water Level
To be recorded after 24 hours of drilling.

Tests
 Undisturbed & Disturbed Sample
- Visual
- Sieve analysis
- Liquid, Plastic & Shrinkage limits
- Specific gravity
- Chemical analysis
- Swell pressure
 Undisturbed Sample
- Bulk density & moisture content
- Physical bearing capacity settlement properties
 Chemical Analysis of Sub-Soil water

SOIL INVESTIGATION RESULTS
 Grain Size analysis
 Nomenclature of soils as per IS
 Attenburg limit (Liquid & plastic)
 Angle of Internal friction
 Specific Gravity
 Analysis of SPT results
 Consolidation tests
 Presence of organic matters & chemicals which are harmful to
RCC (e.g. Sulphates, Carbonates, Chloride)
 Chemical analysis of subsoil water, presence of organic matter
 Unconfined Compression test
 Crushing Strength of rock
 Bearing Strength at 3, 4, 5 meter depth

SOIL INVESTIGATION
 Detailed soil investigation for normal location.
 Depth – 10 M
 N > 100 after then 3 mtr.
 SPT normal soil = 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0 & 10 mtr.
 River X-ing and special = 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 10.0 &
thereafter at the rate of 3 mtr. interval.
 65 KG hammer fall 75 CM
Blows to be recorded 450 MM, & every 150 MM
number of blows for last 300 MM is called N value.

Field Investigation Equipments
SHELL & AUGER UNIT
CAN DRILL UPTO 40 M
DEPTH

Soil Resistivity
- Depends upon type of soil
(alluvium dry<clay<sandstone<lime
stone<fossil rock)
- Depends upon moisture content
& that is why values vary from
season to season
- Moisture content ranges from
10% in dry season to 35% in wet
season
- To be measured in dry season
- Soil Resistivity varies with salt
content
- Measured in ohm-meter

Soil Resistivity
 A typical Connection of megger by
four electrode method for
measurement of Soil resistivity is
shown
 Value is 2 x 22/7 x a x r
where, a= distance bet the
electrodes, r= megger reading

LIST OF CODES FOR SOIL INVESTIGATION
Sl.No. Indian Standards Title
1. IS : 1498 Classification and identification of soils for General Engineering purpose
2. IS : 1892 Code of practice for subsurface investigation for foundation
3. IS : 1904 Code of practice for design and construction of foundation in soils – general
requirements
4. IS : 2131 Method of Standard Penetration Test for soils
5. IS : 2132 Code of practice for Thin Walled Tube Sampling of soils
6. IS : 2720 Methods of test for soil (relevant section)
7. IS : 2809 Glossary of Terms and Symbols relating to Soil Engineering
8. IS : 3025 Methods of Sampling and Testing (Physical & Chemical) for water used in
Industry
9. IS : 4078 Code of practice for Indexing and storage of Drill cores.
10. IS : 4434 Code of practice for In-situ Vane-shear test
11. IS :4453 Code of practice for exploration of pits, trenches, drifts and shaft

LIST OF CODES FOR SOIL INVESTIGATION
Sl.No. Indian
Standards
Title
12. IS : 4464 Code of practice for presentation of drilling information and core description in
foundation investigation
13. IS : 4968 (Part-
II)
Method of subsurface sounding of soils, dynamic method using cone and
bentonite slurry
14. IS : 5313 Guide for core drilling observations
15. IS : 6403 Code of practice for determination of allowable bearing pressure on shallow
foundation
16. IS : 6926 Code of practice for Diamond core drilling for site investigation for river valley
projects
17. IS : 6935 Method of Determination of Water level in bore hole
18. IS : 8009 (Part
– I)
Code of practice for calculation of settlements of foundations (shallow
foundations subject to symmetrical vertical loads)
19. IS : 8764 Method of determination of point load strength index of rocks
20. IS : 9143 Method of determination of unconfined compressive strength of rock materials
21. IS : 9179 Method of preparation of rock specimen for lab. testing

TOWER
FOUNDATIONS
KISHANPUR
20/08/09
MAN MOHAN RAINA
MANAGER T/L
PANIPAT

General Design Criteria
 Design of safe & economical foundation is based on
soil properties, knowledge of soil structure &
settlement analysis
 Loads on Tower Foundation:-
- Downward load
- Uplift load
- Lateral Load (Horizontal thrust)
- Overturning moments

 Downward load- Mainly due to deadweight of
tower, conductor, Insulators &^ Acc.
 Uplift load - Primary concern in design
- Due angle of deviation, difference in level,
dead ending
 Lateral Load - Due to wind
Wind produces both lateral as well as uplift
on the windward side of structure and down
thrust on the other side
 Factor of Safety - 2.2 for normal condition
- 1.65 for broken wire condition

What to do before casting of
Tower Foundation
 Finalize Route of Transmission line
 Carry out Detailed Survey
 Carry out Soil Investigation
 Finalize Tower Schedule (Part/Full)
 Carry out Check Survey

CLASSIFICATION OF FOUNDATION
1. Tower Foundation depends upon:-
 Type of Soil
 Sub Soil water level
 Presence of surface water
2. Classification of Foundation:-
 Normal Dry - where normal dry cohesive or non-cohesive soils are met
 NC/ Sandy Dry – where cohesion less pure sand or negligible cohesion
sand mixed with soil are met in dry condition
 Wet- where sub-soil water is met at 1.5 mtr or below
- which may remain submerged in surface water for long periods with
water penetration not exceeding 1 mtr below GL, e,g, Paddy Fields

CLASSIFICATION OF FOUNDATION
 Partially Submerged:- Where subsoil water table is met
between 0.75 mtr to 1.5 mtr
 Fully Submerged:- Where subsoil water table is met at
less than 0.75 mtr below GL
 Black Cotton Soil- Where soil is clayey type which shrinks
when dry & swells when wet resulting
in differential movement
 Fissured Rock- Where decomposed or fissured rock, hard
gravel, kankar, limestone are met.
Undercut type foundation is used for
fissured rock
 Hard Rock- Where chiseling, drilling & blasting is
required for excavation

TYPE OF FOUNDATION
 Type of Foundation:-
- PCC Pyramid type
- RCC Pad & Step type
a) Stepped Footing
b) Under cut type
c) Block type with under cut
- Rock Anchor type
- Augur type
- Well type
- Pile type

Site Activities in Tower Foundation
 Pit Marking & Excavation
 Shuttering for Excavation, if required
 Transportation of Construction Material
 Dewatering (if required)
 Stub Setting
 Checking of Levels & Diagonals
 Reinforcement Bar Fixing
 Concreting
 Back Filling & Removal of Template

 Pit Marking & Excavation
- Carried out as per tower foundation drawing
- For estimation purpose, excavation wall shall
be vertical & pit dimensions with clearance of
150 mm on all sides
 Shuttering for Excavation
- Required when the soil condition is so bad &
there is likelihood of accident due to pit
collapsing / falling of the earth

Typical Pit Marking Drawing
Pit
A
PIT
B
Pit
C
Pit
D
00
x X+x
X+x+y

 Transportation of Construction Materials
- Coarse aggregates, Fine aggregates,
Cement, water, machineries (mixer,
vibrator etc)
 Dewatering
- Required for wet locations both during concreting &
24 hrs after placing concrete
 Stub Setting Method
a) Template method
b) Individual Stub Setting method
c) Bottom section method

 Reinforcement Bar Fixing
- Check type of bar as per specifications.
- Fixing of RF bar is carried out after lean concrete (pad)
- Size, number, bending etc to be used as per approved
drawing
- Shall be properly placed according to drawing with min.
concrete cover of 50 mm
- Shall be placed clear of stubs & cleats
- Iron wire not less than 0.9 mm to be used for binding
- Each crossing point to be bound with the help of binding
wire.
- Sufficient number of Chairs to be provided to maintain cover.

Concreting
 RF Steel
- To be procured only from main producers, i,e, SAIL,
RINL, TISCO, IISCO or as per specifications
- Samples to test at approved laboratory & review of
100% MTC
- To be free from loose mill scales, loose rust, coats
of paints, oil, mud or any other substance to reduce bond
- Sand blasting to clean RF steel
- During storage in saline atmosphere, cement wash may
be applied on the surface before use

Concreting
 Concreting:-
- Plain concrete pad
- Reinforced concrete for Slab (pyramid), Chimney
- Form Boxes
- Type of concrete mix
- Pouring of concrete & vibration
- Testing of concrete
- Removal of form work & repair
- Curing
 Plain concrete pad
- Required to avoid possibility of RF steel exposed to earth
- M-10 (1 cement :3 fine aggregates : 6 coarse agg)

Concreting
 Form Boxes
- Shall be as per shape, lines and dimensions shown in
drawing
- Should be rigid & sufficiently tight
- Should be of light design, easily removable
- Shall be of steel, hardwood or framed plywood
- Inner surface to be smooth
- Shall be used for casting of all type of foundations
except at undercut foundations. No form box is required
for undercut foundations.
- Inner surface should be clean, coated with approved
surface finishing compound, before every use.

Concreting
 Nominal Mix Concrete
- M-20 (1 cement :1.5 fine aggregates :3 coarse agg)
- 20 mm coarse aggregates for Chimney
- 40 mm coarse aggregates for Slab
- M-10 (1 cement :3 fine aggregates :6 coarse agg)
- for pad (lean concrete) to avoid possibility of RF steel
exposed to earth.
40mm size aggregate to be used

Cement
 Cement generally used in TL foundation:-
- 43 grade Ordinary Portland Cement
(IS:8112)
- 53 grade Ordinary Portland Cement (IS
12269)
- Portland Pazzolana Cement (IS 1489)
- curing time to be ascertained from a reputed laboratory

Concreting
 Type of Concrete
- Design Mix
- mix be designed to achieve required workability & strength
not less than appropriate value
- Nominal Mix
- proportion of materials prefixed
- used for M-20 or lower
- Used in normal foundation of TL
Proportion of Nominal Mix Concrete
Grade Fine + Coarse Agg Fine :Coarse Agg Water
(Max in Kg/bag cement) Max in liter/bag cement
M-10 480 1:2 34
M-15 330 1:2 32
M-20 250 1:2 30

Concreting
 Transportation
- Concrete to be brought to form work as fast as possible to
prevent segregation of ingredients or setting of concrete,
- special care to be taken during very hot or cold weather
 Placing
- To be placed & compacted before start of setting to avoid
segregation
- Care to be taken to avoid displacement of reinforcement
or movement of formwork
- Freefall not to be more than 1.5 meter

Concreting
 Compaction
- To compact thoroughly & fully around reinforcement,
embedded fixtures & into corners of formwork, 16 mm
poking bar rounded at the end may be used.
- By mechanical vibrator. Manually in difficult terrain
- Over vibration & under vibration are harmful & to be
avoided
 Curing
- Process of preventing loss of moisture from concrete &
maintaining a satisfactory temperature regime.
- Concrete to be kept continuously wet by ponding/
covering with sacks, canvas, hessian or similar materials
- To be done for at least 10 days

Concreting
 Form Work
- To remain sufficiently rigid during placing &
compaction of concrete
- To prevent loss of slurry from concrete
- Insides to be cleaned from all rubbish, i,e, chippings,
shavings before concreting.
- Insides to be treated with form release agent.
- To be removed after at least 24 hrs of concreting

Concreting
Pouring of concrete & vibration
- Use a measurement box of internal size 30x30x30 cm equivalent
to 35 liters (= 1 bag cement)
- To be mixed in mechanical mixer. In difficult terrain hand mixing
may be permitted with 10% extra cement (after approval)
- Water to be fresh, clean & free from oil, acids, alkalis
- Hard/ Salty water not to be used. Preferably portable water to be
used
- Mixing to carry out at least for 2 minutes. Check uniform
distribution of material
- Shall be laid in 150 mm layers & consolidated
- Compaction by a mechanical vibrator. In difficult terrain manually
- Copping of top surface of Chimney
- Curing for 10 days

Concreting
 Testing of concrete
- Slump Test
- To determine consistency of concrete/work ability (water
/cement ratio.
Apparatus for slump test
- A cone of metal with following
internal dimensions
Bottom dia - 20 cm
Top dia - 10 cm
Height - 30 cm

Concreting
 Compressive Strength
- To be tested for 28 days compressive strength
- 3 samples of 15 cm cube shall be taken
- 28 days compressive strength for
a) for M-20 – 265 km/cm2
b) for M-15 – 210 km/cm2
- Average strength to be accepted provided strength
of each cube not < 70% or > 130% of above
specified strength

 Back Filling & Removal of Template
- Shall be started after repair, if any, of foundation concrete after a setting
period of 24 hrs
- Generally done by excavated soil
- Clay type, black cotton soil & large boulders (>80mm) not allowed
- Should be clean & free from organic materials
- Shall be deposited in max. 200 mm layers & compacted
- Carried out about 75 mm above finished GL
- 50 mm earthen embankment along the sides of excavation pits & to pour
water for 24 hrs
- Stub template to be removed only after completion of back
filling

Unit rate & Measurement for Foundation
 Excavation:-
- Measurement shall be made as per actual type of soil
encountered so that total payment for excavation shall not
exceed amount as payable for excavation considering the soil
type same as that of foundation classification
 Concreting:-
-Unit rate includes all allied activities, i.e, dewatering,
shuttering, form box etc
 Reinforcement:-
- Unit rate includes supply, cutting, bending as per
design & placement

Typical Tower Foundation Drawing

Typical Foundation Shape (Fissured Rock

Normal Fissured Rock Foundation And
Foundation With Unequal Chimney Exten.

TOWER
ERECTION
KISHANPUR
20/08/09
MAN MOHAN RAINA
MANAGER T/L
PANIPAT

Wind Zone and Basic wind speed
Wind Zone Basic wind speed
m/ sec
1 33
2 39
3 44
4 47
5 50
6 55

TOWER ERECTION
 Activity that starts next to the completion of
foundation.
 This activity normally starts after 14days of
the foundation completion to allow the curing
time of concrete.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF TOWER
The towers shall be of the following types:
 Single circuit (types A/P B/Q C/R & D/S)
 Double circuit (types DA,DB,DC & DD)
 Special towers
Type of tower Deviation limit Remarks
A, DA 0 – 2 Tangent tower
B, DB 2 - 15
Also Used as section
tower with 0 deviation
C, DC 15 - 30
Also used as section
tower with 0 deviation or
trans position tower
D, DD 30 - 60
Can be used for X-ing,
anchoring. Dead end
tower with maximum 15
angle of deviation

Standard Body & Leg Extensions
Type of Tower Body Extension Leg Extension
A, DA +3,+6, +9, +18,
+25
-4.5,-3, -1.5, 0,
+1.5,+3,+4.5,
+6,+7.5,+9
B, DB +3,+6,+9 -Do-
C, DC +3,+6,+9 -Do-
D, DD +3,+6, +9, +18,
+25
-Do-

Determination of Tower Heights
Main Factors:-
 Minimum permissible
ground clearance (h1)
 Maximum Sag (h2)
 Vertical spacing bet
conductor (h3)
 Vertical clearance bet
ground wire & top
conductor (h4)

Tower Configuration
 Tower has two faces
- Longitudinal face
- Transverse face
 Tower legs/faces are
designated as A, B, C & D
or 1,2,3 & 4

Typical Leg Extension Combinations (+/-0 Base)

Typical Leg Extension Combinations (BL)

Typical Leg Extension Combinations

Loads on Tower
 Transverse Load
i) Wind on structure, conductor, insulator & hard
wares
ii) Deviation in the angle
 Longitudinal Load
- Dye to unbalanced tension in conductor, produced
either due to dead-ending of conductor on the structure or
due to broken wire conditions. It acts along the direction
of the line and the component at right angle to the
longitudinal axis of the X-arm is considered for design

Loads on Tower
 Vertical Load
- Loads due to:-
i) weight of conductor, ground wire, insulator strings,
hard wares, accessories
ii) Unbalanced vertical loads under broken wire
conditions
iii) Dead weight of the structure and the provision for the
weight of the maintenance crew
 Torsional Load
- Produced either due to dead-ending of conductor on the two
sides, e.g, due to broken wire or due to dead ending of the
conductor on single circuit lines

CHECKLIST BEFORE TOWER ERECTION
 AVAILABILITY OF DRGS
 CHECKING OF FOUNDATION
 CHECK DIGONALS OF STUB
 CHECK STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
 ENSURE PROPER BACK FILLING
 CHECKING OF TOWER PARTS FOR ANY VISUAL
DEFECTS
 CHECKING OF TOOLS AND PLANTS

METHODS OF TOWER ERECTION
 PIECEMEAL METHOD
 SECTION METHOD
 HELIECOPTER METHOD

PIECEMEAL METHOD
 Place members on ground serially as per erection sequence
 Erection from bottom upwards
 Fix four main corner members of the first section and guy
them
 Raise assembled unit of the cross braces of the first section &
bolt to leg angle
 First section of tower & horizontal struts bolted in position
 Place 2 derricks, one on each top of diagonal legs for raising
tower parts of second section
 Progressively shift derrick upwards to the corner leg members
on top of second section for raising parts of third section &
continue till completion of tower erection
 Assembled cross-arm members are raised up & fixed to the
main body of the tower

Section & Helicopter Method
 Section Method:-
- Major sections of tower are assembled on ground & same
are erected as units
- Mobile crane is required
 Helicopter Method:-
- Tower can be assembled in approachable area
- Tower is erected in section or in complete shape in yards
with help of guy

METHODS OF TOWER ERECTION
 Merits of Piecemeal Method:-
- Tower material can be supplied to site in knocked down
condition facilitating easier & cheaper transportation
- Crane/heavy equipments is not required
- Erection of tower can be done in any kind of terrain &
throughout the year
- Workmen at available at cheaper rates

TOWER ERECTION – INDIAN
CONDITIONS
 In India due to the prevailing tough terrains
and the availability of cheaper manpower we
are erecting the towers by using the built-up
method.

CHECKING OF TOWER ERECTION
 Verticality Check:-
- Tower shall be checked for verticality with help of
theodolite both in longitudinal & transverse direction.
- Tower shall not be out of vertical by more than 1 in
360 before stringing

Tower Erection
 Erection to start after 14 days of concreting
 Examine tower members for defects, if any
 In case of minor galvanizing defects, apply 2 coats of zinc-rich
paint having at least 90% zinc content
 Sort out all members sequentially
 Assembling
- Straining of members not permitted for bringing them in
position. Tommy bar of max 450 mm long may be used
for the purpose.
- Lower section to be completely braced before start of
upper section
- Complete all plan diagonals of a section before start of
upper section

Tower Erection
- Nuts shall be facing
- outside of tower for horizontal bolts
- downwards for vertical bolts
- Cross arms are assembled at ground
- Top cross arms are lifted first, followed by middle &
bottom
- Tips of cross arms are fully tightened before lifting
- Fill up all blank holes with bolts & nuts of correct size
after completion of erection
 Tightening & Punching of Bolts & Nuts
- Spring washers are to be placed under each nut
- Nuts to be tightened properly using correct size spanners

CHECKING OF TOWER ERECTION
 TIGHTNESS OF BOLTS AS PER THE
RECOMMENDED TORQUE
 BOLT HEAD SHALL BE FACING TOP AND NUTS
LAPPING DOWN
 PUNCHING OF TIGHTEND BOLTS
 CHECKING OF TOWER ASSEMBLY
INCORPORATION OF ALL MEMBERS AS PER
APPROVED DRAWINGS
 TACK WELDING OF BOLTS

Checking of Tower Erection
- Tightening to carry out from top to downward
direction attending all bolts at every level
simultaneously engaging persons at all 4 faces of
tower
- Threads of bolts projecting outside nuts are punched
at 3 places on the diameter
- Threads of bolts projecting outside nuts are tack welded
at 2 diametrically opposite places
- Length of each welding is 10 mm
- Tack welding is done up to bottom X-arm for D/C &
waist level for S/C tower from GL
- 2 coats of Zinc rich paint is applied to welded portion

TOWER ERECTION – TOOLS
AND PLANTS
 In Built-up method of tower erection the following tools and
plants are normally kept with the erection gang.
 Gin pole/Derrick pole of75/100mm dia and length 8.5 to 9m
-2No
 Polypropylene Rope 25mm dia – 700m
19mm dia – 1000m
 Single sheave pulley - 8No
(Closed Type)

AND PLANTS
 Spanners both ring & Flat), Hammers, slings(16mm x
1m), hooks(12mm dia) D shackle, Tommy bars -
As required
 Crow Bars(25mm dia1.8m length)– 16No
 Tents, Buckets, Water drums, camping cots, tables,
chairs and Petromax/ rechargeable torch – As required

& PLANTS
 D Shackle (3”) - 6No
 Hexagonal box spanner with fixed liver and
end of the liver pointed to use hole bar
(Tommy bar) - Reqd. sizes

TOWER ERECTION – SAFETY
GADGETS
 Safety Helmets - 40No
 Safety Belts - 10No
 Safety shoe -50pairs
 Welding goggles -2No
 First aid box - 1No

TOOLS AND PLANTS-
HEALTHINESS
 All the tools and plants shall be tested as per
approved safety norms and relevent test certificates
shall be available.
 Periodic testing of the tools shall be carried out.
 Safe working capacity shall be worked out and if the
capacity is at doubt they shall be discarded.

Tower Earthing
 Required:-
- To minimize over voltage hazards due to:-
- lightning
- Switching surges
- Line-to-ground fault
- Restricting ground faults
 Each tower requires Earthing

Tower Earthing
 Earthing in TL
1) Pipe Type Earthing
- Used in dry, wet, black cotton,
submerged soil where soil
resistivity is less
- Earth strips are fixed to the
stub during concreting of the
chimney & taken out
horizontally below GL
- Generally provided in one leg,
i.e, leg A
- A galvanized flat of size
around
3 mtr is fixed during casting
- A perforated MS galv pipe of
25 mm dia, 3 mtr long is buried
in 300 mm dia hole with

Tower Earthing
2) Counterpoise Earthing
- Used where soil resistivity is
high, i.e, lime stone, laterite,
rocks etc
- For < 1500 ohm-mtr, with 4 nos
30 mtr long galvanized wire
- For > 1500 ohm-mtr, with 4 nos
70 mtr long galvanized wire
- A galvanized flat of size around
3 mtr is fixed during casting
similar to pipe type
- All 4 are buried 1 meter below
ground radially away

Tower Earthing
To study the effect of earthing it is mandatory to record
Tower Footing Resistance (TFR), before and after earthling
After earthing, Tower Footing Resistance in all the cases
should be less than 10 ohm.

TOWER SCHEDULE
S.No. Loc. No.
Type Of
T
o
w
e
r
Angle Of
Deviati
on
Span In
m
t
s
Cummu-lative
Span
In
Mts
Section Length
In
Mts.
Weight Span - HOT Weight Span - COLD
Remarks
Left Right Total Left Right Total
Kaitkal GANTRY 02 ° 45 ' 24 '' LT 0 30 30 0 27 27
155 155
1 AP 1/0 DDE+9 12 ° 22 ' 48 '' LT 155 50 156 206 53 157 210 Inside PGCIL Sub Station
245 400 2 No Tar Road, 2No. 11KV, CT
2 AP 2/0 DB+0 11 ° 29 ' 34 '' RT 245 152 178 330 151 174 325 Near PGCIL Sub Station
327 727 Canal, 11 KV
3 2/1 DA+0 202 207 409 206 211 417
385 1112 CT
4 2/2 DA+0 183 178 361 179 170 349
400 1512
5 2/3 DA+3 222 213 435 230 217 447
350 1862 2No. CT , 5 No 11 KV
6 2/4 DA+0 187 200 387 183 199 382
400 2262 2 Nos.LT, 2 Nos. 11KV & Gas Line
7 2/5 DA+3 200 190 390 201 194 395
400 2662 11 KV ,CT
8 2/6 DA+3 170 192 362 166 188 354
390 3052
9 2/7 DA+3 198 174 372 202 174 376

STRINGING - METHODS
 Basically there are two methods of stringing
 Manual Stringing Method
 Tension Stringing Method

TENSION STRINGING –
TOOLS AND PLANTS
 The following tools and plants are normally
used.
 TSE Set (Tensioner & Puller of 8t/9t capacity.
 Running block for conductor
 Running block for Earthwire
 Head Board
 Pilot wire each of 800m length
 Pilot wire joint
 Ground roller for tension/Manual stringing

TOOLS AND PLANTS
 Wire mesh Pulling grip (One end open) for conductor
 Wire mesh pulling grip (One end open for Earthwire)
 Wire mesh pulling Grip*Both ends open) for
Conductor
 Articulated joints
 Drum Mounting jack for conductor drum of 10T
capacity
 Turn Table (5t capacity)

TOOLS AND PLANTS
 Anchor plate with Anchor pins
 Hydraulic compressor machine of 100t capacity with
die sets
 Traveling Ground
 Dynamometer(10t, 2t)
 Pilot wire reel stand
 Four sheave pulley with wire rope.
 Equiliser pulley

TOOLS AND PLANTS
 Conductor lifting Tackle
 Winch machine (Motorized /Manual)
 Come along clamp for conductor (Bolted &
Automatic)
 Come along clamp for Earthwire (Bolted &
Automatic)
 Turn Buckle (10T, 3T)
 Sag Board

 Marking Roller
 Mismatch Roller
 Joint protector
 Walkie Talkie set
 Theodalite with stand
 Hydraulic conductor cutter
 Flags(Red & Green)
 Crow bar (1.8m length)
TOOLS AND PLANTS

 Steel wire rope
 Polypropylene rope
 D shackle
 Bull dog clamp
 Hammers, spanners , slings and other
accessories.
TOOLS AND PLANTS

 SAFETY GADGETS
 Safety helmets
 Safety belts
 Safety Shoe
 First Aid Box
TOOLS AND PLANTS

STRINGING
 Steps involved
 After ensuring the tightness of all the bolts and
nuts the following activities will be started.
 Insulator hoisting along with aerial rollers
 Earthwire stringing
 Paying out the pilot wire
 Positioning of Stringing equipment

STRINGING – ROUGH
SAGGING
 Pilot wire is connected to the conductor through
running board.
 Pilot wire will be pulled with the help of puller by
maintaining required tension on the conductor with
the help of tensioner.
 Conductor will be pulled upto the rough sag level.
 Will be allowed at rough sag level for 24 hours.

STRINGING – FINAL
SAGGING
 Sag boards are tied.
 Final sagging will be carried out with the help
of winch machine.
 Check the final sag.
 Mark the conductor.
 Connect to the tower with the help of tension
clamp

STRINGING – CLIPPING &
SPACERING
 After completion of final sagging.
 Clipping work will be carried out at all the
suspension towers.
 Spacers will be placed as per the spacer
placement chart.

Final Testing
a) Pre-commissioning of lines:
Readiness of lines for pre-commissioning
i) Completeness of line.
ii) Meggar test of line
b) Commissioning of lines:
Readiness of lines for commissioning

Final Testing
i) Digital photograph of each tower to ascertain
the completeness of tower.
ii) Electrical Inspectors clearance from CEA.

STATUTORY
CLEARANCES
KISHANPUR
20/08/09
MAN MOHAN RAINA
MANAGER T/L
PANIPAT

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line
Project
Prior to commissioning of a Transmission Line
project, various Statutory Clearances are required
to be obtained by the field unit.
Without these Statutory Clearances the project can
not be commissioned even if construction activity
of the project are completed ahead of schedule.

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line
Project
That is why it becomes necessary to submit the proposal
in time, with respective bodies so that required NOC is
obtained within a limited time frame of the project.
The different proposals are required to be submitted with
proper documentation and relevant enclosures, without
which respective bodies may nor process the proposals,
resulting in precious time loss.

Statutory Clearances For Transmission Line Project
Following Statutory Clearances are required to be obtained before
commissioning of a T/L Project.
1 NOC from Railway (in case Railway Crossing is involved).
2 NOC from all the forest divisions in the route of T/L
3 NOC from Air Force Department.
4 NOC from Aviation Authorities.
5 NOC from National Highway Authorities (if crossing NH)
6 NOC from PWD of respective PWD departments.
7 NOC from Irrigation/ Canals Department (if crossing any)
8 NOC from respective Electricity Boards for Power Line crossing.
9 PTCC Clearance of the project.
10 CEA Clearance of the project.
With such a large number of clearances involved in commissioning of a
Transmission Line project, all out efforts and tremendous follow-up is
required so that all is obtained within the construction schedule of the
project.

1 Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining NOC
from Railway Department.
A QUESTIONNAIRE FINALISED BY THE RAILWAY BOARD VIDE
THEIR RESEARCH DESIGNS AND STANDARD ORGANISATION
SIMLA’S LETTER NO. CW/EE/IB/I DATED 28.09.1961
B AGREMENT FOR ERECTING AND MAINTAINING AN
OVERHEAD POWER LINE CROSSING OVER AND ACROSS
RAILWAY TRACKS.
C DETAILED DRAWING OF CROSSING ARRANGEMENT
SHOWING ALL THE DETAILS. THE DRAWING HAS TO BE
PREPARED ON TRACING CLOTH ALONG WITH ALL
REQUIRED DOCUMENTS DETAILED IN QUESTIONNARE.
D MINIMUM TIME PERIOD REQUIRED FOR OBTAINING NOC IS
6 MONTHS.

1 Procedure and Documentation required for
obtaining NOC from Railway Department.
E Initially the proposal complete in all respects is submitted with Sr. DE/
DE Electrical, which happens to be the nodal officer for such cases.
F He intern forwards the proposal to other departments such as Civil,
Signals, Traction etc. for their internal NOC/ Comments (if any)
G Last of all final NOC is granter by DRM after depositing of the charges
levied by Railway department.
H After completion of the job final acceptance has to be obtained from
Railway Department which is issued by them after joint verification of
the work in accordance with the approved drawing.
I The complete process is time consuming, so it is necessary to submit the
complete and correct proposal well in time.

Typical Railway Crossing Drawing

2 Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining NOC from Forest
Department.
 Forest Land : Sec.-II, FC Act 1980, all RF, PF or any other area
recorded as forest in Govt. records and land notified u/s -IV and V
under this act termed as forest land even it is privately owned.
 Reserve Forest : Natural forests having rich bio-diversity, no activity
is permitted without specific approval.
 Protected Forest : Thru’ plantation and regeneration, activities
permitted unless something is specifically prohibited.
 Dense Forest : Canopy density- more than 40%.
 Open/Degraded Forest : Canopy density < 40%. Plantation carried
out under SF Scheme or under CA Scheme covered under PF


A
B
Road Xing
Hill , No trees, Forest area
National Park/Wild life area
Social forestry
Forest area with trees
River flowing between forest ( No trees in river
bed)
Bird sanctuary
Typical Constraints in Routing of TL

2 Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining NOC from
Forest Department.
 FOREST CLEARANCE IS CONVEYED
IN TWO STAGES
 1st stage/In-principle clearance (Conditional)
 Cost of CA, NPV, Lease Rent, dwarf tree plantation
cost etc. I.e. compliance of conditions to St. Govt.
 2nd stage clearance/ Final Clearance
 After Compliance from St. Govt. to MOEF/RMOEF

Forest Department.
 STEPS INVOLVED IN FOREST CLEARANCE
 Survey in forest area
 Submission of details to DFO of the respective forest division.
 Scrutiny & processing of case by DFO
 Joint inspection by Power Grid and DFO
 Tree enumeration in the selected route
 Identification of non forest/degraded forest land for C.A by forest Deptt.
 Preparation of CA scheme by DFO
 Formulation of forest proposal
 Submission/recommendation of case to DFO/CF/NO
 NO scrutinize & recommend to PCCF
 Recommendation of Principal Chief Conservator of Forests
 Recommendation of State Government
 Processing & approval by RMOEF & MOEF

2 Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining
NOC from Forest Department.
 DELIGATION OF POWERS
Forest area involvement
 > 5Ha.(Processing & Approval by RMOE&F)
 >5Ha.-40Ha.(Processing & recommendation by RMOE&F &
Approval by Hon’ble Minister MOE&F)
 >40 Ha. Processing and approval by Hon’ble Minister MOE&F
Site Inspection
 Up to 40Ha. DFO inspection report
 >40Ha.-100Ha. CF inspection report
 >100Ha. Site inspection by RMOE&F
*FOREST CLEARANCE APPROVAL -ONLY BY CENTRAL GOVT.
PROPOSAL PROCESS & RECOMMEND- ST. GOVT. / USER AGENCY .

 FOREST ADVISORY COMMITTEE (FAC) OF MOEF
 I. Director General of Forests, MOEF - Chairperson
 II. Addl. DG (Forests), MOEF - Member
 III. Addl. Commissioner (Soil Conservation), - Member
 Ministry of Agriculture
 IV. 3 non-official experts one each in Mining, - Members
 V. Civil Eng. and Dev. Economics - Members
 VI. Inspector General (FC), MOEF - Member Sect.
 Addl. DG (Forests) shall act as Chairperson in the absence of DG (Forests)
 FAC meets at least once in every month (3rd/4th week) to discuss/
recommend proposals to Hon’ble minister for approval under FC Act 1980
involving forest > 40 ha.

Forest Department.
REGIONAL EMPOWERED COMMITTEE (REC)
(EARLIER SAG)
COMPOSITION :-
I. Regional PCCF (Central)-Chairperson
II. 3 Non-official members - experts one each in Mining,
III. Civil Engineering and Development Economics – Members
IV. CF or DCF of Regional Office – Member Secretary
SCHEDULE FOR REC MEETING(S)
MEETING(S) OF REC IS CONVENED BY REGIONAL CHIEF
CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS/CONSERBATOR OF FORESTS AS &
WHEN REQUIRED

Department.
REGIONAL MOE&F’s OFFICES
REGIONAL OFFICES CONCERNED STATE
Chief Conservator of Forest
(Central) Southern Zone, Bangalore
Kerala, Tamil, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Pondicherry, Lakshwadeep & Goa
CCF (Central), Western Zone,
Bhopal
Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
D&N Haveli, Daman & Diu & Chh’garh
CCF (Central), Eastern Zone,
Bhubaneswar
Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, A&N Island &
Jharkhand
CF (Central), Northern Zone,
Chandigarh
Haryana, Punjab, Himachal and Jammu &
Kashmir
CCF(Central), Central Zone,
Lucknow
Uttaranchal, U.P., Delhi & Rajasthan
CCF(Central), North-Eastern Region,
Shillong
Assam, Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh , Nagaland
Sikkim

 Time Limit for forest proposal Approval
 St. Govt. (Total) : 210 days
 Nodal officer : 10 days
 DFO : 90 days
 Nodal Officer (NO) : 30 days
 St. Govt. (Sectt.) : 60 days
 Central Govt. : 90 days
 TOTAL TIME : 300 DAYS.

Forest Department.
 ROUTE SELECTION
 Does not involve any human rehabilitation
 Monuments of cultural or historical importance
 Threat to survival of any community
 Public utility services
 Avoid WL Sanctuary, National Park, Biosphere Zone etc.
 No Infringement with area of natural resources
 Minimum Involvement of Road/canal/River/Railway X-ing.
 Minimum Involvement of RF/Forests etc.

Department.
 RIGHT OF WAY FOR CALCULATION OF DIVERSION AREA
 Transmission line Voltage (KV) ROW (Mtrs.)
Maximum
11 7
 33 15
66 18
 110 22
 132 27
 220 35
 400 46
 +/- 500 KV HVDC/400 S/C 52
 800 64-85

Forest Department.
FORMULATION OF FOREST PROPOSAL
 State wise & line wise
 Tree enumeration/Joint inspection
 Certification of Minimum Involvement of forest with 3
alternatives marked in Forest topo-maps / Rev. map
 Identification of Degraded reserved/ protected forestland
double the area of forest land to be diverted for our
purpose for Compensatory Afforestation
 Cost benefit Analysis for diversion above 5 hac.
 Compensatory Afforestation (CA) Scheme

3 & 4 Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining NOC from Air Force & Aviation
Authorities.
 The purpose of NOC is to notify the aviation and Air Force authorities the
exact location of towers along the line route.
 Exact location has to be supported by providing tower schedule depicting
details of Latitude, Longitude and top elevation of each and every tower.
Route marked on survey sheets has also to be enclosed.
 The correctness of data is most important as the information given by user
agency is incorporated on the flight map of said authorities for flight safety.
 The proposal supported with a Questionnaire, undertaking and supporting
documents are required to be submitted at nearest Airport in case of
Aviation and at Vayu Bhawan, New Delhi, in case of Air Force.
 Time period for issuance of NOC is +6Months.

5,6&7 Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining
NOC from National Highway, PWD, canals etc.
 The purpose of NOC is to notify the these departments about
the project so that the concerned department gets the
knowledge of the project and in case of any proposed scheme
in process may advise accordingly, which otherwise can result
into shifting of a part of the route causing loss of investment..
 Exact location of the crossing points has to be supported by
providing tower schedule and profile of the crossing area.
 The proposal has to be submitted with concerned authorities
along with an undertaking regarding safety responsibility and
for shifting at user agency cost in case need arises.

Respective Electricity Boards.
 The purpose of NOC is to notify the these departments about the project so
that the concerned department gets the knowledge of the project and in case
of any proposed scheme in process may advise accordingly, which
otherwise can result into shifting of a part of the route causing loss of
investment..
 Exact location of the crossing points has to be supported by providing
tower schedule and profile of the crossing area.
 Cross profile of the existing Power Line has also to be generated and
minimum clearance under worst conditions ahs to be guaranteed
 The proposal has to be submitted with concerned authorities along with
profile showing the minimum clearance will shall be available after
crossing the existing TL. The approval is conveyed by concerned board
with the condition that the drawing parameters are available after execution
and subject to final joint inspection before energizing the Transmissions
Line.

9 Procedure and Documentation required for
obtaining PTCC Clearance
1. Initially it is required to send Application/ Intimation to the
following:
a) Director (PTCC), CEA, New Delhi.
b) DET(PTCC), New Delhi-(Depending upon region)
Copies to:
c) GM (S&T) Concern Railways .
d) GM (Telecom District) of all the districts where line is
passing through .
With request to mark the existing/proposed railway telecom circuits/
P&T circuits/ Co-axial cables on the route map submitted by us.

9 Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining PTCC
Clearance
1 Though it is the responsibility of BSNL and PTCC
department to get the lines marked in GT Sheets, but site has
to meet the concern GM of Telecom District for following
up for issuing the instructions to the DE’s (Telecom) of the
areas ( Territorial Officers) under his control.
2 Site has to follow up with the DE of the region for clarifying
the doubts and corrections to be made by concern telecom
districts and for resubmission.

Clearance
3 With this copy site has to meet the concern Divisional Engineers and get marked
the P&T ckts/ Co-axial cables on the route map submitted by us on the width of
8 Kilometers on the both sides of our line under construction.
4 Same will be forwarded by the Divisional Engineer to their GM/ Telecom
District.
5 As per CEA Directives PTCC case is routed through ED office only.
6. After compilation of the reports received from the GMs of all the Telecom
Districts Divisional Engineer Telecom/ PTCC, T &D CIRCLE of the Region
will forward the same to the DIRECTOR (PTCC), CEA, NEW DELHI
a) For the comments regarding LF Induction on the paralleling Telecom Lines
under worst fault conditions due to proposed power line.
b) In Case of Railway Block Circuits, the break up figures of the L.F. Induced
voltage on station-to –station basis and the value of the mutual coupling for each
section).

Clearance
7 On receipt of the details at PTCC/CEA , New Delhi , the concern
Director will calculate the INDUCED Voltages and forward the same
details to the Divisional Engineer Telecom/ PTCC of the region and GM
of the Railways for the necessary action.
8 Divisional Engineer Telecom/ PTCC of the region in turn gives
instructions to the concern GMs/ POWERGRID for providing the
protection to the telecom equipment / cables if the induced voltage is
more than the 650V by providing GD Tubes , Magazines etc.
a If the IV is Less than 650 Volts Telecom department themselves has
to provide Protection.
b If the IV is More than 650 Volts POWERGRID has pay cost the
equipment required for providing the protection to Telecom
department for installation.

Clearance
9. DE Telecom /PTCC of the region will give the conditional
provisional clearance after the protections installed/ under
progress.
List of Documents required with the PTCC case:
1 Route Map of Transmission Line
2 Line diagram of Connecting Sub-Stations.
3 Detail of Transformers likely to be put in use.
4 Tower Drawing.
5 Questionnaire
6 Detail of Telecom Lines.
7 Soil Resistivity of entire TL.

10 Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining CEA
Clearance
It is mandatory to obtain clearance from Electrical Inspector prior
to energizing any electrical installation.
For Government of India projects the Electrical Inspector is ,
Superintending Engineer, Central Elect6ricitry Authority.
The complete case has to be submitted to Electrical Inspector,
under Intimation to CE, Inspection Cell, when installation is
complete in all respects and is ready for energizing.
As the schedule of Electrical is very busy the proposal is required
to be submitted in anticipation of completion date.
Once the date of inspection is fixed the inspector inspects the
installation and may ask for compliance of the observations (if
observed any).
On submission of compliance report, final charging clearance is
issued by Electrical Inspector.

10 Procedure and Documentation required for obtaining CEA
Clearance
Documents required to be submitted with CEA Case:
1 Application enclosed with the required documents for
approval of the Electrical Inspector to Energize the
HV/EHV Overhead Transmission Lines and Underground
Cables etc. Under Rule 63 of Indian Electricity Rules, 1961.
2 Line diagram of Sub-Stations and Transformer
Specifications.
3 Complete Tower Schedule of the Transmission Line.
4 Detail of Crossings and the available clearance.
5 Payment calculation detail with respect to the laid
down charges.

With all the above at stake of a Transmission
Line Project, you yourself can decide how fast
and effective you have to be to complete the
project in time.
Give a thought to it and start re-planning your
time module else you will be late by miles..

THANK YOU
We End The Session
Here.

TL_Cons_present_Kishanpur_20[1].08.09.ppt

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