Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.docx

1. Greenhouse gasemissionsfromagriculture
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See also:Effectsof climate change onagriculture
Global greenhouse gasemissionsattributedtodifferenteconomicsectorsasperthe IPCC AR5 report.
3/4ths of emissionsare directlyproduced,while 1/4thare producedbyelectricityandheatproduction
that supportsthe sector.
Agriculture contributestowardsclimate change throughgreenhouse gasemissionsandbythe
conversionof non-agricultural landsuchasforestsintoagricultural land.[1][2] Animal husbandryisa
majorsource of greenhouse gasemissions.[3] In2010, agriculture,forestryandland-usechange were
estimatedtocontribute 20–25% of global annual emissions.[4] In2020, the EuropeanUnion'sScientific
Advice Mechanismestimatedthatthe foodsystemasa whole contributed37% of total greenhouse gas
emissions,andthatthisfigure wason course to increase by30–40% by 2050 due to populationgrowth
and dietarychange.[5] A range of policiesmayreduce greenhouse gasemissionsfromthe agriculture
sectorfor a more sustainablefoodsystem.[6][7]
referto captionandimage description
Greenhouse gasemissionsfromagriculture,byregion,1990-2010
The agricultural sectorisa drivingforce inthe gas emissionsandlanduse effectsthoughttocause
climate change.Inadditiontobeingasignificantuserof landandconsumerof fossil fuel,agriculture
contributesdirectlytogreenhouse gasemissionsthroughpracticessuchasrice productionandthe
raisingof livestock;[8] accordingtothe Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change,the three main
causesof the increase ingreenhousegasesobservedoverthe past250 years have beenfossil fuels,land
use,andagriculture.[9]
The agricultural foodsystemisresponsible forasignificantamountof greenhousegas
emissions.[10][11]
Accordingto the IPCC,itmakesup at least10-12% of emissions,andwhenthere are changesinlanddue
to agricultural cultivation,itcanrise as highas 17%. Emissionsfromfarmsof nitrousoxide,methaneand
carbon dioxide make uptohalf of the greenhouse-gasesproducedbythe overallfoodindustry,or80%
of agricultural emissions.[11] In2019 the IPCCreportedthat13%-21% of anthropogenicgreenhouse
gassescame specificallyfromthe Agriculture,Forestry,andOtherLandUsesSector(AFOLU).[12]

2. Farm animal digestive systemscanbe putintotwo categories:monogastricandruminant.Ruminant
cattle for beef anddairyrank highingreenhouse-gasemissions;monogastric,orpigsandpoultry-related
foods,are low.The consumptionof the monogastrictypesmayyieldlessemissions.Monogastric
animalshave a higherfeed-conversionefficiency,andalsodonotproduce as much methane.[11]
There are manystrategiesthatcan be usedto helpsoftenthe effects,andthe furtherproductionof
greenhouse gasemissions.Some of these strategiesincludeahigherefficiencyinlivestockfarming,
whichincludesmanagement,aswellastechnology;amore effective process of managingmanure;a
lowerdependence uponfossil-fuelsandnonrenewableresources;avariationinthe animals'eatingand
drinkingduration,time andlocation;andacutback inboth the productionandconsumptionof animal-
sourcedfoods.[11][13][14][15]
Contents
1 Land use
1.1 Rice production
2 Livestock
3 Fertilizerproduction
4 Soil erosion
5 Mitigation
5.1 In developedcountries
5.2 In developingcountries
5.3 Climate-smartagriculture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Land use
Ambox currentredAsiaAustralia.svg
Thissectionneedstobe updated.The reasongivenis:itneedsmore recentinfoe.g.onplowingandsoil.
Please helpupdate thisarticletoreflectrecenteventsornewlyavailableinformation.(July2019)
Agriculture contributestogreenhouse gasincreasesthroughlanduse infourmainways:

3. CO2 releaseslinkedtodeforestation
Methane releasesfromrice cultivation
Methane releasesfromentericfermentationincattle
Nitrousoxide releasesfromfertilizerapplication
Together,these agricultural processescomprise 54% of methane emissions,roughly80% of nitrous
oxide emissions,andvirtuallyall carbondioxideemissionstiedtolanduse.[16]
The planet'smajorchangesto landcover since 1750 have resultedfromdeforestationin temperate
regions:whenforestsandwoodlandsare clearedtomake roomfor fieldsandpastures,the albedoof
the affectedareaincreases,whichcanresultineitherwarmingorcoolingeffects,dependingonlocal
conditions.[17] Deforestationalsoaffects regionalcarbonreuptake,whichcanresultinincreased
concentrationsof CO2,the dominantgreenhouse gas.[18] Land-clearingmethodssuchasslashandburn
compoundthese effectsbyburningbiomatter,whichdirectlyreleasesgreenhousegasesandparticulate
mattersuch as soot intothe air.Land clearingcan destroythe soil carbonsponge.
Rice production
Thissectionisan excerptfromRice § Climate change.[edit]
The worldwide productionof rice accountsformore greenhousegasemissions(GHG) intotal thanthat
of anyotherplantfood.[19] It wasestimatedin2021 to be responsible for30% of agricultural methane
emissionsand11%of agricultural nitrousoxideemissions.[20] Methane release iscausedbylong-term
floodingof rice fields,inhibitingthe soil fromabsorbingatmosphericoxygen,aprocesscausing
anaerobicfermentationof organicmatterinthe soil.[21] A 2021 studyestimatedthatrice contributed2
billiontonnesof anthropogenicgreenhousegasesin2010,[19] of the 47 billiontotal.[22] The study
addedup GHG emissionsfromthe entire lifecycle,includingproduction,transportation,and
consumption,andcomparedthe global totalsof differentfoods.[23] The total forrice washalf the total
for beef.[19]
Livestock
See also:Environmental_impact_of_meat_production§Greenhouse_gas_emissions
Livestockandlivestock-relatedactivitiessuchasdeforestationandincreasinglyfuel-intensive farming
practicesare responsible forover18%[24] of human-made greenhouse gasemissions,including:
9% of global carbondioxide emissions
35–40% of global methane emissions(chieflydue toentericfermentationandmanure)

4. 64% of global nitrousoxide emissions(chieflydue tofertilizeruse.[24])
The NiamanaLivestockMarket
Livestockactivitiesalso contributedisproportionatelytoland-use effects,since cropssuchas corn and
alfalfaare cultivatedinordertofeedthe animals.
In 2010, entericfermentationaccountedfor43% of the total greenhousegasemissionsfromall
agricultural activityinthe world.[25] The meatfromruminantshasa highercarbonequivalentfootprint
than othermeatsor vegetariansourcesof proteinbasedonaglobal meta-analysisof lifecycle
assessmentstudies.[26] Methane productionbyanimals,principallyruminants,isestimated15-20%
global productionof methane.[27][28]
Worldwide,livestockproductionoccupies70% of all landusedforagriculture,or30% of the landsurface
of the Earth.[24] The way livestockisgrazedalsoaffectsfuture fertilityof the land.Notcirculating
grazingcan leadto unhealthycompactedsoils.The expansionof livestockfarmsaffectsthe habitatsof
native wildlife andhasledtotheirdecline.
Fertilizerproduction
Thissectionisan excerptfromFertilizer§Contributiontoclimate change.[edit]
The greenhouse gasescarbondioxide,methane andnitrousoxide are producedduringthe manufacture
of nitrogenfertilizer.CO2isestimatedasover1% of global CO2emissions.[29] Nitrogenfertilizercanbe
convertedbysoil bacteriatonitrousoxide,agreenhousegas.[30] Nitrousoxide emissionsbyhumans,
mostof whichare fromfertilizer,between2007 and 2016 have beenestimatedat7 milliontonnesper
year,[31] whichisincompatible withlimitingglobal warmingtobelow 2°C.[32]
Soil erosion
An example of drasticsoil erosionasa resultof agriculture.
Large scale farmingcan cause large amountsof soil erosion,causingbetween25and 40 percentof soil
to reach watersources,withitcarryingthe pesticidesandfertilizersusedbyfarmers,thuspolluting
bodiesof waterfurther.[33] The trendtoconstantlybiggerfarmshasbeenhighestinUnitedStatesand
Europe,due to financial arrangements,contractfarming.Biggerfarmstendtofavourmonocultures,
overuse waterresources,accelerate the deforestationandadecline insoil quality.A studyfrom2020 by
the International LandCoalition,togetherwithOxfamandWorldInequalityLabfoundthat1% of the
landownersmanage 70% of the world'sfarmland.The highestdiscrepance canbe foundinLatin
America:The poorest50% ownjust 1% of the land.Small landowners,asindividualsorfamilies,tendto
be more cautiousinlanduse.Asof 2020, however,the proportionof small landownershasbeen

5. decreasingsince the 1980s. Currently,the largestshare of smallholdingscanbe foundinAsiaand
Africa.[34]
Mitigation
In developedcountries
Agriculture isoftennotincludedingovernmentemissionsreductionsplans.[35] Forexample,the
agricultural sectorisexemptfromthe EU emissionstradingscheme[36] whichcoversaround40% of the
EU greenhouse gasemissions.[37]
Several mitigationmeasuresforuse indevelopedcountrieshave beenproposed:[38]
breedingmore resilientcropvarieties,anddiversificationof cropspecies
usingimprovedagroforestryspecies
capture and retentionof rainfall,anduse of improvedirrigationpractices
IncreasingforestcoverandAgroforestry
use of emergingwaterharvestingtechniques(suchascontourtrenching,...)
In developingcountries
The Intergovernmental PanelonClimate Change (IPCC) hasreportedthatagriculture isresponsiblefor
overa quarter of total global greenhouse gasemissions.[39] Giventhatagriculture'sshare inglobal
gross domesticproduct(GDP) isabout4%, these figuressuggestthatagricultural activitiesproduce high
levelsof greenhousegases.Innovativeagriculturalpracticesandtechnologiescanplaya role inclimate
change mitigation[40] andadaptation.Thisadaptationandmitigationpotential isnowhere more
pronouncedthanindevelopingcountrieswhereagricultural productivityremainslow;poverty,
vulnerabilityandfoodinsecurityremainhigh;andthe directeffectsof climate change are expectedto
be especiallyharsh.Creatingthe necessaryagricultural technologiesandharnessing themtoenable
developingcountriestoadapttheiragricultural systemstochangingclimate will require innovationsin
policyandinstitutionsaswell.Inthiscontext,institutionsandpoliciesare importantatmultiple scales.
TravisLybbertand Daniel Sumnersuggestsix policyprinciples:[41]
The bestpolicyand institutional responseswill enhanceinformationflows,incentivesandflexibility.
Policiesandinstitutionsthatpromote economicdevelopmentandreduce povertywilloftenimprove
agricultural adaptationandmayalsopave the wayfor more effectiveclimatechange mitigationthrough
agriculture.

6. Businessasusual amongthe world'spoor isnot adequate.
Existingtechnologyoptionsmustbe made more available andaccessible withoutoverlooking
complementarycapacityandinvestments.
Adaptationandmitigationinagriculture willrequirelocal responses,buteffectivepolicyresponsesmust
alsoreflectglobal impactsandinter-linkages.
Trade will playacritical role inbothmitigationandadaptation,butwill itself be shapedimportantlyby
climate change.
State- or NGO-sponsoredprojectscanhelpfarmersbe more resilienttoclimate change,suchas
irrigationinfrastructure providingadependable watersource asrainsbecome more erratic.[42][43]
Water catchmentsystemsthatcollectwaterduringthe rainyseasontobe usedduringthe dry seasonor
periodsof drought,can alsobe usedto mitigate the effectsof climate change.[43] Some programs,like
Asociaciónde Cooperaciónparael DesarrolloRural de Occidente (C.D.R.O.),aGuatemalanprogram
fundedbythe UnitedStates’governmentuntil 2017, focuson agroforestryandweathermonitoring
systemstohelpfarmersadapt.The organizationprovidedresidentswithresourcestoplantnew,more
adaptable cropsto alongside theirtypical maize toprotectthe cornfrom variable temperatures,frost,
etc.C.D.R.O.alsoset upa weathermonitoringsystemtohelppredictextremeweatherevents,and
wouldsendresidentstextmessagestowarnthemaboutperiodsof frosts,extreme heat,humidity,or
drought.[44] Projectsfocusingonirrigation,watercatchment,agroforestry,andweathermonitoringcan
helpCentral Americanresidentsadapttoclimate change.
The Agricultural Model IntercomparisonandImprovementProject(AgMIP)[45] wasdevelopedin2010
to evaluate agricultural modelsandintercompare theirabilitytopredictclimate impacts.Insub-Saharan
Africaand SouthAsia,SouthAmericaandEast Asia,AgMIPregional researchteams(RRTs) are
conductingintegratedassessmentstoimprove understandingof agricultural impactsof climate change
(includingbiophysical andeconomicimpacts) atnational andregional scales.OtherAgMIPinitiatives
include global griddedmodeling,dataandinformationtechnology(IT) tool development,simulationof
crop pestsand diseases,site-basedcrop-climate sensitivitystudies,andaggregationandscaling.
One of the mostimportantprojectstomitigate climate change withagricultureandadaptingagriculture
to climate change at the same time,waslaunchedin2019 by the "Global EverGreeningAlliance".The
initiativewasannouncedinthe 2019 UN Climate ActionSummit.One of the mainmethodsis
Agroforestry.AnotherimportantmethodisConservationfarming.One of the targetsis to sequester
carbon fromthe atmosphere.By2050 the restoredlandshouldsequestrate 20billionof carbon
annually.The coalitionwants,amongother,torecoverwithtreesaterritoryof 5.75 millionsquare
kilometres,achieve ahealthtree - grassbalance on a territoryof 6.5 millionsquare kilometresand
increase carboncapture in a territoryof 5 millionsquare kilometres.
The firstphase is the "Grand AfricanSavannahGreenUp" project.Alreadymillionsfamiliesimplemented
these methods,andthe average territorycoveredwithtreesinthe farmsinSahel increasedto16%.[46]

7. Climate-smartagriculture
Thissectionisan excerptfromClimate-smartagriculture.[edit]
Climate-smartagriculture (CSA) (orclimate resilientagriculture) isanintegratedapproachtomanaging
landscapestohelpadaptagricultural methods,livestockandcropsto the effectsof climate change and,
where possible,counteractitbyreducinggreenhouse gasemissions,atthe same time takinginto
account the growingworldpopulationtoensure foodsecurity.[47] Thus,the emphasisisnotsimplyon
sustainable agriculture,butalsoonincreasingagricultural productivity."CSA ...isinline withFAO’s
visionforSustainableFoodandAgriculture andsupportsFAO’sgoal tomake agriculture,forestryand
fisheriesmore productiveandmore sustainable".[48][49]
CSA has three pillars:increasingagricultural productivityandincomes;adaptingandbuildingresilience
to climate change;andreducingand/orremovinggreenhousegasemissions fromagriculture.CSA lists
differentactionstocounterthe future challengesforcropsand plants.Withrespecttorising
temperaturesandheatstress,e.g.CSA recommendsthe productionof heattolerantcropvarieties,
mulching,watermanagement,shade house,boundarytreesandappropriate housingandspacingfor
cattle.[50] There are attemptsto mainstreamCSA intocore governmentpolicies,expendituresand
planningframeworks.InorderforCSA policiestobe effective,theymustbe able tocontribute to
broadereconomicgrowth,the sustainabledevelopmentgoalsandpovertyreduction.Theymustalsobe
integratedwithdisasterriskmanagementstrategies,actions,andsocial safetynetprogrammes.[51]
See also
icon Climate change portal
icon Environmentportal
icon Energyportal
Agroecology
Climate change andfisheries
Climate change andmeatproduction
Effectsof climate change onagriculture
Environmental issueswithagriculture
Slash-and-char
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FoodPolicyResearchInstitute
Climate Change,Rice andAsian Agriculture:12 ThingstoKnow AsianDevelopmentBank
vte
Climate change
vte
Agriculture
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