Transformation

3. • We’ve learned the phrase structure rules.
Therefore, we can understand the following
sentence :
(1) The mechanic repaired my car.
• But what about the following sentence?
(2) My car was repaired by the mechanic.

4. (1) The mechanic repaired my car.
(2) My car was repaired by the mechanic.
Sentence no (2) is not only grammatical, but
has the same meaning as sentence no (1) as
well (even though the focus is different).

5. (3) The spider ate the fly quickly.
(4) The spider quickly ate the fly.
(Deterding & Poedjosoedarmo, 2001)
(Deterding & Poedjosoedarmo, 2001`)
Sentence no (4) is not only grammatical, but has
the same meaning as sentence no. (3) as well
(even though the focus is different).

6. (Deterding & Poedjosoedarmo, 2001)
• The changes happening to the previous examples
are dealt by means of transformations.
• A transformation can be defined as “…a device for
changing one sentence into another sentence…”
(Deterding & Poedjosoedarmo, 2001).
• Transformation has certain rules and mechanisms.

7. • The changes happening to the previous examples
are dealt by means of transformations.
• A transformation can be defined as “…a device for
changing one sentence into another sentence…”
(Deterding & Poedjosoedarmo, 2001).
• Transformation has certain rules and mechanisms.

8. How does the transformation work?

9. Components of
1. Structural Analysis (SA) or Structural Description
(SD)
• It can be considered as an input of transformation.
• It consists of simple, active, affirmative, and
declarative sentence usually called kernel sentence
(Alwasilah, 2011).
2. Transformational Rules
• “A transformational rule is a rule that maps one
syntactic-analysis tree into another” (Brown, 2002).
3. Structural Change (SC)
• It can be considered as an output of transformation

10. General Mechanism in Transformations
Structural Analysis (SA)
(Input)
Structural Change (SC)
(Output)

11. General Mechanism in Transformations
The mechanic repaired my car.
(SA – Input).
My car was repaired by the mechanic.
(SC – Output)

12. General Mechanism in Transformations
The spider ate the fly quickly.
(SA – Input).
The spider quickly ate the fly..
(SC – Output)

13. Kinds of Transformations
1.Auxiliary Inversion
2.Passive
3.Generalized
Transformations

14. Auxiliary Inversion
• It transforms structural analysis (SA-Input)
which is a declarative sentence into
interrogative sentence (SC-Output).
• Transformational rule
SA NP – Aux – X
1 2 3
SC 2 1 3

15. Auxiliary Inversion
Tom can go.
(SA – Input).
Can Tom go?
(SC – Output)

16. Passive
• It transforms structural analysis (SA-Input)
which is an active sentence into passive (SC-
Output).
• Transformational rule
SA NP – Aux – V – NP
1 2 3 4
SC 4 2 +be + en – 3 – by + 1

17. Passive
The mechanic repaired my car.
(SA – Input).
My car was repaired by the mechanic.
(SC – Output)

18. Generalized Transformations
It transforms several inputs into one
complex, compound or complex-
compound output.

19. Generalized Transformations
The girl is smiling. (Input 1)
The girl who is smiling is my girlfriend.
(SC – Output)
The girl is my girlfriend. (Input 2)

20. Generalized Transformations
Jack likes football. (Input 1)
Jack and Bob like football.
(SC – Output)
Bob likes football. (Input 2)

21. Thank You
Alwasilah, A. C. (2011). Beberapa Mazhab dan
Dikotomi Teori Linguistik. Bandung: Penerbit
Angkasa Bandung.
Brown, E. K. (2002). Generative grammar. In K.
Malmkjær (Ed.), The Linguistics Encyclopedia
(2nd ed., p. 171). New York: Routledge.
Chomsky, A. N. (1957). Syntactic Structures. Berlin:
Mouton & Co.
Deterding, D. H., & Poedjosoedarmo, G. R. (2001).
The Grammar of English: Morphology and
Syntax for English Teachers in Southeast Asia.
Jurong: Prentice Hall.