LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a standard for wireless data communication technology that improves data transmission capabilities over 3G networks. It introduces technologies like OFDM and MIMO to significantly increase spectral efficiency and data rates. The goals of LTE were to enhance network capacity and speed, improve coverage and mobility, optimize quality, and reduce costs. LTE supports bandwidths from 1.4MHz to 20MHz and both TDD and FDD duplex modes. It has since evolved into LTE-Advanced to further increase speeds up to 1Gbps.

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What is LTE?
What is LTE technology?
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a long-term evolution technology of the UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System) technology standard developed by the 3GPP (The 3rd Generation
Partnership Project) organization, which was officially established and launched in It was formally
established and launched at the 3GPP Toronto meeting in December 2004.
The LTE system introduces key technologies such as OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing) and MIMO (Multi-Input & Multi-Output).
Significantly increased the spectral efficiency and data transmission rate (20M bandwidth
2X2MIMO in the case of 64QAM, the theoretical maximum downlink transmission rate of
201Mbps, after removing the signaling overhead is about 150Mbps, but according to the actual
network and terminal capacity limitations.
It supports various bandwidth allocations: 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz, 10MHz, 15MHz, and 20MHz,
etc. It also supports global mainstream 2G/3G bands and some new bands, thus making the
spectrum allocation more flexible and the system capacity and coverage significantly improved.
LTE was born to continuously optimize wireless communication technology to meet the higher
requirements of customers for wireless communication.
LTE is a standard for wireless data communication technology, and the current goal of LTE is to
enhance the data transmission capability and data transmission speed of wireless networks with
the help of new technologies and modulation methods.
The long-term goal of LTE is to simplify and redesign the network architecture to make it IP-based,
which helps to reduce the potential undesirable factors in 3G conversion.
LTE technology mainly exists in two mainstream modes, TDD and FDD, and each of the two
modes has its own characteristics. Among them, FDD-LTE is widely used internationally, while

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TD-LTE is more common in China.
LTE (Long Term Evolution) project is the evolution of 3G, a transition between 3G and 4G
technology, and is the global standard of 3.9G. It improves and enhances the 3G air access
technology, using OFDM and MIMO as the only standard for the evolution of its wireless
network.
It offers peak rates of 100Mbit/s downlink and 50Mbit/s uplink in 20MHz spectrum bandwidth,
improving cell edge user performance, increasing cell capacity, and reducing system latency.
What is LTE development history?
At the end of 2004, the standardization work of LTE was started in 3GPP. Unlike 3G, which is
based on CDMA technology, according to the trend of wireless communication towards
broadband, LTE adopts OFDM technology as the basis and combines the design concepts of
multiple antennas and fast packet scheduling, forming a new air interface technology for the
next-generation mobile communication system, which is also called 3G evolutionary system.
At the beginning of 2008, the first version of the LTE system technical specification was
completed, namely, Release 8. While LTE technology research was conducted in 3GPP, the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has been carrying out research work on market
demand and frequency planning of next-generation mobile communication systems, in
preparation for the development of international standard recommendations for 4G technology.
In March 2008, the ITU started the process of soliciting and standardizing candidate technologies,
called IMT-Advanced, and in response to the ITU's call for 4G IMT-Advanced technology, the
3GPP called LTE-Advanced for the LTERelease10 and later versions of the technology understudy
and submitted the candidate technologies to the ITU. The submission of the
Voice call LTE supports both FDD and TDD duplex mode, in the LTERelease8 version, using 20MHz
communication bandwidth, the peak downlink rate of the air interface exceeds 300Mbit/s peak
rate of the uplink direction also exceeds 80Mbit/s.
As a subsequent evolution of TD-SCDMA technology, the TDD mode of LTE is also called
TD-LTE/TD-LTE-Advanced.
Out of concern for the evolution route of TD-SCDMA technology, Chinese member units are
deeply involved in the relevant system design process in 3GPP, and in October 2009, the Chinese
government formally submitted TD-LTE-Advanced proposal to ITU as a candidate technology for
4G international standard.
What is LTE technical architecture?
LTE network structure and air interface protocol: LTE adopts a single-layer structure composed of
Node B, which is conducive to simplifying the network and reducing the delay, and realizing the
requirements of low delay, low complexity, and low cost.
Compared with the traditional 3GPP access network, LTE reduces the number of RNC nodes and
changes the whole architecture of 3GPP, gradually converging to the typical IP broadband
network structure. Or it is called the Evolved UTRAN Architecture (E-UTRAN).
What is LTE technical objectives?
The technical objectives of LTE can be summarized as follows.

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Capacity enhancement: to reach a peak downlink rate of 100Mbit/s and a peak uplink rate of
50Mbit/s at a bandwidth of 20MHz. spectrum utilization of 2 to 4 times the planned value of
3GPP R6.
Coverage enhancement: increase the cell edge bit rate to meet the optimal capacity in the 5km
area, with a slight decrease in the 30km area, and support a coverage radius of 100km.
Mobility enhancement: optimal performance from 0 to 15km/h, high performance from 15 to
120km/h, support for 120 to 350km/h. Even support for 500km/h in some frequency bands.
Quality optimization: less than 10ms delay at the RAN user plane and less than 100ms delay at
the control plane.
Integrated service content diversification: provide high-performance broadcast service MBMS,
improve real-time service support capability, and enable VoIP to reach UTRAN circuit domain
performance.
O&M cost reduction: Adopting a flat architecture can reduce CAPEX and 0PEX, and reduce the
cost of evolving from R6 UTRA airports and network architecture.
What is LTE core technology?
What is LTE SC-FDMA technology?
SC-FDMA technology is a single-carrier multi-user access technology that is simpler to implement
than OFDM/OFDMA but has inferior performance to OFDM/OFDMA. SC-FDMA has a lower PAPR
compared to OFDM/OFDMA.
Higher transmitter efficiency improves network performance at the cell edge. The biggest benefit
is the reduced peak-to-average power ratio of the transmitter terminal, reduced terminal size
and cost, which is one of the main reasons for choosing SC-FDMA as the LTE uplink signal access
method.
Its features also include flexible spectrum bandwidth allocation, fixed subcarrier sequences, the
use of cyclic prefixes to combat multipath fading, and variable transmission intervals.
What is LTE OFDM technology?
The main feature of the OFDM technology LTE system, its basic idea is to spread the high-speed
data stream to multiple orthogonal subcarriers for transmission, so that the symbol rate on the
subcarrier is greatly reduced, the symbol duration is greatly lengthened, and thus has a strong
resistance to delay expansion, reducing the impact of inter-symbol interference.
Usually in OFDM symbols before the addition of protection interval, as long as the protection
interval is greater than the delay expansion of the channel can completely eliminate inter-symbol
interference ISI.
What is LTE MIMO technology?
MIMO is the most important means to improve the system transmission rate, but also received a
lot of attention. Due to the relatively flat subcarrier fading of OFDM, it is very suitable for
combining with MIMO technology to improve system performance.
MIMO systems use multiple antennas or (array-contracted antennas) and multiple channels at
both the transmitter and receiver sides. Multi-antenna receivers use space-time coding
processing to be able to separate and decode data sub-streams for optimal processing.

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If the channel response between each transmit and receive antenna is independent, the
multiple-in and multiple-out system can create multiple parallel spatial channels. By transmitting
information independently through these parallel spatial channels, data rates can certainly be
increased.
MIMO optimizes multipath wireless channels with transmitting and receive as a whole, thus
achieving high communication capacity and spectrum utilization.
It is a near-optimal joint air-domain time-domain diversity and interference-cancellation
processing. When the power and bandwidth are fixed, the maximum capacity or upper capacity
limit of the multiple-input multiple-output system increases linearly with the minimum number
of antennas.
While under the same conditions, the capacity of the ordinary smart antenna system with
multiple antennas or antenna arrays at the receiver or transmitter side only increases with the
logarithmic increase in the number of antennas.
What is LTE high-order modulation technique?
LTE uses QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM in the downlink direction and QPSK and 16 deletions in the
uplink direction. The high peak transmission rate is the main problem to be solved for LTE
downlink.
In order to achieve the system downlink 100Mb/s peak rate target, based on the original QPSK
and 16QAM of 3G, the LTE system adds 64QAM high-order modulation.
What is LTE branching?
With the evolution and development of technology, 3GPP has successively proposed TD-LTE,
FDD-LTE, and other technologies.
What is TD-LTE technology?
TD-LTE is a new generation of broadband mobile communication technology, which is the
subsequent evolution technology of TD-SCDMA with China's independent intellectual property
rights, inheriting the advantages of TDD while introducing multi-antenna MIMO and frequency
division multiplexing OFDM technology.
Compared with 3G, TD-LTE has leaps and bounds improvement in system performance and can
provide users with more colorful mobile Internet services.
What is FDD-LTE technology?
FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) is one of the two duplex modes supported by the technology,
and the LTE with FDD application is FDD-LTE. due to the difference in wireless technology, the
difference of frequency band, and the interest of each manufacturer, the standardization and
industrial development of FDD-LTE are ahead of TDD-LTE.
FDD mode is characterized by the system receiving and transmitting on two symmetrical
frequency channels separated (upstream and downstream frequency interval of 190MHz), with
guaranteed frequency bands to separate the receiving and transmitting channels.
The advantage of FDD mode is the use of packet switching and other technologies, which can
break through the bottleneck of second-generation development and realize high-speed data
services, and can improve spectrum utilization and increase system capacity.

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However, FDD must use paired frequencies, i.e., provide third-generation services in every 2 x 5
MHz of bandwidth. This approach can make full use of the spectrum in the upstream and
downstream when supporting symmetric services.
When working with asymmetric packet switching (Internet), the spectrum utilization is much
lower (about 40% lower due to low uplink load). In this respect, TDD mode has an advantage that
FDD cannot match.
What is LTE frequency band？
LTE networks are available in a considerable number of frequency bands, and the choice of
frequency bands varies from region to region.
North American networks are planned to use 700/800 MHz and 1700/1900 MHz.
European networks are planned to use 800 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2600 MHz.
Asian networks plan to use 1800 MHz and 2600 MHz.
The Australian network is planned to use 1800 MHz.
Therefore, it is likely that a terminal used normally in one country will not work in the network of
another country, and users need to use terminals supporting multiple frequency bands for
international roaming.
In particular, the Brazilian government is working with local operator CPqD, which is testing a
special LTE network. The network needs to be created in a band below 450 MHz due to
adaptation to local market demand.
It is likely that the end of the network in another country will not be available, and users will
need to use terminals that support multiple frequency bands for international roaming.
In particular, the Brazilian government is working with local operator CPqD, which is testing a
special LTE network. The network needs to be created in a band below 450 MHz to meet local
market demand.
What is LTE development trend?
LTE technology has played a very important role in the transition from 3G technology to B3G and
4G.
Before B3G and 4G technology completely replace 3G technology, LTE technology will
undoubtedly continue to play its own important role to further enhance the transmission rate of
the 3G communication networks and reduce the data transmission delay.
LTE technology, as one of the tools to enhance the data transmission rate of the 3G
communication networks, has achieved remarkable results. According to the survey, the current
uplink data transmission rate of LTE can reach up to 500MB/s, and the downlink data
transmission rate can already reach 1Gbit/s.
However, LTE still shows great room for operation in terms of improving information transmission
rate. The application of MIMO technology with LTE technology will make LTE technology more
excellent, LTE's data transmission rate and the anti-interference ability of the external signal will
be further improved.
With the advent of the global information age and the spread of the trend of the explosive
growth of data, the communication network data transmission rate will not stop.

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Therefore, even after B3G and 4G technologies have achieved certain results, LTE technology will
still play an important guiding role in optimizing the transmission performance of the entire
network.
If you have any 4G LTE antenna questions, please read our ANTENNA FAQ section, if you still
cannot get the answer you need, please contact us.
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