1.5English Kumarbharti

1. Class: X
Subject: English
Name of the Teacher: Arti Patil
Atma Malik English Medium Gurukul, Kokamthan

2. Stones, bow and arrows, missiles, guns, bombs,
spears, Swords, tridents, tanks, rifles,
axes, daggers, etc. Nuclear weapons,etc.

3. Phrasal verbs
A phrasal verb is a verb that is made up of a main verb together with an adverb or a preposition, or both.
Typically, their meaning is not obvious from the meanings of the individual words themselves.
For example:
She has always looked down on me.
Fighting broke out among a group of 40 men.
I’ll see to the animals.
Don’t put me off, I’m trying to concentrate.
The report spelled out the need for more staff.
For instance, in the first example, the phrasal verb ‘to look down on someone’ doesn’t mean that you are
looking down from a higher place at someone who is below you; it means that you think that you are better
than someone.
Verb Preposition/adverb
get up
go through
write down
take after
Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and a
preposition or an adverb:
Verb
Preposition /
adverb 1
Preposition /
adverb 2
look forward to
put up with
sit in for
Sometimes phrasal verbs consist of three
elements:

4. Phrasal verb Meaning Example
look for search/seek He is looking for his keys
look up to have a great deal of respect for a
person
His father is his model. He is the
person he looks up to.
look forward to await eagerly/anticipate with
pleasure
She is looking forward to visiting
Paris.
look up to try to find a piece of
information by looking in a book
or on a computer:
She didn't understand the word.
So she looked it up in her
dictionary
When added to the verb the preposition or adverb may change completely the meaning of
the verb. Here are some examples:

5. 3. Adding different prepositions to the same action verb changes the meaning of
the phrases, thus formed.
For example, call out - announce
call at - visit
call for - summon
call up - make a telephonic call
call off - cancel
Guess the difference in meanings of the underlined phrases.
(1) (a) He promised to look into the matter. investigate
(b) He asked me to look for his lost book. search
(c) I shall look forward to your arrival. Await eagerly
(2) (a) An epidemic of cholera broke out in the village. Started suddenly
(b) The thieves broke into the locked house. Entered illegally and forcibly
(c) They broke up their friendship. ended
(3) (a) You must carry out your duty faithfully. Complete; execute
(b) Please carry on with your work. continue
(c) They carried off the trophy in the football matches. won
(d) Carry forward the remaining balance to the next page. To transfer

6. George Bernard Shaw was born July 26, 1856, in Dublin, Ireland. In 1876 he moved to London, where he
wrote regularly but struggled financially. In 1895, he became a theater critic for the Saturday Review and
began writing plays of his own. His play Pygmalion was later made into a film twice, and the screenplay he
wrote for the first version of it won an Oscar. During his lifetime, he wrote more than 60 plays and won many
other awards, among them the Nobel Prize.
Playwright George Bernard Shaw was born in Dublin, Ireland, on July 26, 1856. The third child, Shaw's
early education took the form of tutoring sessions provided by his clerical uncle.
Early on, Shaw explored the worlds of the arts (music, art, literature) under his mother's guidance and
through regular visits to the National Gallery of Ireland. In 1872, Shaw's mother left her husband and took
Shaw's two sisters to London, and four years later Shaw followed (his younger sister had died in the
meantime), deciding to become a writer. Shaw struggled financially, and his mother essentially supported
him while he spent time in the British Museum reading room, working on his first novels.

8. Glossary :
Monsieur - French word for Mister (Mr).
retreats hastily - moves away or withdraws in a hurry.
peasant girl- a poor village girl
grimly- seriously.
squire- a person of high rank.
armour - protective clothing of metal or leather worn during battle by soldiers in olden days.
blockhead stupid or idiotic person.
assuming - taking for granted.
Dauphin - the eldest son of the King of France, who would become king after his father.
gravely - in a serious tone.
raising a siege - surround from all sides and attack, removing the forces surrounding a place.
plundering - stealing, looting, using force (during times of war or civil disorder).
to save their skins (idiom) - to save their live
to be out of your mind (idiom) - to be crazy.
Chinon - One of the cities in France where the Royal family resided; during the Hundred Years War, the Dauphin took
refuge in Chinon.
cowed – frightened
wavering (here) - hesitating; beginning to give in.
have put fire into (phr) - have inspired or motivated.
obstinately - stubbornly.

9. Robert : I told you to throw the girl out. You
have fifty armed soldiers and dozens of
strong servants to carry out my orders.
Are they afraid of her ?
Steward : No sir, we are afraid of you, but she
puts courage in us. She really doesn’t
seem to be afraid of anything. Perhaps
you could frighten her, sir.
Robert : (grimly) Perhaps, where is she now ?
Steward : Down in the courtyard, sir.
(Robert goes to the window and asks
the soldiers to send the girl up.)
(The girl enters. She is a well-built,
strong country girl of 17 to 18 years.
The squire’s glare neither frightens her
nor stops her. She speaks confidently.)
Joan : Good morning, captain squire. You
are to give me a horse and armour
and some soldiers, and send me to the
Dauphin.

10. Robert : This girl is mad. Why didn’t you tell
me so, you blockhead ?
Steward : Sir, do not anger her. Give her what
she wants.
Robert : I shall send you back to your father
with orders to put you under lock and
key.
Joan : You think you will, squire. But it won’t
happen that way. You said you would
not see me. But here I am.
Robert : So, you are assuming that I’ll give you
what you want.
Joan : Yes, squire. (Continues busily) A horse
will cost sixteen francs. It is a big
amount of money. But I can save it
on the armour. I don’t need beautiful
armour made to my measure. I can find
a soldier’s armour that will fit me well
enough. I shall not want many soldiers.
The Dauphin will give me, all I need, to free Orleans

11. Robert : (Shocked) To free Orleans !
Joan : (Simply) Yes, squire. Three men will be
enough for you to send with me. Polly
and Jack have promised to come with me.
Robert : You mean Monsieur de Poulengey ?
Joan : Yes, Squire Jack will come willingly.
He is a very kind gentleman, and gives
me money to give to the poor. I think
John Godsave will come, and Dick
the Archer, and their servants, John of
Honecourt and Julian. There will be no
trouble for you, squire. I have arranged
it all. You have only to give the order.
Robert : (To the steward) Is this true about
Monsieur de Poulengey ?
Steward : (Eagerly) Yes, sir, and about Monsieur
de Metz too. They both want to go with her.
Robert : (Goes to the window, and shouts into
the court-yard.) Send Monseiur de
Poulengey to me, will you ? (He turns to Joan) Get out and
wait in the yard

12. Joan : (Smiling brightly at him) Right, squire.
(She goes out).
Robert : (To the steward) Go with her. Stay
within call and keep your eye on her.
I shall have her up here again.
(The steward retreats hastily. Bertrand
de Poulengey, a French guard, enters,
salutes and stands waiting.)
Robert : She says you, Jack and Dick have
offered to go with her. What for ? Do
you take her crazy idea of going to the
Dauphin seriously ?
Poulengey : (Slowly) There is something about her.
It may be worth trying.
Robert : Oh, come on Polly! You must be out
of your mind !
Poulengey : (Unmoved) What is wrong with it ? The
Dauphin is in Chinon, like a rat in a
corner, except that he won’t fight. The
English will take Orleans. He’ll not be able to stop them

13. Robert : He beat the English the year before last
at Montargis. I was with him.
Poulengey : But his men are cowed and now he
can’t work miracles. And I tell you that
nothing can save our side now but a
miracle.
Robert : Miracles are all right, Polly. The only
difficulty about them is that they don’t
happen nowadays.
Poulengey : I used to think so. I’m not so sure now.
There is something about her. I think
the girl herself is a bit of a miracle.
Anyhow, this is our last chance. Let’s
see what she can do.
Robert : (Wavering) You really think that ?
Poulengey : (Turning) Is there anything else left for
us to think ? Let’s take a chance. Her
words have put fire into me.
Robert : (Giving up) Whew! You’re as mad as she is.

14. Poulengey : (Obstinately) We want a few mad
people now. See where the same ones
have landed us !
Robert : I feel like a fool. Still, if you feel
sure... ?
Poulengey : I feel sure enough to take her to Chinon
unless you stop me.
Robert : Do you think I ought to have another
talk with her ?
Poulengey : (Going to the window) Yes ! Joan, Come
up.
(Joan enters)
Poulengey : (Gravely) Be seated, Joan.
Robert : What is your name?
Joan : They always called me Jenny in
Lorraine. Here in France, I am Joan.
The soldiers call me the Maid.
Robert : How old are you ?
Joan : Seventeen, so they tell me. It might be
nineteen. I don’t remember.

15. Robert : I suppose you think raising a siege
is as easy as chasing a cow out of
a meadow. You think soldiering is
anybody’s job ?
Joan : I don’t think it can be very difficult if
God is on your side.
Robert : (Grimly) Have you ever seen English
soldiers fighting? Have you ever seen
them plundering, burning, turning the
countryside into a desert? Have you
heard no tales of their prince who is
the devil himself, or of the English king’s father ?
Joan : You do not understand, squire. Our
soldiers are always beaten because they
are fighting only to save their skins
and the shortest way to save your skin
is to run away. But I will teach them
all to fight for France. Then, they will
drive the soldiers before them like
sheep. You and Polly will live to see
the day when there will not be a single English soldier on
the soil of France.

16. Robert : (To Poulengey) This may all be
nonsense, Polly. But the troops might
just be inspired by it though nothing
that we say seems to put any fire into
them. Even the Dauphin might believe
it. And if she can put some fight into
him, she can put it into anybody.
Robert : (Turning to Joan) Now you, listen to
me and don’t cut in before I have time
to think. Your orders are that you are
to go to Chinon under the escort of this
gentleman and three of his friends.
Joan : (Radiant, clasping her hands) Oh, thank
you, squire !
Poulengey : How is she to get into the royal
presence ?
Robert : I don’t know. How did she get into my
presence ? I will send her to Chinon and
she can say I sent her. Then, let come
what may. I can do no more.
Joan : And the dress ? I may have a soldier’s dress,
squire ?

17. Robert : Take what you please. I wash my
hands off it.
Joan : (Wildly excited by her success) Come,
Polly. (She dashes out.)
Robert : (Shaking Poulengey’s hand) Goodbye,
old man, I am taking a big chance.
Few other men would have done it. But
as you say, there is something about
her.
Poulengey : Yes, there is something about her.
Goodbye.
- George Bernard Sha

18. 1. Read the extract from G. B. Shaw’s play on Joan of Arc and fill in the
Tree diagram.
1429 Eastern France A room in a
house at a
military camp
John Poulengey
Steward
Squire Robert
How Joan
persuades Squire
Robert to give
her what she
wants and permit
her to go to meet
the Dauphin

19. 2. (A) Pick out from the extract of the play two lines that provide evidence foreach of the following.
Joan of Arc
(a) Her confidence (1) The Dauphin will give me all I need to free Orleans.
(2) I will teach them all to fight for France.
(b) Her courage (1) She really doesn’t seem to be afraid of anything.
(2) The Squire’s glare neither frightens her nor stops her.
(c) Her optimism (1) If she can put some fight into him, she can put it into anybody.
(2) I don’t think it can be very difficult if God is on your side.
(d) Her determination (1) I have arranged it all. You have only to give the order.
(2) You said that you would not see me. But here I am.
(e) Her patriotism (1) I will teach them all to fight for France.
(2) You and Polly will live to see the day when there will not be a single English solider on the soil of
France.

20. 3. From the extract, find what the following are compared to and why so.
(a)as easy as – Chasing a cow out of the meadow.
Because Joan was a country girl and had probably chased many cows out of the meadows.
Besides cows are docile creatures and can be driven away very easily.
(b) as mad as – Joan
for Joan was planning to go to the Dauphin, who was frightened, and motivating him to fight to
save Orleans.
(c) The Dauphin in Chinon is like – a rat in the corner
for just like a cornered rat gives up, he too had given up and refused to fight to save Orleans.
(d) The (enemy) soldiers will be driven away like – sheep.
because sheep who are considered to be foolish animals, can be manipulated easily.
(e) Joan of Arc is a bit of – a miracle
because She is courageous, confident and determined enough to go to the Dauphin and
motivate him to fight for Orleans.

21. 4. Say WHY? Write it in your notebook.
(a) Joan wanted to meet Captain Squire.
(b) Joan did not ask for many soldiers from the Captain Squire.
(c) Poulengey, Jack and Dick had offered to accompany Joan.
(d) French soldiers were always beaten in war.
(e) Captain Squire Robert said, “I wash my hands off it.”

22. Phrases Meaning Own Sentences
1. (a) cut in
(b) cut out
a. Interrupt
b. Stop or reduce
a. Never cut in when parents are talking.
b. His phone cut out for a moment.
2. (a) be held by
(b) be held up
a. Before
b. Delayed
a. She was be held by her mother for going out without completing her
pending task.
b. Robbers held up a bank at gunpoint.
3. (a) run away
(b) run for
a. Escape
b. To compete in an
election.
a. We are not going to run away.
b. He chose to run for election.
4.(a) be known as
(b) be known for
a. To be called as
b. To be famous for
a. Wolves hunt in a groups known as packs.
b. She is known for her great efforts in science.
5. (a) go with
(b) go after
a. Suit each other
b. Follow
a. This colour does not go with that.
b. Arnav has decided to go after his dreams with all that he has.
6. (a) put fire into
(b) put fire out
a. inspire, motivate
b. extinguish
a. Teacher asked us to put fire into creative aspect to come out with
flying colours.
b. Firefighters soon put the fire out.
5. Using a dictionary, find the difference between the following pairs of phrases. Make sentences of
your own with each of them.

23. 6. From an Indian History Book or Internet find out information about Indian
Women (queens) who led battles. (For example, Rani of Jhansi and Rani Karnawati
of Mewad). Write 3 points of similarity and 3 points of contrast between any one of
the above Indian Queens and Joan of Arc. Write in your own words.
Similarities Contrast
(a) Same age group (i) status
(b) courage (ii) resources
(c) inspiration (iii) freedom to take decisions
7. Read the script from :
Joan (Girl) : Good morning, Captain squire
up to
Joan : (simply)Polly and Jack have promised to come with me.
Write a summary of that part of the script (in the indirect speech) in 15 to 20lines. Do
it in your notebook.
eg,. Joan asked the Squire to give her a horse, an armour and some soldiers and send her to
the Dauphin……

24. Sentence Types
There are four types of English sentence, classified by their purpose:
•declarative sentence (statement)
•interrogative sentence (question)
•imperative sentence (command)
•exclamative sentence (exclamation)
Form Function example sentence (clause) final
punctuation
1 Declarative statement: It tells us
something
John likes Mary. .
2 Interrogative question: It asks us
something
Does Mary like John? ?
3 Imperative command: It tells us to do
something
Stop!
Close the door.
! or .
4 Exclamative exclamation: It expresses What a funny story he told !

25. Assertive/Declarative Sentence:
Most of the sentences of English language are assertive sentences. The sentence which
declares or asserts a statement, feeling, opinion, incident, event, history, or anything is called
an assertive sentence. An assertive sentence ends with a period (.).
Assertive sentences can be either affirmative or negative.
Examples:
•He plays for the Rockers club.
•Alex is a good baseball player.
•He always gives his best effort in the team.
•He is a good leader.
•I like him for his intensity.
An Asserative sentence makes statement or declared something.
Assertive sentence Definition :-
A sentence that declares or emphasizes a sentence, emotion, opinion, event, event, history
or anything is called a Asserative sentence. this is also declarative sentence definition.

26. Types of Declarative sentence :-
1) Affirmative Sentence
2) Negative Sentence
1) Affirmative Sentence :-
A sentence which have not use negative words like : no , not , never etc
called as Affirmative Sentence
Example :- I eat a mango
2) Negative Sentence :-
A sentence which have use no, not, never, neither-nor, nothing, etc called
as Negative Sentence
Example :-
1) He has no money
2) This is not declarative sentence Types

27. positive negative
I like coffee. I do not like coffee.
We watched TV last night. We did not watch TV last night.
1. Declarative Sentence (statement)
Declarative sentences make a statement. They tell us something. They give us
information, and they normally end with a full-stop/period.
The usual word order for the declarative sentence is:
•subject + verb...
Declarative sentences can be positive or negative. Look at these examples:
Declarative sentences are the most common type of sentence.

28. positive negative
Do you like coffee? Don't you like coffee?
Why did you go? Why didn't you go?
2. Interrogative Sentence (question)
Interrogative sentences ask a question. They ask us something. They want
information, and they always end with a question mark.
The usual word order for the interrogative sentence is:
•(wh-word +) auxiliary + subject + verb...
Interrogative sentences can be positive or negative. Look at these examples:

29. positive negative
Stop! Do not stop!
Give her coffee. Don't give her coffee.
3. Imperative Sentence (command)
Imperative sentences give a command. They tell us to do something, and they
end with a full-stop/period (.) or exclamation mark/point (!).
The usual word order for the imperative sentence is:
•base verb...
Note that there is usually no subject—because the subject is understood, it
is YOU.
Imperative sentences can be positive or negative. Look at these examples:

30. 4. Exclamative Sentence (exclamation)
Exclamative sentences express strong emotion/surprise—
an exclamation—and they always end with an exclamation
mark/point (!).
The usual word order for the exclamative sentence is:
•What (+ adjective) + noun + subject + verb
•How (+ adjective/adverb) + subject + verb
Look at these examples:
•What a liar he is!
•What an exciting movie it was!
•How he lied!
•How exciting the movie was!

31. 8. (A) Make the following sentences Affirmative without change of meaning.
(a) Negative : I am not so sure, now.
Affirmative : I am rather unsure now.
(b) Negative : He will not be able to stop them.
Affirmative : He will be unable to stop them.
(c) Negative : I don’t remember.
Affirmative : I forget.
(d) Negative : I can do no more.
Affirmative : I can do only this much.
(e) Negative : Sir, do not anger her.
Affirmative : Sir, please refrain from angering her.
(f) Negative : I shall not want many soldiers.
Affirmative : I shall want only a few soldiers.

32. (B) Fill in the gaps in the table.
WORD-FORM
Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
1. success succeed successful Successfully
2. inspiration inspire inspirational -----
3. safety ------ safe safely
4. harm harm Harmful, harmless Harmfully,
harmlessly
5. thought think Thoughtful,
thoughtless
Thoughtfully,
thoughtlessly
6. brightness brighten bright brightly
7. courage encourage courageous courageously
8. haste hasten hasty hastily