short descriptive method.

1. PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED
TO
MAULANAABUL KALAM AZAD
UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLOGY,WESTBENGAL
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF PHARMACY
AMITAVA DAS
Registration No:142420210004
Roll No.: 24201914004
Under the guidance of
DR.SHYAMSHREE S.S.MANNA
(PROFESSOR&HOD;PHARMACOLOGY)

2. INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus :
 DM is characterized
by elevated blood
sugar levels due to
absolute or relative
lack of insulin.
 Diabetes mellitus
type 1 is a disease
caused by the lack of
insulin.
 Diabetes mellitus
type 2 is a disease of
insulin resistance by
cells.
Signs an symptoms

3.  Insulin :
 Proinsulin is converted to insulin & C peptide.
 Insulin is referred as the storage hormone as it
promotes anabolism & inhibits catabolism of
carbohydrates,fatty acids & protein.
 Mechanism of action :
 Insulin binds to insulin receptors on the plasma
membrane & activates tyrosine kinase – primarily in
adipose tissue, liver & skeletal muscle.
 Liver / Muscle:
 Insulin increases the storage of glucose of glucose as
glycogen in the liver.
 It decrease the protein catabolism.

4.  Anti-diabetic medication :
Drugs used in diabetes treat diabetes mellitus by lowering
glucose levels in the blood. With the exceptions of insulin,
exenatide, liraglutide and pramlintide, all are administered
orally and are thus also called oral hypoglycemic agents or
oral antihyperglycemic agents.
 Mechanisms to reduce blood sugar:
 Stimulation of pancreatic insulin release-
Sulfonylureas, Meglitinide.
 Reduce the bio-synthesis of glucose in liver-
Biguanides (Metformin).
 Increase the sensitivity of target cells to insulin-
Thiazolidinediones.
 Retard the absorption of sugars from the GI tract-
Acarbose,Miglitol.

5.  Oral Anti-diabetic
drug
 Sulfonyiureas :
o First generation :
Tolbutamide
,Chlorpromide.
o Second generation :
Glipizide.
o Third generation :
Glimiperide.

6.  Biguanides (Metformin) :
 Inhibits gluconeogenesis.
 Does not promote insulin secretion.
 It causes modest weight loss.
 Thiazolidinediones :
o Enhance glucose & lipid metabolism through action on
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR-y).
o Enhance sensitivity to insulin in muscle & fat by
increasing the GLUT 4 glucose transporter.
o Eg: Pioglitazone ,Rosiglitazone.
 Alpha – diabetic drugs :
• It inhibits α-glucosidase which converts dietary starch
& complex carbohydrates into simple sugars.
• Eg: Acarbose, Miglitol

8.  Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor:
o DPP-4 inhibitors are a class of oral hypoglycemics that
block DPP-4.
o Glucagon increases blood glucose levels,DPP-4
inhibitors reduce glucagon & blood glucose levels.
o Eg: Sitagliptin, vildagliptin.
 SGLT2 Inhibitor:
 Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors are a new
class of diabetic medications indicated only for the
treatment of type 2 diabetes.
 In conjunction with exercise and a healthy diet, they
can improve glycemic control.

10.  Signs and symptoms:
 High blood sugar.
 Sleepiness, especially after meals.
 Increased blood triglyceride levels.
 Conclusion:
 Exercise has the advantages of controlling the blood
sugar levels without taking additional medications.
 Overall regular exercise cannot only help in better
control of blood sugar but also helps with control of
weight and blood pressure as it lowers the bad
cholesterol and raises the level of good cholesterol in
the blood.

11.  Reference :
 1. American Diabetes Association. Economic consequences of diabetes
mellitus in the U.S. in 1997. Diabetes Care 1998;21(2):296-309.
 2. Rosenbloom AL, Joe JR, Young RS, Winter WE. Emerging epidemic of
type 2 diabe1. American Diabetes Association. Economic consequences of
diabetes mellitus in the U.S. in 1997. Diabetes Care 1998;21(2):296-309.
 3. Pinhas-Hamiel O, Dolan L, Daniels SR, Standiford D, Khoury PR,
Zeitler P. Increased incidence of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
among adolescents. J Pediatr 1999;128:608-615.
 4. American Diabetes Association. Type 2 diabetes in children and
adolescents. Pediatrics 2000;105(3 Pt 1):671-680.
 5. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. Effect of
intensive diabetes treatment on the development and progression of long-
term complications in adolescents with insulin- dependent diabetes
mellitus: Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. J Pediatr
1994;125(2):177-188.
 6. Gillespie SJ, Kulkarni KD, Daly AE. Using carbohydrate counting in
diabetes clinical practice. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98(8):897-905.
 7. Grey M, Boland EA, Davidson M, Yu C, Tamborlane WV. Coping skills
training for youths with diabetes on intensive therapy. Appl Nurs Res
1999;12(1):3-12.
 8. American Diabetes Association. Implications of the United Kingdom
Prospective Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 2001;24:S28-S32.