Management consists of three levels - top management focuses on objectives and policies, middle management achieves objectives through other managers, and operational management directly oversees the workforce. The five core functions of management are planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. Coordination is the essence of management as it integrates interdependent activities and ensures unity of action across departments to achieve organizational goals.
2. Levels of Management
Management is considered a three-tier activity. The top management
focuses on determination of objectives and policies, middle
management attempts to achieve these objectives through the effort
of other managers and supervisory or operational management
directly oversees the efforts of the workforce.
• Top Management:
• Middle Management:
• Supervisory or Operational Management:
4. Coordination — The Essence of
Management.
• Coordination is the essence of
management. It is the process of
achieving unity of action among
interdependent activities and departments
of an organization.
5. Characteristics of Coordination
• (i) Coordination integrates group efforts:
• (ii)Coordination ensures unity of action:
• (iii)Coordination is a continuous process:
• (iv)Coordination is an all pervasive function:
• (v)Coordination is the responsibility of all
managers:
• (vi)Coordination is a deliberate function:
