Chapter 4-Research

1. III- RESEARCH
Module 11-13

2. Finding the Answers to the Research
Question
CHAPTER 4

3. Objectives:
1. Interpretation of data;
2. Gathers and analyzes data with intellectual
honesty using suitable techniques; and
3. Data analysis method conceptualized
framework for qualitative research.

4. CHAPTER 4
03
PRESENTATION
OF DATA
01 02
ANALYSIS OF
DATA
INTERPRETATION
OF DATA

5. KEYPOINTS
SAMPLING- The process of selecting a few from a bigger
group to become the basis for estimating or predicting a
fact, situation or outcome regarding the bigger group.
SAMPLE- A small group that is observed while the population
is the larger group about which the generalization is made.

6. Sampling
Techniques
Classification
Of
Probability Sampling

7. 1. In a SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLE, every member
of the population has an equal chance of being
selected. Your sampling frame should include the
whole population.

8. 2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING is similar to simple random
sampling, but it is usually slightly easier to conduct. Every
member of the population is listed with a number, but
instead of randomly generating numbers, individuals are
chosen at regular intervals.

9. 3. CLUSTER SAMPLING also involves dividing the
population into subgroups, but each subgroup should have
similar characteristics to the whole sample. Instead of
sampling individuals from each subgroup, you randomly
select entire subgroups.

10. WAYS TO DETERMINETHE SAMPLE SIZE
Use of formula:
n= N___ Where n= size of the sample
1+ (N)(e)² 1= constant
N= size of population
e= desired margin of error

11. Use of percentage :
1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH- 10% of a large
population of 1,000 or more; 20% for a small number of
population of 500 and less.
2. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH – 30 subject
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH – 15 subjects per
group as preferred by some authorities

12. COLLECTION OF DATA
Data collection is a systematic process of gathering
observations or measurements.
- Interview schedule
- Questionnaire

13. CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES
1. PRIMARY SOURCES
- Official records of legislative bodies, departments,
school officials, minutes,
2. SECONDARY SOURCES
- Reports of a person on the testimony of an actual
witness of participants in an events.

14. TOOLS TECHNIQUES USED IN THE
COLLECTION OF DATA
OBSERVATION. Considered as one of the oldest
forms of studying behavior.
THE INTERVIEW. A data gathering device which
enables the researcher to draw information from the
subjects or interviewee verbally in a face-to-face
relationship.
INQUIRY FORMS

15. Home
Steps in Data Processing
Raw Data
Interview
Questionare
Secondary Sources

16. Home
Step 1
Gathering all the data collected from interviews, questionnaires
and observation.
Information collected from the data gathering instruments is
called raw data or simply data.
Analysis
Coding the data
Computer
Manual

17. Home
Step 2
CODING THE DATA
Coding the data requires the assignment of
numerical values to the different types of responses
given by the questionnaires, interviews or
observations.

18. The following are the most common parametric tests used in
research
1. Person Product – Moment Correlation
- Used when there are two given sets of scores to find if these two
sets are correlated hence the correlation is called co-variable.
2. One-way Anova or F-test
- Anova stands for analysis or variance which is an experimental outcome of
a statistical variance purposely used to determine the contribution of a given factors or
variables to the variance.
3. Two-Way Anovaor Two-way test
- It is also called factorial analysis of variance.

19. The following are the most common parametric tests used in
research
4. T- test for Independent Sample Means
- It is a test for the observed differences between two sample means
not correlated with each other.
5. T-test for Dependent Sample Means
- The hypothesis of no difference between the pre-test and the post
test is rejected if the computed T is greater than the tabular T.
7. Z- Test
- t is used to determine the randomness of samples from a population taken from the sample mean
with expected population mean.
A SAMPLE MEAN is a computed average from raw scores randomly obtained from a well-defined
population.

20. NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS
The non-parametric tests are statistical tools which do not
involved the estimation of para meters of a statistical
function.
a. CHI-SQUARE GOODNESS OF FIT TEST. Used to find if
there is significant differences between an observed data
or frequency distribution on a variable are distributed.
B. CHI-SQUARE TEST OF ASSOCIATION. Used to
determine whether or not two variables are correlated,
dependent or associated with each other and appropriate
for ordinal or nominal types of data.

21. DATA ANALYSIS
MEANING OF
TERMS
This is the process of
reducing data to
manageable summaries.
Data can be reduced or
summarized by use of
statistics for quantitative
research or thematic
induction for qualitative.

22. DATA PRESENTATION
MEANING OF
TERMS
Refers to ways of
arranging data to make it
clear. Presentation is
mainly by use of visuals
followed by an
explanation of the visual.

23. DATA PRESENTATION
MEANING OF
TERMS
Refers to ways of
arranging data to make it
clear. Presentation is
mainly by use of visuals
followed by an
explanation of the visual.

24. 1. Graphical Presentation
 This is the use of graphs.
2. Tabular Presentation
 This is the use of tables. Common tables that is always use is Frequency
Distribution Table
3. Numerical Presentation
 This is the use of numbers to represent a group of data. This is by the use
of descriptive and inferential statistics.
4. For Qualitative data
 Use direct quotes/ verbatim. Qualitative research uses
narrative/descriptive/thematic methods of qualitative data.
METHODS OF PRESENTING
DATA

25. DATA INTERPRETATION
MEANING OF
TERMS
Interpretation means
searching for meaning
and implication of
research results, in order
to make inferences, draw
conclusions and relate
theory.

26. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
MEANING OF
TERMS
This means trying the
finding to the literature
review. This is done by
comparing your own finding
with other empirical findings
reviewed in Chapter 2. The
purpose is to show your
findings agree or disagree
with the example body of
knowledge.

27. SAMPLE

28. OUR GOALS

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41. LINKS
Links for advance study:
https://ph.video.search.yahoo.com/search/video;_ylt=Awr1UUvqBQZkC84jkRyzRwx.;_ylu=Y2
9sbwNzZzMEcG9zAzEEdnRpZAMEc2VjA3BpdnM-
?p=interpretation+of+data+in+research+chapter&fr2=piv-
web&type=E210PH885G0&fr=mcafee#id=3&vid=59a6344fce0b4099f96df6a5cbf80452&action=
view
Youtube: ANA PH

42. OUR GOALS
For your individual output, answer the document that I will send in your gc. Please
be guided in answering the activity and when to be submitted.

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