A visual prosthesis, often referred to as a bionic eye, is an experimental visual device intended to restore functional vision in those suffering from partial or total blindness

1. Seminar topic on
“BIONIC EYE’’
Submitted By
Arathi G.Y
Under the guidence of
MR, Abdul Shafi Ullah
lecturer
DEP. Of Biotechnology
Sahyadri Science College
Shimogga
Submitted to
DEP. Of Biotechnology
Sahyadri Science College
shimogga

2. INDEX
 INTRODUCTION (2-2)
 BIOLOGY OF HUMAN EYE (3-4)
 LOSS OF VISION (5-7)
 APPROCHES OF BIONIC EYE (8-11)
 ADVANTAGES &DISADVANTAGES (12-12)
 CONCLUSION (13-13)
 REFERENCE (14-14)

3. INTRODUCTION
 A visual prosthesis, often referred to as a bionic
eye,
 partial or total blindness
 modeled on the cochlear implant
 a type of neural prosthesis in use since the mid-
1980s
 idea of using electrical current in 18th century
 discussed by Benjamin Franklin, Tiberius
Cavallo, and Charles LeRoy.

4. HOW THE EYE WORKS
 Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, the clear front
“window” of the eye. The cornea’s refractive power bends the light
rays in such a way that they pass freely through the pupil the
opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye.
 The iris works like a shutter in a camera. It has the ability to
enlarge and shrink, depending on how much light is entering the
eye.
 After passing through the iris, the light rays pass through the
eye’s natural crystalline lens. This clear, flexible structure works
like the lens in a camera, shortening and lengthening its width in
order to focus light rays properly.

5. TWO MAJOR EYE DISORDER WHICH CAN BE FIXED
BY BIONIC EYE
 Retinitis pigmentosa.
 Age related macular degenartaion

6. RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA
 It is a Group of rare, genetic disorders that involve a breakdown and loss
of cells in the retina — which is the light sensitive tissue that lines the back
of the eye.
 Common symptoms include difficulty seeing at night and a loss of side
(peripheral) vision.
 Rp is considered a rare disorder. Although current statistics are not
available, it is generally estimated that the disorder affects roughly 1 in
4,000 people, both in the united states and as well as worldwide.
Vision affected by RP

7. AGE RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION:
 It’s the leading cause of permanent vision loss in people over age 60.It
happens when the small central portion of your retina, called the macula,
wears down. The retina is the light-sensing nerve tissue at the back of your
eye.
 the disease happens as you get older, it’s often called age-related macular
degeneration. It usually doesn’t cause blindness but might cause several
vision problems.
 Most people with macular degeneration have the dry form, but the dry form
can lead to the wet form. Only about 10% of people with macular
degeneration get the wet form.

8. THERE ARE MAJORLY TWO APPROACHES FOR
BIONIC EYE:
 MARC ( Multiple unit artificial retinal chipset)
 ASR (Artificial silicone retina)

9. ASR (ARTIFICIAL SILICONE RETINA)
 The ASR contains about 3,500 microscopic solar cells that are able to
convert light into electrical pulses, mimicking the function of cones and
rods.
 To implant this device into the eye, surgeons make three tiny incisions
no larger than the diameter of a needle in the white part of the eye.
 Through these incisions, the introduce a miniature cutting and
vacuuming device that removes the gel in the middle of the eye and
replaces it with saline.
 Next, a pinpoint opening is made in the retina through which they inject
fluid to lift up a portion of the retina from the back of the eye, which
creates a small pocket in the sub retinal space for the device to fit in.
The retina is then resealed over the ASR.
 solar energy eliminates dont need for any wires, batteries or other
secondary devices to supply power.

10. Size of ASR with comparison to size of
penny
and microscopic view of ASR
Sub retinal implant

11. MARC BASED APPROACH:
ARGUS II RETINAL PROSTHETICS:
 Argus II Retinal Prosthesis is a medical device Which is developed
by California based company second vision that is surgically
implanted into only one eye and delivers electrical stimulation to the
retina. It is intended to produce a useful form of artificial vision to
blind people with severe to profound RP by stimulating remaining
viable retinal cells to induce visual perception.

12. System works by converting images captured by a miniature video
camera mounted on glasses into a series of small pulses of energy, which
are transmitted wirelessly to an array of electrodes implanted on the surface
of the retina. These pulses stimulate the retina’s remaining cells, enabling
perception of patterns of light in the brain. Through help of vision
rehabilitation professionals, the user learns to interpret these visual patterns
to regain some visual function.

13. The Argus II will not restore your natural vision.
It does however provide users with a form of artificial vision that enables them
to experience light perception, contrast sensitivity, and for many increased
visual information that enables them to rediscover a level of independence
they did not have identified.
Vision with Argus II

14.  It is having very minute size.
 There is no stress on retina.
 You can wear your prosthetic eye during your everyday activities,
including showers, and during sports like skiing and swimming.
 Crying while wearing a prosthetic eye does not cause any problem,
since your eyes make tears in the eyelids.
 It does not need external power supply .
 It does not need any wire connections.
ADVANTAGES:

15.  It is very costly costing from 100,000 to 150,000 dollars
 FDA has approved only one commercially available bionic eye
system ARGUS II
 It has limitations it cannot restore vision as that of natural one due to
the less no of electrodes to restore as that of natural one millions of
electrodes are needed.
 Surgery always carries risks, and surgery on the eyes is no
exception. In rare instances, an uncommon kind of inflammation c
are there
DISADVANTAGES:

16. CONCLUSION

17. REFERENCES:
 https://www.britannica.com/topic/bionic-eye
 https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v9i6/SR20607185604.pdf
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335313107_The_Viabili
ty_of_an_Artificial_Eye
 https://ncert.nic.in/vocational/pdf/kevt101.pdf
 https://nif.org.in/innovation/intelligent-goggles-for-blind/1055
 http://www.ipcbee.com/vol3/24-L10007.pdf