Sehar Nisar Minhaj University Lahore Life and Learning Bscs 2nd Sir haroon rasheed

1. ‫بسم‬‫ہ‬ٰ‫ّللا‬‫ن‬ ٰ‫الرحم‬‫الرحیم‬
Sehar Nisar
Hafsa Arooj
Bscs 2nd
Roll no 13
Presentation of life and learning
Presented to: Sir Haroon Rasheed

2. ‫سائنسی‬‫شعور‬‫کے‬‫فروغ‬‫میں‬‫اسالم‬‫کا‬‫کردار‬
‫قرآنی‬‫تعلیمات‬‫اور‬‫سائنسی‬‫علوم‬‫کی‬‫ترغیب‬
‫آیات‬‫ترغیب‬‫علم‬
‫کائنات‬‫میں‬‫غور‬‫وفکر‬‫کی‬‫ترغیب‬

3. ‫قرآنی‬‫تعلیمات‬‫اور‬‫سائنسی‬‫علوم‬‫کی‬‫ترغیب‬

4. ‫غور‬‫و‬‫خوض‬‫اور‬‫تفکر‬‫و‬‫تدبر‬
‫غو‬‫روخو‬‫ض‬‫اور‬‫تفکر‬‫و‬‫تدبر‬‫ہ‬‫حکم‬‫خداوندی‬،‫ہے‬‫کیونکہ‬‫تفکر‬‫کے‬‫بغیرسوچ‬‫کے‬
‫دروازے‬‫نہیں‬‫کھلتےاوراگر‬‫یہ‬‫دروازے‬‫مقفل‬‫ہوجائیں‬‫تو‬‫زندگی‬‫کا‬‫سفر‬‫گویا‬‫ک‬ُ‫ر‬
‫جاتاہے‬‫اورارتقاۓ‬‫نسل‬‫انسانی‬‫کی‬‫تاریخ‬‫اندھیروں‬‫میں‬‫گم‬‫ہو‬‫جاتی‬‫ہے‬

5. ‫آیات‬‫ترغیب‬‫علم‬
‫یہاں‬‫ہم‬‫قرآن‬‫کریم‬‫کی‬‫چند‬‫ایسی‬‫ہ‬‫آیات‬‫کریمہ‬‫پیش‬‫کر‬‫رہے‬‫ہیں‬‫جن‬‫کے‬‫مطالعے‬‫سے‬
‫قرون‬‫ہ‬ٰ‫اولی‬‫کے‬‫مسلمان‬‫سائنسدانوں‬‫کو‬‫سائنسی‬‫تحقیقات‬‫کی‬‫طرف‬‫ترغیب‬‫ملی‬‫اور‬‫اسکے‬‫نتیجے‬‫میں‬
‫بنی‬‫نوع‬‫نسان‬‫ا‬‫نے‬‫تجربات‬‫کرکے‬‫ترقی‬‫کی‬‫منازل‬‫طے‬‫کیں‬‫۔۔‬

6. ‫ہ‬‫صاحب‬‫بصیرت‬
‫ہ‬‫ارشاد‬‫باری‬‫ہ‬ٰ‫تعالی‬‫ہے‬

7. ‫جاہل‬‫اور‬‫عالم‬
‫ہ‬‫ارشاد‬‫باری‬‫ہ‬ٰ‫تعالی‬‫ہے‬

9. ‫کائنات‬‫میں‬‫غور‬‫و‬‫فکرکی‬‫ترغیب‬
‫ہ‬‫ارشاد‬‫باری‬‫ہ‬ٰ‫تعالی‬‫ہے‬

10. ‫نظام‬‫شمسی‬‫اور‬‫نظام‬‫قمری‬
‫ہ‬‫ارشاد‬‫باری‬‫ہ‬ٰ‫تعالی‬‫ہے‬

11. ‫کفار‬‫کے‬‫لیے‬‫نشانیاں‬

12. ‫اسالم‬‫اور‬‫سائنس‬‫میں‬‫عدم‬‫مغایرت‬
‫ا‬‫سالم‬‫ایک‬‫مکمل‬‫ضابطہ‬‫حیات‬
‫اسالم‬‫ایک‬‫مکمل‬‫ضابطہ‬‫حیات‬‫ہونے‬‫کے‬‫ساتھ‬‫ساتھ‬‫دین‬‫فطرت‬‫بھی‬‫ہےجو‬‫ان‬‫تمام‬‫احوال‬‫وتغیرات‬‫پر‬‫نظر‬‫رکھتاہے‬
‫جن‬‫کا‬‫تعلق‬‫انسان‬‫اور‬‫کائنات‬‫کے‬‫باطنی‬‫اور‬‫خارجی‬‫وجود‬‫کے‬‫ظہور‬‫سے‬‫ہے‬

13. ‫قرآن‬‫مجید‬‫کابنیادی‬‫موضوع‬
‫قرآن‬‫مجید‬‫کابنیادی‬‫موضوع‬‫انسان‬‫ہےجسے‬‫سینکڑوں‬‫باراس‬‫امرکی‬‫دعوت‬‫دی‬‫گئی‬‫ہے‬‫کہ‬‫وہ‬‫اپنے‬‫اردگرد‬‫پیش‬
‫ووقوع‬‫پزیر‬‫ہونے‬‫والے‬‫حاالت‬‫و‬‫واقعات‬‫سے‬‫باخبر‬‫رہنے‬‫کے‬‫لیے‬‫غور‬‫و‬‫فکر‬‫اور‬‫تدبر‬‫وتفکر‬‫سے‬‫کام‬‫لے‬

14. ‫آئیڈیل‬‫مسلمان‬‫کے‬‫اوصاف‬‫قرآن‬‫کی‬‫روشنی‬‫میں‬
‫ہ‬‫ارشاد‬‫باری‬‫ہ‬ٰ‫تعالی‬‫ہے‬

15. ‫ان‬‫آیات‬‫میں‬‫بندہ‬‫مومن‬‫کی‬‫جو‬‫شرائط‬‫بیان‬‫کی‬‫گئی‬‫ہیں‬‫ان‬‫میں‬‫جہاں‬‫کھڑے۔بیٹھے۔اور‬‫لیٹے‬‫ہوئے‬‫زندگی‬‫کے‬‫ہر‬‫حال‬
‫میں‬‫اپنے‬‫موال‬‫کی‬‫یاد‬‫اور‬‫اسکے‬‫حضور‬‫حاضری‬‫کے‬‫تصور‬‫کو‬‫جاگزیں‬‫کرنا‬‫مطلوب‬‫ہے۔‬

16. ‫مذہب‬‫اور‬‫سائنس‬‫میں‬‫تعلق‬
‫عصری‬‫علم‬
‫مذہب‬‫کا‬‫موضوع‬ ‘‫خالق‬
‫سائنس‬‫کا‬‫موضوع‬ ‘‫خلق‬

17. ‫ہ‬‫ارشاد‬‫باری‬‫ہ‬ٰ‫تعالی‬‫ہے‬

18. ‫دور‬‫حاضر‬‫کا‬‫المیہ‬
‫سیادت‬‫وسربراہی‬
‫ترقی‬‫کا‬‫انحصار‬
‫مذہبی‬‫طبقہ‬
،‫علمی‬،‫تاریخی‬‫اورسائنسی‬‫ورثے‬‫سے‬‫التعلقی‬

19. ISLAM AND MODERN SCIENCE
Prof. Dr. Tahir-ul-Qadri

20. ‫علوم‬ ‫:القرآن‬
‫قرآن‬ ‫مجید‬ ‫ایکہمکملہضابطہ‬ ‫حیاتہہے‬ ‫جو‬ ‫ہمیں‬ ‫انسانی‬ ‫زندگی‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ہر‬ ‫گوشے‬ ‫سے‬ ‫متعلقہہدایت‬ ‫فراہمہکرتا‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫۔‬

21. ‫حساب‬، ،‫الجبرا‬ ‫:جیومیٹری‬
‫حساب‬، ،‫الجبرا‬ ‫جیومیٹری‬ ‫کے‬ ‫میدان‬ ‫میں‬ ،‫الخوارزمی‬ ‫قوسسین‬ ‫علم‬ ‫میں‬ ‫سے‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫حساب‬ ‫میں‬ algorithm ‫کا‬
‫لفظ‬ ‫الخوارزمی‬ ‫کے‬ ‫نام‬ ‫سے‬ ‫ہی‬ ‫ماخوذ‬ ‫ہے۔‬

22. ‫فنون‬ ‫:لطیفہ‬
‫جہاں‬ ‫تک‬ ‫فنون‬ ‫لطیفہ‬ ‫کا‬ ‫تعلق‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫۔‬ ‫قرآن‬ ‫مجید‬ ‫ہی‬ ‫کے‬ ‫شغف‬ ‫سے‬ ‫قرون‬ ‫وسطی‬ ‫میں‬ ‫فن‬ ‫خطاطی‬ ‫کو‬ ‫فروغ‬ ‫مال۔‬

23. ‫بیہوش‬ ‫کرنے‬ ‫کا‬ ‫:نظام‬
‫علی‬ ‫بن‬ ‫عیسی‬ ‫تاریخ‬ ‫عالم‬ ‫میں‬ ‫پہال‬ ‫سائنسدان‬ ‫تھا۔‬ ‫جس‬ ‫نے‬ ‫سر‬ ‫جری‬ ‫سے‬ ‫پہلے‬ ‫مریض‬ ‫کو‬ ‫بیہوش‬ ‫و‬ ‫بے‬ ‫حس‬ ‫کرنے‬
‫کے‬ ‫طریقے‬ ‫تجویز‬ ‫کیے۔‬

24. ‫علم‬ ‫ادویہ‬ ‫:سازی‬
Seirton ‫اور‬ Gulick ‫جیسے‬ ‫مغربی‬ ‫محققین‬ ‫نے‬ ‫لکھا‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫ابن‬ ‫البیطار‬ ‫نے‬ ‫سادہ‬ ‫ادوایات‬ ‫کے‬ ‫مجموعے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫نام‬
‫پر‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫کتاب‬ ‫لکھی‬ ‫جو‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫علم‬ ‫نباتات‬ ‫پر‬ ‫عربی‬ ‫ذبان‬ ‫میں‬ ‫اس‬ ‫زمانے‬ ‫کی‬ ‫سب‬ ‫سے‬ ‫بڑی‬ ‫تصنیف‬ ‫تسلیم‬ ‫کی‬ ‫جاتی‬ ‫ہے۔‬

25. ‫علم‬ ‫:الطب‬
‫اس‬ ‫میدان‬ ‫میں‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫اسالمی‬ ‫تاریخ‬ ‫عدیم‬ ‫المثال‬ ‫مقام‬ ‫کی‬ ‫حاصل‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫اس‬ ‫باب‬ ‫میں‬ ،‫الرازی‬ ‫ابو‬ ،‫القاسم‬ ‫ابن‬ ‫سینا،ابن‬ ‫رشد‬
‫اور‬ ‫الکندی‬ ‫کے‬ ‫نام‬ ‫سر‬ ‫فہرست‬ ‫آتے‬ ‫ہیں۔‬
" ‫مسلم‬ ‫سائنسدانوں‬ ‫نے‬ ‫اسالم‬ ‫کے‬ ‫دور‬ ‫اوائل‬ ‫میں‬ ‫ہی‬ ‫بڑے‬ ‫بڑے‬ ‫ہسپتال‬ ‫اور‬ ‫طبی‬ ‫ادارے‬ ‫قائم‬ ‫کر‬ ‫لیے‬ ،‫تھے‬ ‫جہاں‬ ‫علم‬
‫االدویہ‬ ‫اور‬ ‫علم‬ ‫الجرامت‬ ‫کی‬ ‫کالسیں‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫ہوتی‬ ‫"تھیں۔‬

26. ‫علم‬ ‫:بصریات‬
‫بصریات‬ ‫کے‬ ‫میدان‬ ‫میں‬ ‫تو‬ ‫اسالمی‬ ‫سائنسی‬ ‫تاریخ‬ ‫کو‬ ‫غیر‬ ‫معمولی‬ ‫عظمت‬ ‫حاصل‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫بقول‬ ‫پروفیسر‬ ‫آرنلڈ‬ ‫اس‬ ‫میدان‬
‫میں‬ ‫چوتھی‬ ‫صدی‬ ‫ہجری‬ ‫کے‬ ‫ابن‬ ‫الہیشم‬ ‫اور‬ ‫کمال‬ ‫الدین‬ ‫الفارسی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫سائنسی‬ ‫خدمات‬ ‫نے‬ ‫پچھلے‬ ‫نامور‬ ‫سائنسدانوں‬
‫کے‬ ‫علم‬ ‫کے‬ ‫چراغ‬ ‫بجھا‬ ‫دیئے‬ ‫۔‬

27. ،‫طبیعات‬ ‫میکانیات‬ ‫اور‬ ‫:حرکیات‬
‫قرون‬ ‫وسطیہکے‬ ‫مسلمان‬ ‫سائنسدانوں‬ ‫میں‬ ‫سے‬ ‫ابن‬ ،‫سینا،الکندی‬ ‫نصیرالدین‬ ‫طوسی‬ ‫اور‬ ‫مال‬ ‫صدرہ‬ ‫کی‬ ‫خدمات‬ ‫طبیعات‬
‫کے‬ ‫فروغ‬ ‫میں‬ ‫ابتدائی‬ ‫طور‬ ‫پر‬ ‫بہت‬ ‫اہمیت‬ ‫کی‬ ‫حاصل‬ ‫ہیں۔‬

28. THE RISE OF SCIENCE
AND CULTURE
IN ISLAMIC SPAIN (711-
1492)

29. THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC SPAIN

30. Conquest of the peninsula
• In 711 Muslim forces consisting 8 000
men (Gibraltar) in the leadership of
Tariq b. Ziyad invaded and conquered
the Iberian peninsula
• Decisive battle with the army of
Roderic, conquest of Toledo
• After the first victory, the Muslims
conquered most of Spain and Portugal
with little difficulty, and in fact with little
opposition
• By 720 Spain was largely under Muslim
(or Moorish, as it was called) control
THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC SPAIN

31. • Islamic Spain became one of the great Muslim civilisations;
reaching its summit with the Umayyad caliphate of Cordovain
the tenth century
• Islamic Spain was a multi-cultural mix of the people of three
great monotheistic religions: Muslims, Christians and Jews
• It brought a degree of civilisation
to Europe that matched the
heights of the Roman Empire
and the Italian Renaissance
THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC SPAIN

32. • Muslim Spain was not a single period, but a succession of different rules.
• The Dependent Emirate (711-756)
• The Independent Emirate (756-929)
• The Caliphate (929-1031)
• The Almoravid Era (1031-1130)
• Decline (1130-1492)
• Muslim rule declined after that and ended in 1492 when Granada was
conquered.
• The heartland of Muslim rule was Southern Spain or Andulusia.
OUTLINE: RULING PERIODS OF
ISLAMIC SPAIN (711-1492)

33. • The Muslim period in Spain is often described as a 'golden
age' of learning where
• Libraries, Colleges and Public baths were established
• literature, poetry and architecture flourished
• Both Muslims and non-Muslims made major contributions
to this flowering of culture.
A GOLDEN AGE

34. • Stability in Muslim Spain came with the establishment of
the Andalusian Umayyad dynasty, which lasted from 756
to 1031.
• The credit goes to
Amir Abd al-Rahman,
who founded the Emirate
of Cordoba, and was able to
get the various different
Muslim groups who had
conquered Spain to pull
together in ruling it.
STABILITY IN MUSLIM SPAIN

35. • While most of Europe was living in the intellectually through the Dark Ages, a different
situation existed in Spain.
• This difference can be traced directly to Muslim influences
• Spain, even before the Muslim conquests, was the scene of much fighting and territorial
disputes.
• In those seven centuries, scientific knowledge, architecture, mathematics, and
philosophy flourished in Spain during the rule of the Umayyad.
• relative religious tolerance (at least compared to the Spanish Inquisition that would
follow), and overall prosperity
THE SCIENCE IN MUSLIM SPAIN

36. • Al-Khwarizmi is recognized as the
founder of modern Algebra. The actual
name of algebra comes from the title
of his most famous book, Kitab Al-
Jabr wa al-Muqabilah ("The Book of
Integration and Equation").
• This book on algebra, in its translated
form, was the principal mathematics
textbook in European universities until
the 16th century.
MATHEMATICS
MOHAMMAD BIN
MUSA AL-
KHAWARIZMI

37. • Al-Andalus regime in the 10th
century is known as the birth of
Astronomy
• The first major Muslim work of
astronomy was Zij al-
Sindhind by al-Khwarizmi in 830.
• The work contains tables for the
movements of the Sun, the
Moon and the five planets
known at the time.
THE BIRTH OF ASTRONOMY IN
SPAIN

38. • Muslim innovation and work in chemistry and medicine flourished from about
900 - 1200 AD.
• the classical works of Aristotle, Hippocrates, and Galen were eventually
transferred to Europe through Islamic Spain.
• However, Muslim contributions to chemistry are more significant than these
transfers, particularly in the areas of chemistry and medicine.
• The medical knowledge available in the Muslim world was so far advanced
as compared to the Medieval West.
CHEMISTRY AND MEDICINE

39. • Moorish architecture is Islamic architecture of Spain and
Portugal, where the Moors were dominant between 711
and 1492
• Moors is the name given to the Muslims who invaded Spain
ARCHITECTURE/ MOORISH
ARCHITECTURE

40. • Moorish architecture is Islamic
architecture of Spain and
Portugal, where the Moors were
dominant between 711 and
1492
• Moors is the name given to the
Muslims who invaded Spain
ARCHITECTURE/ MOORISH
ARCHITECTURE

41. • The Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba is one of the best examples
of Spain’s Arabic-European history.
• Legend has it that the site of the Mosque-Cathedral was once
home to a Christian church under the Visigoths. Then it was
bought in 784 by Abd al-Rahman I who turned it into a mosque,
• then, during the Reconquista in
1236, it was turned back into a
Catholic church which is what it is today
• Its most noticeable feature is its
various arches and columns that
you can walk under
THE MOSQUE-CATHEDRAL OF
CÓRDOBA

42. • It was more or less the last stronghold of Islamic Spain before the Spanish
reconquered the country.
THE ALHAMBRA IN GRANADA

43. • One of the most iconic symbols
of Seville, the Giralda, was, for the
longest time, the tallest building in
the whole world
• Built in 1195, it served as the
minaret for the Aljama mosque
and was turned into a bell tower
after an earthquake destroyed the
top
SEVILLE’S GIRALDA

44. • Muslims carried paper and papermaking to the Mediterranean region , and
European Christians there learned how to make it by the twelfth century
• Production of paper began in Samarkand, Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo,
Morocco then Muslim Spain.
PAPER MAKING

45. • Brass type movable printer press
• First invented in Muslim Spain 100 years prior to the invention of printing press,
by Johannes Gutenburg of Germany, in 1454
FIRST PRINTING DEVICE IN EUROPE:

46. • By Spanish Muslim engineers sometime between 900–
1200.
• According to historian Will
Durant, a watch-like device was
invented by Ibn Firnas.
WATER AND WEIGHT DRIVEN
MECHANICAL CLOCKS
Abu l-Qāsim Abbās ibn Firnās,
Armen Firman

47. • Islamic Spain is sometimes described as a 'golden age' of
religious and ethnic tolerance and interfaith harmony between
Muslims, as non-Muslims got following rights
• they were not forced to live in ghettoes or other special
locations
• they were not slaves
• they were not prevented from following their faith
• they were not forced to convert or die under Muslim rule
• they were not banned from any particular ways of earning a
living; they often took on jobs shunned by Muslims;
• these included unpleasant work such as tanning and butchery
• but also pleasant jobs such as banking and dealing in gold and
silver
• they could work in the civil service of the Islamic rulers
• Jews and Christians were able to contribute to society and
culture
A GOLDEN AGE OF RELIGIOUS
TOLERANCE?

48. • The collapse of Islamic rule in Spain was due not only to increasing
aggression on the part of Christian states, but to divisions among the Muslim
rulers. The rot came from both the centre and the extremities
• Internal rebellions in 1144 and 1145 further shattered Islamic unity, and
despite intermittent military successes, Islam's domination of Spain was
ended for good
• The Muslims finally lost all power in Spain in 1492. By 1502 the Christian rulers
issued an order requiring all Muslims to convert to Christianity, and when this
didn't work, they imposed brutal restrictions on the remaining Spanish Muslims
DECLINE AND FALL