Operating system

1. History of Operating System
Prepared by: Angela C. Clarito

2. History of Operating Systems
● Serial Processing (First Generation) (1)
● Batch Systems (Second Generation) (2)
● Multi-programmed Systems (Third Generation)
(3)

3. The First Generation
(1940's to early 1950's)
● The “serial processing
era.”
● History of the operating
system started in 1950.
Before 1950, the
programmers directly
interact with the hardware
there was no operating
system at that time.

4. The First Generation
(1940's to early 1950's)
● First generation of
computer started with using
vacuum tubes as the basic
Components for Memory and
Circuitry for CPU (Central
Processing Unit).

5. HOW SERIAL PROCESSING WORKS?
● Type the program or punched card.
● Convert the punched card to a card reader.
● submit to the computing machine, is there any
errors, the error was indicated by the lights.
● The programmer examined the register and main
memory to identify the cause of an error
● Take outputs on the printers.
● Then the programmer ready for the next
program.

6. Punched Card
Vacuum Tubes

7. Characteristics of First Generation Computers
● Use of vacuum tubes technology
● Based on machine language only
● Used of punched cards as an input
device
● used of magnetic tapes as memory
device
● Use of paper tapes as an output
device (output were given in
printouts only).

8. Magnetic Tapes
Paper Tapes

9. Examples of First Generation Computers
● ENIAC -Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer
● EDVAC – Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer
● UNIVAC – Universal Automatic
Computer
● IBM 701
● IBM 650
● Manchester Mark 1, Mark 2 , Mark 3
and etc.

10. The Second Generation (1955–65)
Transistors and Batch Systems
● The “batch processing era.”
● The period of second
generation was from 1959-
1965.

11. The Second Generation (1955–65)
Transistors and Batch Systems
● In this generation,
transistors were used that
were cheaper, consumed less
power, more compact in size,
more reliable and faster than
the first generation machines
made of vacuum tubes.

12. The Second Generation (1955–65)
Transistors and Batch Systems
● In this generation, magnetic
cores were used as the primary
memory and magnetic tape and
magnetic disks as secondary
storage devices.

13. The Second Generation (1955–65)
Transistors and Batch Systems
● In this generation, assembly
language and high-level
programming languages like
FORTRAN, COBOL were used. The
computers used batch
processing and
multiprogramming operating
system.

14. Characteristics of Second Generation
Computers
● Use of transistors
● Reliable in comparison to first generation
computers
● Smaller size as compared to first generation
computers
● Generated less heat as compared to first
generation computers
● Consumed less electricity as compared to first
generation computers
● Faster than first generation computers
● Still very costly
● AC required
● Supported machine and assembly languages

15. ETL MARK IV B

16. HOW DOES BATCH SYSTEM WORKS?

17. An early batch system.
(a) Programmers bring cards to 1401.
(b) 1401 reads batch of jobs onto tape.
(c) Operator carries input tape to 7094.
(d) 7094 does computing.
(e) Operator carries output tape to 1401.
(f) 1401 prints output.

18. The Third Generation
(1965's to early 1980's)
● Multiprogramming is a technique to
execute the number of programs
simultaneously by a single
processor.
● In multiprogramming, a number of
processes reside in main memory at
a time.

19. The Third Generation
(1965's to early 1980's)
● The OS(Operating System) picks and
begins to execute one of the jobs
in main memory.
● The main memory consisting of 5
jobs at a time, the CPU executes
one by one.

20. The Third Generation
(1965's to early 1980's)
● New operating system that could
perform multiple tasks in a single
computer program was success for
this generation and this
capability is called
multiprogramming.

21. The Third Generation
(1965's to early 1980's)
● Multiprogramming OS is one which
can run multiple programs (or
processes)
● Multitasking is the logical
extension of multiprogramming in
which CPU executes multiple jobs
by switching but switches occur so
frequently that users can interact
with each program while it is
running.

22. Personal Computer and its Operating
System (1980's to present)
● They introduced the MS-
DOS in 1981 although it
was effective it created
much difficulty for
people who tried to
understand its cryptic
commands.

23. Personal Computer and its Operating
System (1980's to present)
● Development of personal computer
represent the fourth generation.
The cost of personal computer
was high back then.
● Microsoft and the Windows
operating system were related to
creating personal computers.
Some of the popular operating
systems are Microsoft Windows,
Mac OS, Linux.

24. Personal Computer and its Operating
System (1980's to present)
● Linux operating system was
created in early 1990s.
● The first Windows operating
system was created by
Microsoft in 1975.
● Windows realised operating
systems such as Windows 95,
Windows 98, Windows XP.

25. Personal Computer and its Operating
System (1980's to present)
● Most Windows users use the Windows
10 operating system. Apple released
another popular operating system
developed in the 1980s which is
named as Macintosh OS or Mac OS.

26. Real time Operating System
● A real-time system is defined as a
data processing system in which the
time interval required to process
and respond to inputs is so small
that it controls the environment.
● A real-time operating system must
have well-defined, fixed time
constraints, otherwise the system
will fail.

27. Real time Operating System
● For example, Scientific experiments,
medical imaging systems, industrial
control systems, weapon systems,
robots, air traffic control systems,
etc.
● An operating system is basically, a
program that acts as an interface
between the system hardware and the
user. Moreover, it handles all the
interactions between the software
and the hardware.

28. Real time Operating System
● The real-time operating systems are
used in real-time systems where the
time constraints are fixed and
followed strictly.
● This means that the time for
processing and responding is very
small.
● Moreover, the system should perform
the given task in a fixed time
otherwise, it results in a system
failure.

29. TYPES OF REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
❖ HARD REAL-TIME SYSTEM
● In this, the time constraint is
very short and strict. Even
seconds of delay is not
acceptable. Therefore, it is
compulsory to complete the task
within the given time only.
● Examples are Airplanes systems,
Medical treatment systems, etc.

30. HANDHELD OPERATING SYSTEM
● Handheld computers are developed in
the year 1900’s, and the demand for
software to operate and run on these
devices has also increased.

31. HANDHELD OPERATING SYSTEM
● Three major competitors have emerged
in the handheld PC world with three
different OS for these handheld
PC’s.
○ Palm Corporation-Palm OS
○ Microsoft-originally referred as
Windows CE-Pocket PC
○ Android

32. HANDHELD OPERATING SYSTEM
● Three major competitors have emerged
in the handheld PC world with three
different OS for these handheld
PC’s.
○ Palm Corporation-Palm OS
○ Microsoft-originally referred as
Windows CE-Pocket PC
○ Android

33. HANDHELD OPERATING SYSTEM

34. HANDHELD OPERATING SYSTEM

35. HANDHELD OPERATING SYSTEM

36. HANDHELD OPERATING SYSTEM

37. HANDHELD OPERATING SYSTEM

38. HANDHELD OPERATING SYSTEM

39. HANDHELD OPERATING SYSTEM

40. Thank You!!!