Benefits of Regular Exercise

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Practice Makes Better!!!

Many words and phrases
that are used in daily
English conversation are
inappropriate for academic
writing. Match the
appropriate academic
word or phrase on the right
to the informal,
inappropriate vocabulary
items with the same
meaning on the left.

1. Nowadays
2. Besides
3. As we all know
4. Hot topic
5. Get
6. Got
7. Getting
8. Big
9. More and more
10. Just
11. Good
12. Bad
13. A lot of
14. Really
a) preferable; beneficial; effective; advantageous
b) attain; receive; earn; make
c) It is well known that; It is generally agreed that; It is widely
accepted / understood / believed that / It is generally believed
that
d) Additionally; What's more; Furthermore; It is also true that
e) In recent years; In recent times; Recently; Currently; Today
f) becoming; growing
g) highly; notably; greatly; abundantly
h) many; a considerable number of (for countable nouns); a great
deal / amount of / a considerable amount of
i) undesirable; not preferable; poor; ineffective
j) an increasing number / a growing
k) major; large; important; significant
l) as few as (countable); as little as (uncountable)
m) a controversial issue; a contentious problem
n) acquired; attained; received

AVOIDING
INFORMAL
LANGUAGE IN
ACADEMIC
WRITING

GENERALIZATIONS
• Criminals are dangerous.
• Filipino students are stupid
• Violent criminals can be
dangerous.
• 30% of the Filipinos are
academically challenged.

Vague Language
• School is a big thing in my
life.
• They arrested some people
at the march.
• Drinking while driving is bad..
• School is an important
factor in some student’s life.
• They arrested some
protesters at the march.
• Drinking while driving may
cause accidents.

Phrasal Verbs
• I looked up information about
nursing positions.
• I researched information
about nursing positions.

Informal Words
• My aunt has a lot of kids.
• The criminal justice system
is messed up.
• My aunt has many children.
• The criminal justice system
has serious problems.

Contractions
• Many patients don’t listen to
their doctors.
• Many patients do not listen
to their doctors.

Incomplete sentences (Fragments)
• Many students chose to
attend CHMSU. Because it is
near their homes.
• Many students chose to
attend Carlos Hilado
Memorial State College
because it is near their
homes.

Avoid some aspects of informal
English
● Don't (do not!) use contractions (eg it's, he'll, it'd etc): always use
the full form (it is/has, he will, it would/had). (unless you are
quoting someone)
● Generally avoid "phrasal verbs" (e.g. get off, get away with, put in
etc): instead, use one word equivalents.
● Avoid overuse of brackets; don’t use exclamation marks or
dashes; avoid direct questions; don’t use “etc”.
● Always use capital letters appropriately and never use the type of
language used in texting!

Make your writing formal and
impersonal
● Be careful with your statements - for example, "everybody shops
online" - no, they don't. You must be specific and provide evidence to
support your writing. Be cautious unless you can, for example, prove
it is always true, or true for everyone you are talking about.
● You should consistently use evidence from your source reading to
back up what you are saying and reference this correctly.
● Avoid sexist language. Don’t refer to “the doctor” as he; instead,
make the subject plural and refer to them as they. Avoid he/she,
herself/himself etc. unless you are referring to a specific individual.

Hedging/being cautious
● Use verbs, when necessary, such as would, could, may, might which
‘soften’ what you’re saying. (If you use verbs such as will then you are
saying you know exactly what will happen and that this is always true.)
● Use qualifying adverbs such as some, several, a minority of, a few, many to
avoid making overgeneralizations. Provide evidence to support the
statement.
● Use phrases such as It is believed that … It is thought that … It is a widely
held view that …It has been reported that … It has commonly been
assumed that … You must then provide the evidence to explain how/why
that view, for example, is held and why this is important, or 'right'/'wrong' in
regards to your assignment question.

IMRAD
Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion

Introduction
● Your introduction should include the
following points (be aware that not all
points may be relevant for your
project):
○ Introduce your topic
○ Place your topic in a context
○ Provide background information
○ Point out the aim of the text
○ Describe how you will fulfill the
aim
○ Provide a thesis statement or
research question
○ Suggest what your findings are
○ Explain why your topic is
interesting, necessary or
important
○ Give the reader a guide to the
text
○ Catch your reader’s interest

Method
● In this section you describe how you have conducted your study.
This is where you present your material and your research as well
as any previous research and background material. You describe
what method or methods you have used and how you have come
up with your results. You may also explain why you have chosen
a particular method.

Results
● In this section you report the results of your research. Usually the
results are not discussed or analyzed in this section but you may
have to explain some of your findings to avoid
misunderstandings.

Discussion
● The discussion is the section where you as a writer are the most
active and it should be the most substantial section of the entire
paper. You should interpret, analyze and discuss your results as
well as compare and contrast them to previous research.
● Sometimes papers that use the IMRaD structure will have a
separate conclusion and sometimes the conclusion will be
merged with the discussion.

3- Part Structure
Introduction, Body, Conclusion

Introduction
● Its purpose is to clearly tell the reader the topic, purpose and structure of the
paper. As a rough guide, an introduction might be between 10 and 20 percent
of the length of the whole paper and has three main parts:
● The most general information, such as background and/or
definitions.
● The core of the introduction, where you show the overall topic,
purpose, your point of view, hypotheses and/or research questions
(depending on what kind of paper it is).
● The most specific information, describing the scope and structure of
your paper.

Introduction
Everywhere people turn -- websites, magazines, and
infomercials -- advice for improving health bombards them.
Much of this advice is commercially motivated by those eager to
sell questionable supplements and diet gimmicks. However,
some of it, especially that advocating a regular exercise
program, merits serious attention. Such a program, if it consists
of at least thirty minutes three times a week and if a person's
physician approves it, provides numerous benefits. Regular
exercise releases tension, improves muscle tone, and increases
stamina.

BODY
● It develops the question, “What is the topic about?”.
● It may elaborate directly on the topic sentence by giving definitions,
classifications, explanations, contrasts, examples and evidence.
● This is considered as the heart of the essay because it expounds the
specific ideas for the readers to have a better understanding of the
topic.
● It usually is the largest part of the essay.

BODY
One of exercise’s most immediate benefits is the release of
tension. Tension builds in the body because of an over-accumulation of
adrenaline produced by stress, anxiety, or fear. Doctors agree that
exercising for thirty minutes releases tension. After tension is released,
petty irritations and frustrations should be less troubling. Planned
physical exercise, therefore, can reduce, or at least control, stress.

BODY
Improved muscle tone is a second benefit of regular exercise.
Although not as immediately apparent as a better disposition,
improvement does come. About a month after starting a regular
exercise program, increased strength can be observed not only in one’s
muscles but also in one’s posture. Continued exercise will continue to
increase strength. In fact, the increase in muscle tone from regular
exercise is a cumulative benefit.

BODY
In addition to lowered stress and increased physical strength,
exercise produces stamina. A stronger, less stressed body is more
capable of withstanding normal fatigue than a tense, weak one. A
worker who exercises regularly should be able to complete a forty-hour
week and still retain enough energy for non-work activities. Similarly, a
student who exercises regularly is in better shape, literally and
figuratively, for pushing through during the busiest time of the
semester. Improved endurance is one of the most important benefits of
a regular exercise program.

CONCLUSION
● The conclusion is closely related to the introduction and is often described
as its ‘mirror image’.
● This means that if the introduction begins with general information and ends
with specific information, the conclusion moves in the opposite direction.
● The conclusion usually begins by briefly summarizing the main scope or
structure of the paper, confirms the topic that was given in the introduction,
ends with a more general statement about how this topic relates to its
context.
● This may take the form of an evaluation of the importance of the topic,
implications for future research or a recommendation about theory or
practice.

CONCLUSION
Easy solutions to the goals of fitness saturate the media.
However, acquiring the benefits of fitness is not easy. Nonetheless, the
rewards are fully worth the effort of an established exercise program.
Regular physical activity can make a person feel more relaxed,
stronger, and have greater stamina for unusual as well as routine
activities. Regular exercise helps.
Modified from Bette Latta
(http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/jfriedlander/sample_5-
paragarph_theme.htm )

Test 1. Replace the phrasal verbs in the sentences with a more appropriate verb from the
list below. Don't forget to keep the same tense. Underline the word you replaced it with.
1. Researchers have been looking into the problem for 15 years.
2. This issue was brought up during the seminar.
3. It is assumed that the management knows what is happening and will therefore step in if
there is a problem.
4. Schools cannot altogether get rid of the problem of truancy.
5. The number of staff has been cut down recently.
6. It was very difficult to find out exactly what happened.
7. House prices have a tendency to go up and down.
8. A potential solution was put forward two years ago

Test 2. Suggest improvements to the following sentences to avoid use of “you” and
“we”. Replace the contractions in the following sentences with full forms where
necessary. Underline the word/phrase you replaced it with.
1. You can apply the same theory of learning to small children.
2. You can only do this after the initial preparation has been conducted.
3. The figures are accurate to within 1%, but you should note that local variations may
apply.
4. In the second section of the report, we will consider the environmental consequences.
5. The results weren't very encouraging.
6. You'll have to conduct another experiment.
7. He'd rather announce the findings at the conference.

Test 3. Rewrite and use a more formal word or phrase to replace
those in bold. Underline the word you replaced it with.
1. The reaction of the officials was sort of negative.
2. The economic outlook is nice.
3. Car manufacturers are planning a get together to discuss their strategy.
4. The resulting competition between countries is good.
5. The economy is affected by things that happen outside the country.
6. She was sacked because of her poor record.
7. The positive feedback made up for the problems we came across during the trials.
8. You can clearly see the differences between these two learning processes.
9. The subjects didn't have much difficulty with the task.
10. We found example after example of autonomous systems in lots of countries.

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