This document summarizes a study assessing the surface water quality of Perumbakkam Lake in Kanchipuram district, South India using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). 15 water samples were collected from locations around the lake and analyzed for physicochemical parameters like pH, alkalinity, hardness, chlorides, TDS, fluoride, iron, and ammonia. The results were mapped spatially using GIS to analyze the spatial variation in water quality. Most parameters were within permissible limits except for high TDS levels at some locations, possibly due to industrial and domestic waste discharge. The study aims to help monitor water quality and identify sources of pollution impacting the lake.

1. Presented by:
Guided by:
SURFACE WATER QUALITY
ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM
LAKE USING GIS
Ashish Vivek Sukh (U13CE012) Devprakash Choudhary (U13CE026)
Dipanjam Sarkar(U13CE028) Kathamrita Basak (U13CE711)
B. KAVIYA Assistant Professor
Dept. of Civil Engineering
Bharath University 06 April 2017

2. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
INTRODUCTION
06 April 2017
• Surface water is an inevitable source for the drinking, agricultural
and the industrial sector.
• Its occurrence and availability depends on the rainfall and recharge
conditions.
• The suitability of surface water for various uses majorly depends
on quality of surface water.
• The objective of the water quality index is to turn multifaceted
water quality data into simple information that is useable by the
public.

3. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
SURFACE WATER QUALITY
06 April 2017
• The quality of surface water is normally
measured in terms of physical, chemical
and biological parameters.
• The water quality index is also measured to
check whether the water is potable or not.
• Once the surface water is contaminated, its
quality cannot be restored by stopping the
pollutants.

4. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
06 April 2017
• Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote
sensing has been extensively used to assess the water
quality and study area topography.
• The advancement in GIS and spatial analysis help to
integrate the laboratory analysis data with geographic
data and to model the spatial distribution of water.

5. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
OBJECTIVE
06 April 2017
The main objective of this study is:
• To create base map for study area.
• To determine the physio – chemical analysis of surface water and
compare the result with BIS.
• To determine the spatial variability of surface water quality using
GIS.

6. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
NEED FOR STUDY
06 April 2017
• Water pollution is primarily associated with domestic
and industrial waste.
• Due to anthropogenic activities, the river water usually
receives untreated sewage, domestic waste, industrial
effluents that results in pollution of several rivers.
• Wastewater discharge from sewage and industries are
major component of water pollution contributing
oxygen demand and nutrient loading of the water
bodies.
• Assessment of surface water quality has been very
useful to determine the status of pollutant.

7. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
LITERATURE REVIEW
06 April 2017
• G.Sunpriya Achary et al (2016) study an attempt has been made to
devise a methodology to integrate the WQI with C++ program for
an effective interpretation of the quality status of River water.
River Kathajodi has been taken as a case study and the physical,
chemical and microbial analysis has been interpreted using WQI.
• S. Packialakahmi et al (2015) studied the status of ground water quality
in the study area is found to be critical. The presence of high TDS and
hard water occurs in most of the locations. The water quality index
shows the quality of the ground water is moderate to very poor and it is
not suitable for drinking purposes. Further the study emphasis the
continuous seasonal assessment of groundwater quality.

8. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
LITERATURE REVIEW
06 April 2017
• Atef Faleh et al (2015) Water Quality index (WQI) of the current study for
KAC and JR was computed by using nine sampling points from different
water parameters in order to evaluate the suitability of water for various
purposes. The following conclusions were drawn on the basis of the physico-
chemical analysis of surface water for KAC and JR.
• Rajkumar V. Raikar et al (2012) studied on the water quality analysis carried
out at the Bhadravathi Taluk, Karnataka, India. Twelve physico-chemical
parameters were considered in the analysis. Geographic information system
(GIS) is used to represent the spatial distribution of the parameters and raster
maps were created. The water quality index indicated that most of the
sampling locations come under good category. Due to the industrialization and
agricultural disposal some of the sampling locations became unfit.

9. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
STUDY AREA
06 April 2017
• The Perumbakkam lake, Kanchipuram
district, South India has been chosen for
conducting the study.
• The Perumbakkam lake spreads over 200
acres (0.81 km2) and is a vital source of
water to residents and farmers in
Perumbakkam, Vengaivaasal and
Sithalapakkam villages.
• Several educational institutions,
industries, training centres and
multinational companies are established in
this area.

10. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
METHODOLOGY
06 April 2017
A

11. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
METHODOLOGY
06 April 2017

12. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
SAMPLING LOCATION AND THEIR COORDINATES
06 April 2017
SAMPLING LOCATION
Sampling was carried out during post monsoon using GPS survey. A
total of 15 water samples were collected from the selected locations
throughout the study area. The latitude and longitude values of the
selected sampling locations are given in Table 4.1. These samples
were analyzed for different parameters as shown in Table 4.2. The
obtained water Quality data form the attribute database which is
used to generate the spatial distribution maps for the present study
area

13. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
SAMPLING LOCATION AND THEIR COORDINATES
06 April 2017
S.No. Sample Locations Latitude Longitude
1. 1 12°54’1.88” 80°11’4.59”
2. 2 12°54’11.47” 80°11’10.07”
3. 3 12°54’2.61” 80°11’ 17.08”
4. 4 12°54’1.10” 80°11’32.35”
5. 5 12°53’48.97” 80°11’33.17”
6. 6 12°53’40.36” 80°11’33.12”
7. 7 12°53’28.53” 80°11’35.14”
8. 8 12°53’31.42” 80°11’28.46”
9. 9 12°53’41.53” 80°11’17.11”
10. 10 12°53’54.34” 80°11’4.03”
11. 11 12°53'54.4” 80°11'17.60”
12. 12 12°53'49.98” 80°11'14.65”
13. 13 12°53'41.72” 80°11'27.00”
14. 14 12°53'52.68” 80°11'26.69”
15. 15 12°53'48.38” 80°11'23.34”

14. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
PHYSICO–CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE SAMPLES
06 April 2017
Sample
Location
pH Alkalinity
(mg/l)
Hardness
(mg/l)
Chloride
(mg/l)
TDS (mg/l) Fluoride (mg/l)
1 8.5 320 240 350 1092 1.5
2 7.5 200 160 270 756 1
3 7 250 190 280 864 0.5
4 6.5 280 210 290 936 0.5
5 8.5 260 180 310 1020 1
6 7 280 200 290 924 0.5
7 7 300 220 300 984 1
8 6.5 250 220 260 876 0.5
9 7 240 240 280 912 1
10 7.5 250 180 260 828 0.5
11 7 240 200 340 936 1
12 7.5 220 190 320 876 1
13 7 260 200 300 912 0.5
14 7 240 220 280 888 0.5
15 6.5 220 210 290 864 1
Permissible
Limits
(BIS) IS
10500:1991
6.5 –
8.5
200 -600 300 -600 250 – 1000 500 - 2000 1 – 1.5

15. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
PHYSICO–CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE SAMPLES
06 April 2017
Sample
Location
Iron
(mg/l)
Ammonia
(mg/l)
EC (µmhos/cm) BOD (mg/l) COD
(mg/l)
1 1 3 2880 8.9 5.1
2 0.3 2 2110 8.4 4.5
3 0.3 1 2400 8 2.6
4 0 0.5 720 8.2 3
5 0.3 1 1960 7.9 3.6
6 0 0.5 1550 8.1 2.9
7 0.3 1 2770 8.8 4.8
8 0 1 1390 8.2 3.4
9 0.3 0.5 1240 8.5 4.2
10 0 0.5 2010 8.1 2.5
11 0.3 0.5 1900 8.3 2.6
12 0.3 1 2200 8.2 3.2
13 1 1 2380 8.4 2.9
14 1 0.5 1880 8.1 3.1
15 0.3 1 2450 8.5 3.4
Permissible
Limits (BIS)
IS 10500:1991
0.3 – 1.0 0.2 – 1.4 1500 – 3000 <30 <250

16. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
pH
06 April 2017
pH values ranged from 7.0 to 8.5 with an average value of 7.7 indicating the
alkaline nature of water samples.
8.5
7.5
7
6.5
8.5
7 7
6.5
7
7.5
7
7.5
7 7
6.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
pH
pH

17. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
Alkalinity
06 April 2017
Alkalinity is the measure of the capacity of the water to neutralize a strong
acids. The Alkalinity in the water is generally imparted by the salts of
carbonates, silicates, etc. together with the hydroxyl ions in Free State.
Alkalinity ranges from 260 – 800.
320
200
250
280
260
280
300
250 240 250 240
220
260
240
220
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Alkalinity (mg/L)

18. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
Hardness
06 April 2017
Hardness is a measure of the capacity of water to the concentration of
calcium and magnesium in water. Hardness ranges from 300 – 600.
240
160
190
210
180
200
220 220
240
180
200 190 200
220 210
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Hardness (mg/L)

19. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
Chloride
06 April 2017
Chloride occurs in all natural waters in widely varying concentrations. The
chloride contents normally increase as the mineral contents increases.
350
270 280 290
310
290 300
260
280
260
340
320
300
280 290
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Chloride (mg/L)

20. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
TDS
06 April 2017
A total dissolved solid (TDS) is the concentrations of all the dissolved
minerals in water.
1092
756
864
936
1020
924
984
876
912
828
936
876
912 888 864
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
TDS (mg/L)

21. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
Fluoride
06 April 2017
The desirable limit of Fluorides is 1-1.5 mg/l, beyond this limit the water is
considered as poor quality.
1.5
1
0.5 0.5
1
0.5
1
0.5
1
0.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Fluoride (mg/L)

22. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
Iron
06 April 2017
Iron is a common metallic element found in the earth's crust Iron can affect
the flavour and colour of water. Iron content ranges from 0 – 0.3, which is
within the permissible limits
1
0.3 0.3
0
0.3
0
0.3
0
0.3
0
0.3 0.3
1 1
0.3
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Iron (mg/L)

23. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
Ammonia
06 April 2017
Ammonia can be present in water in two forms, either ammonium hydroxide
(NH3) or as the ammonium ion (NH4). When the pH of the water is less than 7
the ammonia is present as the ammonium ion. As pH increases above 7, more of
the ammonia is present as ammonium hydroxide.
3
2
1
0.5
1
0.5
1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5
1 1
0.5
1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Ammonia (mg/L)

24. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
Electrical Conductivity
06 April 2017
The electrical conductivity of the water depends
on the water temperature: the higher the
temperature, the higher the electrical conductivity
would be. The electrical conductivity of water
increases by 2-3% for an increase of 1 degree
Celsius of water temperature. Many EC meters
nowadays automatically standardize the readings
to 25°C.While the electrical conductivity is a good
indicator of the total salinity, it still does not
provide any information about the ion composition
in the water. Electrical Conductivity ranges from
720-2880.
2880
2110
2400
720
1960
1550
2770
1390
1240
2010
1900
2200
2380
1880
2450
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
EC (µmhos/cm)

25. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
06 April 2017
B.O.D is defined as the amount of oxygen required by
microorganism by stabilizing biological decomposable organic
matter waste aerobic conditions. The biological oxidation is a
very slow process during oxidation organic pollutants are
oxidized by certain microorganism into carbon dioxide and water
using to dissolve oxygen. Hence lowering in dissolve oxygen
value is the measured of BOD relation. BOD ranges from 8.1 -
8.9(mg/l).
8.9
8.4
8
8.2
7.9
8.1
8.8
8.2
8.5
8.1
8.3
8.2
8.4
8.1
8.5
7.4
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9
BOD (mg/L)

26. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
Chemical Oxygen Demand
06 April 2017
The COD test determines the oxygen required for chemical oxidation of
organic matter without the help of strong chemical oxidant. The COD is
attached which is used to measure pollution of domestic and industrial
waste. The waste is measured in term of quality of oxygen required for
oxidation of organic matter to produce carbon dioxide and water. It is a
fact all organic compound with few exceptions can be oxidized by the
action of strong oxidizing agents under acidic condition. COD ranges
from 2.5 – 5.1 (mg/l).
5.1
4.5
2.6
3
3.6
2.9
4.8
3.4
4.2
2.5 2.6
3.2
2.9 3.1
3.4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
COD (mg/L)

27. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
Photos
06 April 2017

28. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
Photos
06 April 2017

29. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
06 April 2017
Sample lake location are obtained using GPS and the locations are imported to Quantum GIS to create a point feature.

30. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
06 April 2017
GENERATION OF THEMATIC MAPS OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS:
Thematic maps for individual water quality parameters are generated
using Spatial Interpolation technique in Quantum GIS
Spatial Variation of pH Spatial Variation of Alkalinity Spatial Variation of Total Hardness

31. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
06 April 2017
Spatial Variation of Chloride Spatial Variation of Total Dissolved Solids

32. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
06 April 2017
Spatial Variation of Fluoride Spatial Variation of Iron

33. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
06 April 2017
Spatial Variation of Ammonia Spatial Variation of EC

34. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
06 April 2017
Spatial Variation of BOD Spatial Variation of COD

35. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
Conclusions
06 April 2017
From the results, it is concluded that the water quality of the lake is
found within the permissible limits. The inlet and outlets points of
the lake are polluted because of the wastewater from nearby
industry. So the water cannot be used for drinking purpose but it can
be used for other domestic purposes. Proper treatment should be
done if the water is used for drinking purpose. Since the main source
is from precipitation, proper desilting activities can be done during
hot weather season in order to increase the storage capacity of lake.

36. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
REFERENCES
06 April 2017
1. G.Sunpriya Achary, S.K.Panda and R.B.Panda (2016) “Evaluation Of Water
Quality Of Kathajodi River By Water Quality Index Analysis Using C++
Program” pp: 96-106,2016|ISSN 2277-8330 (Electronic), No: of
References:15.
2. S. Packialakahmi, Meheli Deb and Hrituparna Chakraborty (2015)
“Assessment of Groundwater Quality Index in and Around Sholinganallur
Area, Tamil Nadu.” Vol 8(36), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i36/87645,
December 2015.
3. S.D. Shinde, Dr. K.A. Patil and Dr. P.A. Sadgir (2015) “River and Ground
Water Quality Assessment using GIS” ISSN (Online): 2319-8753, ISSN
(Print): 2347-6710.
4. Atef Faleh Al-Mashagbah (2015) “Assessment of Surface Water Quality of
King Abdullah Canal, Using Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Water
Quality Index, Jordan”, Received 25 February 2015; accepted 12 March
2015; published 13 March 2015.
5. Adebayo Olubukola Oke (2013) “mapping of river water quality using
inverse distance weighted interpolation in ogun-osun river basin, nigeria”
2013. 48-62.

37. SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF PERUMBAKKAM LAKE USING GIS
REFERENCES
06 April 2017
6. Deeksha Katyal, Ahmed Qader, Ali Hayder Ismail and Kiranmay
Sarma (2012) “Water quality assessment of Yamuna River in Delhi
region using index mapping”, Vol. 13, Nos. 2/3, 2012.
7. Rajkumar V. Raikar and Sneha, M. K (2012) “Water quality analysis
of Bhadravathi taluk using GIS – a case study” ISSN 0976 – 4402,
Volume 2, No 4, 2012.
8. GAJENDRAN C (2011) “water quality assessment and prediction
modelling of nambiyar river basin, Tamil Nadu, India”
9. Ake Sivertun and Lars Prange (2003) “Non-point source critical area
analysis in the Gisselo ¨ watershed using GIS”, Received 6 September
2002; received in revised form 16 February 2003; accepted 5 March
2003.

38. THANK YOU
06 April 2017