Safer pesticides and their use in management of vegetable pests

1. 22-Apr-19 1

2. SAFER PESTICIDES AND THEIR USE IN
MANAGEMENT OF PESTS OF
VEGETABLES CROPS
Presented by:
Student of OUAT
22-Apr-19 2

3. INTRODUCTION
 Vegetables are rich and comparatively cheaper source of
carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals can supplement
the main cereals of the country.
 India is the 2nd largest producer of vegetables next to China in the
world.
 Though the vegetable requirement is 300g/day/person as
recommended by dietician, Indians are able to meet about 1/9th
of that requirement only. (Chikuntlawar et al.2015).
 In our country, Odisha ranks 7th in vegetable production after
Uttar Pradesh >West Bengal>Madhya
Pradesh>Bihar>Gujarat>Maharashtra.
22-Apr-19 3

4. INDIA ODISHA
AREA
(,000 ha)
10436 639.37
PRODUCTION(,000
mt)
187474 8758.15
PRODUCTVITY(t/ha) 17.9 13.7
Source: DoACFW 2017-18 (1st advance
estimates) /www.agricoop.gov.in
22-Apr-19 4

5. Overlapping
of crops
Excessive use
of fertilizers
22-Apr-19 5

6. Problems caused by traditional pesticides
Pesticide residue
Insecticide resistance
Pest resurgence
Disruption of natural enemies
Environmental hazards
Health hazards
22-Apr-19 6

7. SAFER PESTICIDES
1.Botanicals
2.Microbials
3.Insect growth regulators(IGRs)
4.Pro pesticides
5.Attractants,Repellents,Antifeedents,Chemosteri
lants
6.Fermentation compounds
7.Novel insecticides
22-Apr-19 7

8. 22-Apr-19 8

9. BOTANICALS
Rotenone
Sabadilla
RyaniaAzadiractin
Pyrethrins
22-Apr-19 9

10. Effect of Botanicals against pests of crops
Crop Pests Botanical Result Reference
Okra Jassid
Thrips
Whitefly
Datura ,
neem ,
castor , hing ,
eucalyptus,
bitter gourd
and garlic
Neem followed by garlic significantly
reduce the mean population of jassid
(6.31, 6.86), whitefly (7.41, 8.21) and
thrips (11.99, 12.43), respectively.
Neem also showed minimum fruit
damage percentage (3.38%) followed
by garlic (6.67%).
Iqbal et
al.,2015
Tomato Fruit Borer Neem oil,
neem leaf
extract, garlic
extract and
marsh pepper
extract
Applying of neem oil @ 3.0 m/l of
water at three days interval showed
better performance in respect to
control of Fruit borer in Tomato.
The highest yield (66.80 tones) was
recorded when the crop was treated
with neem oil @ 3.0 m/l of water at
three days interval.
Mustafiz et
al.,2015
22-Apr-19 10

11. Continued.
.Crop Pests Botanicals Result Reference
Brinjal White
flies,
jassid
Neem ,
Tobacco,
Datura and
Control(untreat
ed)
Against white fly, Neem extract
showed highest reduction (82.60%)
Against jassid, Neem extract
showed highest effect (55.95%).
Against mites , population,Neem
extract showed highest reduction
Ali et
al.,2017
Potato Colorado
Potato
Beetle
Neem-Azal
Aktiv (a.i.
potassium salt of
fatty acids) ,and
Prima (a.i.
refined rape oil
The highest reduction in potato
colarado beetle and highest yield
was recorded in Neem-Azal
treatment (3.5 ± 0.7 t ha-1),
Laznik and
Trdan(2017)
22-Apr-19 11

12. Microbial Control
Microbial
agents
22-Apr-19 12

13. Entomopathogenic Bacteria
• The most widely known entomogenous bacteria is
Bacillus thuringiensis, a naturally occurring soil
bacterium.
• In 1911, discovered as a pathogen of flour moth.
• Mode of action:1.Septicemia 2.Poisoning by delta
endotoxin 3.Mechanical injury by parasporal body
• Most of the insect pathogenic bacteria occur in the
families Bacillaceae, Pseudomonadaceae,
Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcaceae and
Micrococcaceae.
22-Apr-19 13

14.  Different serotypes of Bt
registered under Insecticide
Act,1968 are :
B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki
B. thuringiensis var. israelensis
B. thuringiensis var. galleriae
22-Apr-19 14

15. Commercial Bt products in the Indian
market
Bt galleriae
Bt kurstaki
Bt israelensis
Bt kurstaki
22-Apr-19 15

16. Entomopathogenic Fungus
• Beauveria bassiana: Small insect (such as aphids,
whiteflies and thrips)
• Nomuraea rileyi: Scale insects ,Fruit borer and leaf
eating caterpillar
• Metarhizium anisopliae: Beetles and Grasshoppers
• Lecanicillium(Veticillium) lecani :Small
insects(aphid, whiteflies )
22-Apr-19 16

17. Commercial fungal products in indian market
Dose: 1 Kg/ha (2.8 X 109 spores/gram
22-Apr-19 17

18. Entomopathogenic viruses
• Inclusion viruses (IVs) : Granulosis viruses (GVs)
and Polyhedrosis viruses (PVs)
• Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs) - SlNPV
• Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses (CPVs)
22-Apr-19 18

19. Entomopathogenic Nematodes
• Nematodes enter host
through natural opening.
• It reduces fitness, delays
development and also causes
sterility.
• Kill insects in 1-4 days.
• Common species
commercially available are
Steinernema carpocapsae,
S.feltiae and Heterorhabditis
bacteriophora.
22-Apr-19 19

20. Few commercial products of nematodes controlling
pests
22-Apr-19 20

21. Protozoa
22-Apr-19 21

22. Table : Effect of microbial pesticides on vegetable crops
TARGET
PESTS
DOSE RESULTS REFEREN
CE
Aphids, Aphis
gossypii
Leaf hopper,
Amrasca
biguttula
biguttula
Whitefly,
Bemisia tabacii
WP formulations of
Beauveria bassiana
@ 2.5 g / l
Lecanicillium lecani
@ 2.5 g/l
B.bassiana recorded 2.5 and 3.6 leafhoppers/3
leaves at 10 DAS of first and second
spray,respectively.
L. lecani showed 2.53 and 6.67 aphids/3 leaves and
2.80 and 3.53 whitefly/3 leaves at 10 DAS on the
first and the second spray respectively.
Control:10.2 and 13.6 leafhoppers/3 leaves,8.3 and
20.0 aphids/3 leaves and 5.7 and 8.0 whitefly/3
leaves.
Naik et
al.,2012
Okra shoot and
fruit borer,
Earias vittella
Bacillus
thuringiensis Serovar
kurstaki @ 2ml
suspension /liter water
/ plot at 7 days
interval
Considering the mean infestation, the lowest
shoot infestation was recorded in this
treatment (15.20%) followed by Btk @1ml/L
water/plot (17.64%) with the highest shoot
infestation (34.14%) recorded in untreated
control.
Hossain
(2010)
Thrips, Thrips
palmi
L. lecanii 1.15 % WP
+ M. anisopliae
1.15% WP
Recorded 2.06 thrips/leaves/plant as compared to
4.97 thrips/leaves/plant in untreated control.
Palthiya et
al., 2017
22-Apr-19 22

23. REFERENCE TARGET PESTS DOSE RESULTS
Tripura et
al.,2017
Brinjal shoot and
fruit
borer,Leucinodes
orbonalis
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
(2g/l), Metarhizium anisoplae
(2.5g/l), Beauveria bassiana
(2.5g/l)
Bacillus thuringiensis (13.31%)
recorded lowest mean shoot
infestation followed by M.
anisoplae (15.1%) and B. bassiana
(15.37%) were at par with each
other and significantly superior
over untreated control plots
(25.68%).
Sharma and
Tayde( 2017)
Brinjal shoot and
fruit
borer,Leucinodes
orbonalis
Beauveria bassiana (2x108
CFU) @ 2 g/lit Metarhizium
anisopliae (2x108 CFU) @ 2
g/ml
Lecanicillium lecanii
2x108 CFU @ 2g/lit
Per cent of shoot infestation, fruit
infestation and B:C ratio was
recorded: Beauveria bassiana
(17.92%, 20.12% and 1:.50.1) <
Metarhizium anisopliae (20.43%,
20.88% and 1:5.06) < Verticillium
lecanii (Lecanicillium lecanii)
(24.74%, 23.43% and 1:4.84) <
untreated control (25.34%, 32.15%
and 1:3.73) respectively.22-Apr-19 23

24. TARGET PESTS MICROBIAL
AGENT
DOSE RESULTS REFERENCE
Potato White
grub, Brahmina
coriacea
Beauveria
bassiana
Metarrhizium
anisopliae
Bacillus
thuringiensis
5g/L
5g/L
3g/L
The mortality rate given
by B. thuringiensis was
93.33%, M. anisopliae
91.33%, B. bassiana
90.00% and control
75.33% and were
statistically on par.
Mohammad
Munib (2014)
Potato tuber
moth (PTM),
Phthorimaea
operculella
(Zeller)
-PTM granulosis
virus (GVPTM)
0.1 LE
per kg
tuber
In the storage, an
average tuber infestation
ranging from 1.33-
16.67% as compared to
89.33% in the control
was seen.
Thakur and
Chandla( 2013)
22-Apr-19 24
POTATO

25. 22-Apr-19 25

26. 22-Apr-19 26

27. 22-Apr-19 27

28. 22-Apr-19 28

29. Pests Dose Result Reference
Diamondback
moth (DBM),
Plutella xylostella
Microsporidium,
Nosema bombycis
@105 spores
concentration
Leaf dip bioassays showed that
mortality of 2nd instar DBM larvae gave
the highest accumulated larval
mortality (92%) at 35°C, with the lowest
mortality (26%) observed at 25°C.
Kermani et al.
,2012
Cabbage aphid,
Brevicoryne
brassicae
Lecanicillium
lecanii @ 1 x 109
cfu/ml
Recorded minimum of 0.6 surviving
aphids/ 3 leaves in cabbage, cauliflower
and knolkhol, as against the untreated
control recording 2.7 in cabbage,2.8 in
cauliflower and 2.7 in knolkhol.
Palande and
Pokharkar(
2005)
CRUCIFERS
22-Apr-19 29

30. Insect growth regulator (IGR)
`
22-Apr-19 30

31. Research proved that buprofezin affected egg production
and hatching in several coccinellids ( Magagula and
Samways, 2000) as well as in hemipterans (Smith, 1995).
Numerous studies proved that buprofezin has significant
effects on the physiology of moulting and the feeding
behavior of economically injurious insects (Asai et al., 1985;
Gu et al., 1993; Heong, 1988).
Valle et al. , (2002) considered a chitin synthesis inhibitor
against larvae of lepidoptera because it interferes with
chitin formation by blocking the polymerizations process of
N- acetyl glucose amine units (Ishaaya and Horowitz, 1998)
22-Apr-19 31

32. Propesticide
 A propesticide is a pesticidally active material or
compound which in its original form is inactive
and is transformed into an active state by a plant ,
animal or microorganism.
Cartap is a proinsecticide which is rapidly
converted to nereistoxin ithe insect body.
 Nereistoxin is a dithiolane compound found
naturally in the marine annelid, Lumbriconereis
heteropoda Marenz.
Neuromuscular blocking agent.
Derivatization into bioinsecticides can be used as
an effective strategy to improve a wide variety of
existing pesticidal compounds (Fukuto, 1984)
22-Apr-19 32

33. Synthetic Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors
Source: Applied Entomology
(D.S.Readdy)22-Apr-19 33

34. Continued..
Source: Applied Entomology
(D.S.Readdy)22-Apr-19 34

35. Important Attractants
Source: Applied Entomology
(D.S.Readdy)
22-Apr-19 35

36. Important Repellents
Source: Applied Entomology
(D.S.Readdy)
22-Apr-19 36

37. Important Antifeedants
Source: Applied Entomology
(D.S.Readdy)
22-Apr-19 37

38. Chemosterilants
Source: Applied Entomology
(D.S.Readdy)22-Apr-19 38

39. NOVEL INSECTICIDES FOR MANAGEMENT OF INSECT
PESTS IN VEGETABLE CROPS
.
(Kodandaram et al.,2010)22-Apr-19 39

40. Flubendiamide
• Flubendiamide acts on the nervous system and
disrupts the proper muscle function in insects by
acting on the ryanodine receptors.
• Symptoms : poisoning, which result in complete
and irreversible contraction paralysis.
• It is impervious to brain and it can be used to
combat pests that are resistant to certain
conventional insecticides due to its mode of action.
• Low acute mammalian toxicity
22-Apr-19 40

41. Effect of flubendiamide against pest of vegetables
Crop Pests Dose Result Reference
Tomato Fruit
borer
Coragen (chlorantraniliprole),
Steward (indoxacarb), Belt
(flubendamide), Delegate
(spintoram), Volium Flexy
(chlorantraniliprole +
thiamethaxim),
Fipronil (grafter), Proclaim
(emamectin benzoate),
Pirate (chlofenapyr) and
Lufenuron
Maximum % mortality was
observed with Volium
Flexy(89.36%), and
Delegate(85.09 %) . Safer to
human and environment.
Abbas et
al.,2015
Okra Shoot and
fruit borer
(Earias
vittella
Fab.)
Bifenthrin 10 EC @80 g a.
i./ha
Fipronil 5 SC @500 g a. i./ha
Flubendiamide 480 SC @ 60
g a. i./ha,
Qunalphos 25 EC @ 350 g
a.i/ha,iProfenofos 50 EC @
400 g a. i./ha and beta-
Cyfluthrin 25 SC @ 18.75 g
a.i/ha
Flubendiamide @60 g a. i. ha-1
recorded lowest fruit borer
infestation of (14.40%) on
number basis and( 15.90%) on
weight basis.
Deepak et
al.2017
22-Apr-19 41

42. Spinosad
 Obtained from fermentation metabolite of soil
microorganism Saccaropolyspora spinosa , with live
ingredient “spinosyn”.
Trade name : Tracer and Success
Recommended for control of Helicoverpa armigera,
Spodoptera litura , Thrips, Fruit borer, Epilachna bettle
etc.
 Low mammalian toxicity and short environmental
persistence.
They have rapid contact and ingestion activities with a
mode of action distinct from all other insect control
agents. It is active on nervous system
Symptoms : Tremors, in coordination, paralysis with
limited or no recovery leading to death.
22-Apr-19 42

43. Effect of spinosad on the pests of vegetable crops
Crop Pest Dose result Reference
Brinjal Shoot and
Fruit
Borer
spinosad, neemoil,
pongamia oil,
NSKE, neem leaf
extract, garlic
extract and papaya
leaf extract
The minimum percent of shoot
infestation at first spray and percent
fruit infestation at second spray
were observed in spinosad with
(4.78%, 6.38%) respectively with
highest marketable fruit yield of
222.0 q/ha Safer to the coccinellid
predators and spiders.
Sahana and
Tayde(2017)
Bitter
gourd
Cucumber
moth,
Diaphania
indica
Chlorantraniliprole
18.5% SC @0.2ml/l,
flubendiamide 48%
SC @ 0.15 ml/l and
spinosad 45 SC @
0.12ml/lemamectin
benzoate 5% SG
@0.2g/l, dichlorvos
76% EC @0.5ml/l ,
Azadirachtin 1500
ppm at 3ml/l and
Bacillus thuringiensis
2ml/l
Chlorantraniliprole ,flubendiamide
and spinosad recorded high
percent reduction of D. indica
population of 86.85, 79.36 and
75.22 %, respectively.
Thus chlorantraniliprole was
adjusted as the best effective
treatment.
Nagaraju et
al.,2018
22-Apr-19 43

44. Continued…
..
Tomato Sucking
Pests
Spinosad 45 SC @ 125 g
a.i/ha
abamectin 1.9 EC @ 3g
a.i./ha , chlorantraniliprole
18.5 SC @ 30 g a.i./ha and
novaluron 10 EC @ 75 g
a.i./ha
flubendamide 39.35 SC @
60 g a.i. /haCypermethrin
25 EC @ 62.50 g a.i./ha
Spinosad 45 SC @ 125 g a.i/ha
emerged as most effective
treatment to reduce the aphid
(2.09-3.07), whitefly (1.51-2.27),
thrips (0.71-1.64) per three
leaves/plant and it gave highest
marketable yield of tomato
(45.47 t/ha) it was followed by
Spinosad 45 SC @ 125 g a.i/ha
Safer to the predatory
coccinellids.
Wagh et
al.,2017
Okra
&
tomato
Whitefly Profenophos 50% EC (500 g
a.i./ha)
Imidacloprid 17.8% SL (20 g
a.i./ha) fb Spinosad 45% SC (75
g a.i./ha) Chlorpyriphos 20% EC
(200 g a.i./ha) Deltamethrin
2.8% EC (10 g a.i./ha) fb
Quinaphos 25% EC (200 g
a.i./ha) Lambda Cyhalothrin
5% EC (15 g a.i./ha)
Cypermethrin 10 % EC (60 g
a.i./ha)
Single application of
imidacloprid 17.8% SL
followed by twice
applications of Spinosad 45%
SC gave maximum reduction
in infestation of whitefly in
okra and tomato.
Dhar and
Bhattachar
ya(2015)
22-Apr-19 44

45. Mectins
 The mectin family are complex macrocyclic lactones with
(Abamectin, Emamectin benzoate)
 Abamectin is a mixture of two naturally occuring avermectins that are
derived by fermentation from the soil microorganism Streptomyces
avermitilis .
 Effective against mites and limited range of insects.
 Emamectin benzoate is a “semisynthetic” epiamino derivate of
abamectin.
 Emamectin affects the nervous system of arthropods by increasing
chloride ion flux at the neuromuscular junction, resulting in cessation
of feeding and irreversible paralysis .
 Provides prolonged residual activity , decomposes rapidly in sunlight ,
resulting in relative low toxicity to beneficial insect.
22-Apr-19 45

46. Effect of mectins against pests of vegetables
Crop Pest Dose Result Reference
Cucu
mber
Melon
fruit
flies,
Bactroc
era spp
Lambda-cyhalothrin
(0.004%) azadirachtin
(0.0045%)
carbaryl 50WP (0.20%).
chlorpyriphos 20EC (0.05%)
and malathion 50EC (0.05%)
Abamectin (0.0015%) was the most
effective treatment in terms of reducing
the fruit infestation
Khursheed
and
Raj(2012)
Okra Fruit
borers
Emamectin benzoate,
Indoxacarb,
Azadirachta indica, Citrullus
colocynthis and Nicotiana
tabacum
Among the synthetic insecticides tested,
emamectin benzoate and indoxacarb
caused the most significant reduction of
okra borers while among the botanicals,
Azadirachta indica, Citrullus colocynthis
and Nicotiana tabacum caused the most
significant reduction of okra borers .These
synthetic insecticides and botanicals on
average reduced okra fruit infestation by
20 to 56% and by 18 to 10%, respectively,
and increased okra fruit yield up to 45%.
Javed et
al.,2018
22-Apr-19 46

47. Case study 1
Bio-efficacy of certain insecticides and biopesticides against
melon fruit flies, Bactrocera spp.
Result
• Abamectin (0.0015%) was the most
effective treatment in terms of
reducing the fruit infestation .
• Lambda-cyhalothrin (0.004%) was
the next best treatment followed by
azadirachtin (0.0045%) and carbaryl
50WP (0.20%).
• Chlorpyriphos 20EC (0.05%) and
malathion 50EC (0.05%) were found
to be inferior resulting in
comparatively less reduction in fruit
infestation.
Location: Entomological
Research Farm, CSK Himachal
Pradesh Agricultural University,
Palampur
Variety : Cucumber -Khira 90
and bitter gourd -Solan Hara
Design: RBD
Treatment: 8
Khurseed and Raj,2012
22-Apr-19 47

48. Effect of Selected Insecticides on Helicoverpa armigera
Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Tomato (Lycopersicon
esculentum Miller) and Their Successful Management
• The average maximum % mortality, i.e. 89.36 and 85.09 of the
pest, was observed with Volium Flexy, and Delegate also
worked well even after 7 and 10 days.
• The results on the basis of damaged fruits and percent loss of
yield pointed out that Chlorantraniliprole, Flubendiamide and
Indoxacarb had resulted better as compared with others,
although the difference was statistically non significant.
Location: Farmer’s field in Lodhran and Bahawalpur Districts
(Punjab: Pakistan)
Year of work: 2014.
Design: Randomized Complete Block Design
Variety: T-1359
Treatment :10
Replication:3
Abbas et al.,2015
Case study - 2
Result
22-Apr-19 48

49. Bioefficacy of Newer and Biorational Insecticides against
Shoot and Fruit Borer, Earias spp. on Okra
• The minimum per cent infestation of shoot and
fruit borer was found in the treatment of
indoxacarb (1.36%) followed by spinosad
(1.75%), emamectin benzoate (2.57%) and
fipronil (2.98%).
• The acetamiprid, acephate, dimethoate/
malathion and NSKE registered 3.25, 4.23, 4.81
and 5.28 per cent infestation of shoot and fruit
borer .
• The treatments of B. bassiana with 6.80 per
cent infestation proved least effective followed
by Btk (6.17%).
Location: Experimental farm,
Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan
Agricultural University, Bikaner
(Rajasthan)
Year of work: Kharif 2013 and
2014.
Design: Randomized block design
(RBD)
Treatments:11
Replication:3
Variety: Parbhani Kranti
Yadav et al.,2017
Case study - 3
Result
22-Apr-19 49

50. Studies on some insecticides with novel mode of action for
the management of tomato fruit borer (Helicoverpa
armigera Hub.)
• The insecticides applied thrice at 15 days
interval after borer population build up
showed that rynaxypyr 18.5% SC @ 40 g a.i.
ha-1 was superior over other treatments
against Helicoverpa, with 98.04% reduction,
closely followed by spinosad 45% SC @ 60 g
a.i. ha-1 (88.03%).
• The same trend was followed in case of yield
also, rynaxypyr @ 40 g a.i. ha-1 recorded the
highest fruit yield of 34.74 q ha-1.
Year of work: Rabi
season of 2010 and 2011
at Location:Horticultural
Research Station,
Mondouri B.C.K.V, W.B.
Treatments:6
Replication:3
Variety: ‘Pathorkuchi’
Ghosal et al.,2012
Case study - 4
Result
22-Apr-19 50

51. In vitro evaluation of entomopathogenic fungal formulations
against sucking insect pests of okra
Naik and Shekharappa ,
2009
Case study - 5
Result
22-Apr-19 51

52. Efficacy of Some New Insecticides against Diamond Back
Moth (Plutella xylostella L.) on Cauliflower
• Spinosad (45 SC @ 0.5ml/ litre) treated
cauliflower plot showed highest per
cent reduction over control (89.97%)
with less number of larvae (0.58 larvae/
plant).
• The larval count and per cent reduction
over control in the different treated
plots ranged from 0.58 to 3.94 and 89.97
to 41.37 respectively as against 8.79
numbers of larvae in untreated control.
• Flubendiamide 48 SC @ 0.3 ml/ litre and
chlorantriniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.3 g/ litre
were next effective pesticides to reduce
the pest incidence significantly.
Location: Instructional Farm
in Chandra Shekhar Azad
University of Agriculture and
Technology, Kanpur (U.P.)
Design: RBD
Treatments:8
Replication:3
Year of work: Rabi 2014-15
Variety: Pusa Snowball-16
Dotasara et al.,2017
Case study - 6
Result
22-Apr-19 52

53. Efficacy of Some New Insecticides against Brinjal Shoot and
Fruit Borer Leucinodes orbonalis Guene
• Location: Experimental field site of AICRP
vegetable crops,OUAT,BBSR
• Year of work: Kharif 2016 and Rabi 2017.
• Treatment:7
• Replication:3
• Design: RBD
• Variety : Utkal anushree
Field efficacy of six sprayable insecticides viz., rynaxypyr 20% SC @ 33.33 ml a.i/ha,
spinosad 45 % SC @ 75 g a.i./ha, emamectin benzoate 5%SG @ 10 g a.i/ha,
flubendiamide 480 SC @ 78.70 g a.i. /ha, thiamethoxam 25%WG @ 41.66 g a.i/ha and
cartap hydrochloride 50SP@ 375g a..i/ha against brinjal shoot and fruit borer were
studied.
All the test insecticides proved their efficacy but flubendiamide 480 SC @ 78.70 g
a.i. /ha, rynaxypyr 20% SC @ 33.33 ml a.i/ha and spinosad 45%SC @ 10ml a.i/ha
proved highly effective against shoot and fruit borer.
Reshma and Behera(2018)
Departmental work
Result
22-Apr-19 53

54. Evaluation of Bio-efficacy of HGW86 10%
OD(Cyazypyr)against insect pests of Capsicum
Location : Central Research Station,OUAT,BBSR
Variety : Calfornia wonder
Year of work :Winter,2015-16 & winter 2016-17
Design :RBD
Treatment :7
Replication :3
Cyazypyr@70 and 60g a.i./ha were the most effective treatments in controlling
capsicum thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis) and fruit borers ( Helicoverpa armigera and
Spodoptera litura) and there by increasing yield in capsicum.The two treatments
were at par and significantly superior to emamectin benzoate 5%SG@10 ga.i./ha,
fipronil 5%SC@50 g a.i./ha and two lower doses of Cyazypyr i.e.,50 and 40 g a.i./ha.
Cyazypyr was found safe to the natural enemies and to the capsicum plant even at
a dose of 120 g a.i./ha.
Principal investigator -
Dr.S.M.A.Mandal
Co-Principal investigator -
Dr.Jayraj Padhi
Departmental Work
Result
22-Apr-19 54

55. Evaluation of bioefficacy and phytotoxicity of emamectin benzoate 5
SG against fruit and shoot borer in okra
Design: RBD
Treatments:7
Replication: 4
Variety: F1 hybrid(Bejo Sheetal)
Year of work: Winter 2011-12
Emamectin benzoate 5 SG @6.75 and 8.50 ga.i./ha reduced
the shoot damage to the extent of 91.56% and 93.72% over
fruit damage to the tune of 91.02 and 92.82% over untreated
control
No phytotoxicity was obseved even at the dose of 17.00g
a.i./ha
Principal investigator -
Dr.S.M.A.Mandal
Result
Departmental work
22-Apr-19 55

56. Bio-efficacy of safer insecticides against fruit and shoot borer(Earias
vitella Fab.) and spider mite(Tetranychus utricae Koch) of okra
Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.12ml/L + Bt@1ml/L
+Abamectin @ 0.5 ml/l was the best treatment
which reduced shoot damage and fruit damage to
the extent of 67.6% and 84.8% respectively.This
tretment reduced the mite population to the tune
of 25.4%
Location: Central research
Station,OUAT, BBSR
Year of work: Rabi 2014-2015
Treatments: 8
Replication: 3
Student: Annapurna Behera
Advisor: Dr.B.K.Sahoo
Departmental work
Result
22-Apr-19 56

57. FUTURE THRUST
Presently the world market for microbial pesticides
is only about 250 million US dollar which is about
one per cent of the total global market for
agrochemicals on crop protection. Similar trends
are also seen in case of botanicals and other bio-
rational pesticides. Emphasis should be given to
produce more quantities of these safer pesticides.
 More research works are needed for better
formulations, storing, transporting and application
methods.
 Awareness among the farmers and extension
functionaries should be created regarding the
benefits of safer pesticides.
22-Apr-19 57

58. CONCLUSION
 Till date, pesticides are the first line of defense as its
usage is convenient and gives spectacular results in
pest control. However, it has hazardous effects.
 The use of conventional pesticides (organochlorines
,organophosphates etc.) had led to several problems
like pesticide residue, insect resistance, pest
resurgence, hazards to non- target organisms and
environmental pollution.
 So, we have to proceed towards pesticides which are
safer yet very effective. These should be
economically sound and provide good profit. These
pesticides are sustainable and compatible with other
methods of insect control.
22-Apr-19 58

59. 22-Apr-19 59