2. TOPICS TO BE COVERED
SPATIAL DATA
TYPES OF SPATIAL DATA
PROPERTIES OF SPATIAL DATA
SPATIAL DATA TYPES
SPATIAL DATABASE INTRODUCTION
SPATIAL DATABASE CHARACTERISTICS
SDBMS INTRODUCTION
SDBMS THREE-LAYER ARCHITECTURE
3. TOPICS TO BE COVERED
SPATIAL INDEX
SPATIAL DATA CREATION
ABOUT GIS
ADVANTAGES OF SPATIAL DATABASES
DISADVANTAGES OF SPATIAL DATABASES
APPLICATIONS OF SPATIAL DATABASES
4. SPATIAL DATA
Spatial Data means, data related to space or some pre-
defined location.
Spatial Data includes shape, size, location and
orientation.
These type of data are generally in the form of graphic
primitives which includes Points, Lines, P0lygons or
pixels.
Spatial Data is comprised of objects in multi-
dimensional space.
5.
6. TYPES OF SPATIAL DATA
There are basically two important types of Spatial Data
which are really important here for discussion, which are
as follows:
Computer-aided-design (CAD) data, which includes
information about how objects like buildings, cars, aircraft
etc, are constructed.
Other examples of CAD includes: integrated-circuit and
electronic-device layouts
Geographic data, such as road-maps, land-usage maps
and so on.
7. PROPERTIES OF SPATIAL DATA
There are four major properties of Spatial Data
which makes it different from other traditional
relational data.
1. Geometry
2. Distribution of Objects in Space
3. Temporal Changes
4. Data Volume
8. SPATIAL DATA TYPES
Spatial Data Types are the special data types necessary to
model geometry and to suitably represent geometric data
in database system.
These data types includes: Points, Lines, Region and also
includes complex types like partitions and graphs.
Spatial Data Types provide abstraction for modeling the
geometric structure of objects in space, their relationships,
properties and operations.
9. SPATIAL DATABASE INTRODUCTION
Spatial Database is a full-fledged database system with additional
capabilities of handling spatial data.
Spatial Database is used in order to analyze as well as manage
spatial data along with its high level utilization.
Few examples of Spatial Database Users includes:
1. Transportation Agency Tracking Projects.
2. Doctor comparing Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI’s)
3. Mobile Phone Companies tracking phone usage
11. SPATIAL DATABASE CHARACTERISTICS
Spatial Database stores objects that have spatial
characteristics that describe them.
Spatial Database are designed in order to make the
storage, retrieval and manipulation of spatial data more
easier and more to users.
Spatial Database provides concepts for databases that
actually keeps track of objects in multi-dimensional space.
12. SDBMS INTRODUCTION
SDBMS stands for Spatial Database Management
System.
SDBMS provides the capabilities of traditional database
management system in order to allow special storage and
handling of spatial data.
SDBMS works with underlying DBMS and allows spatial
data models and types.
SDBMS provides handling mechanisms of spatial data
and operations.
14. SPATIAL INDEX
Spatial indices are used by spatial databases (databases
which store information related to objects in space) in
order to optimize spatial queries.
Conventional index types do not efficiently handle
spatial queries such as how far two points differ, or
whether points fall within a spatial area of interest.
15. SPATIAL DATA CREATION
Creation of an Entity named Country to hold data related
to country including name, state, population and
geographies.
create table Country (
name varchar(30),
state varchar(30),
population Integer,
shape Polygon
)
16. ABOUT GIS
GIS stands for Geographic Information System.
GIS is used for the Management of Spatial Data
(Geographic Data and related applications).
GIS represents features of earth which includes: rivers,
roads, cities, buildings and states on a computer.
We often use GIS in order to visualize, analyze, question
and understand data about the world as well as human
activity.
This data is viewed over map which provides advantages
over using spreadsheet and database.
17. ADVANTAGES OF SPATIAL
DATABASES
Speed
Security
Multi-user editing
Access from multiple clients
SQL queries
Security / access control
Database Replication
Reduced Program Maintenance
18. DISADVANTAGES OF SPATIAL
DATABASES
Complex structure
Difficult to design and somehow implement
Intensive Initial Training required for users.
Suitable Hardware required.
Relatively Higher Conversion Costs.
Slower than other data structures.
20. REFERENCES
Thirunavukkarasu K , Dr. Manoj Wadhwa; “Spatial Data
System: Architecture and Applications” International
Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology
(IJCST) – Volume 4 Issue 5, Sep - Oct 2016
https://millermountain.com/geospatialblog/2017/10/18/spa
tial-database/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_database