Drought management strategy A Lecture By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG Agriculture Extension Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Province & Visiting Professor Agriculture University Peshawar Pakistan

2. Drought in Pakistan
A Lecture
By
Mr Allah Dad Khan to
M.Phil Class AUP

3. Outline:
• Drought prone regions and historical perspective;
• Hazard risk rating;
• Climate change and the meteorological perspective;
• Drought situation 2014 onwards: water, food and agriculture, health and livestock;
• Drought governance in Pakistan;
• Drought monitoring; and
• Mitigation strategies

4. Definitions:
• Drought is a slow onset disaster whose onset occurs as a consequence of rainfall
shortage but its impact varies in various regions consistent with the local
environment, weather, soil conditions and host of other factors. Its impact, unlike
other natural disasters, extends over considerable space;
• Variants: Meteorological, hydrological, agricultural & socio-economic
• Drought Mitigation: structural / physical measures (appropriate crops, dams or
engineering projects) or non-structural measures (policies, awareness, knowledge
development, public commitment, and operating practices) undertaken to limit the
adverse impacts of drought;

5. Definitions:
• Drought Response: efforts such as provision of assistance or intervention
during or immediately after a drought disaster to meet life preservation and
basic subsistence needs of the affected population. It can be of immediate,
short term or protracted duration;
Source: ISDR
• Sustainable Development: meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
(World Bank)

11. Components of a drought policy
Sustainable development;
• Water security;
• Food security;
• Livelihood diversity;
• Environmental security;
• Rangelands management;
• Livestock management;
Mitigation strategies;
Emergency response management;
Awareness raising and capacity building

12. Drought Actors:
• Federal Government: Planning Commission, WAPDA, Ministry of Climate
Change, NHPREN, Ministry of Food Research, NDMA, PARC, PMD,
SUPARCO;
• Provincial Government: Departments: P&D, Food, Health, Livestock,
Forest, Agriculture, Irrigation, PDMA, Provincial Nutrition Cell;
• Districts: Relevant departments of the District Government led by the DC;
• UN Agencies: WFP, UNICEF, FAO, WHO, UNDP, relevant NGOss

13. Deserts / Rangelands:

14. Drought prone regions of Pakistan:
The Thar Desert: spread over 320,000 square kms with 85% in India.
Pakistan’s Thar desert is spread over approx 50,000 square kms across Tharparkar, parts of Umarkot,
Sanghar, Khairpur and Ghotki;
Kirthar Range in Sindh: Spread over 25,000 sq kms, it extends into Jamshoro, Dadu and part of Thatta
district;
Rangelands of Balochistan: comprise 79% of the landmass. Include Central Balochistan Quetta and
Kalat; Western Balochistan desert: Chagai, Kharan, Gwador, Lasbela and Kharan. Eastern Balochistan
Zhob and Loralai regions;
Cholistan Desert: 26,3000 square kms along Bahawalnagar, Bahawalpur & Rahim Yar Khan and the
Indian border;
Thal Desert: Bhakkar, Khushab, Mianwali and Leyyah between Jhelum and Indus; Issues: Overgrazing,
water management, desertification, barani agriculture, poor services, weak environmental management

15. Droughts in historical perspective:
• Major droughts recur in 12-16 years cycle and lesser versions every 4-6 years in the
vulnerable regions;
1999-2001 Drought:
• Affected the entire country but Balochistan was worst affected followed by Sindh;
• 3 million pop affected and 2.5 million livestock lost;
• 58 districts seriously affected, or which 23 were from Balochistan;
• Agricultural growth registered negative 2.5%. Losses estimated at $1.2 billion;
economic growth retarded by 2.6%;

16. Drought in historical perspective:
• IFIs assisted $ 360 million Drought Emergency Releif Assistance programme
focused on emergency response, communication and water infrastructure mainly;
• Chronic water shortages negatively impacted on traditional coping mechanism;
• Livestock distress sale and increased morbidity and mortality;
• High incidence of water borne disease and chronic and acute mal nutrition;
• Socioeconomic poverty

18. Hazard and risk assessment factors:
Baseline Factors:
• Food and nutritional security;
• Access to improved drinking water;
• Fully immunised children 12-23 months;
• Total 12 marks
Drought Vulnerability Aspects:
• Drought occurrence;
• Exposure: % of population in drought vulnerable areas;
• Drought impact.
• Total 18 marks.
Grand total: 30 marks

22. Present Drought Situation; Climate change aspect:
• There is evidence to suggest that global warming has
negatively impacted upon the Pakistan's environment, like
causing loss of bio-diversity, shifts in the weather patterns
and reduced fresh water supply. Climate change trends are
synonymous with climate variability in terms of flash floods
and drought incidence;
• Prevalence of El Nino conditions;

23. 2013 Summer
Monsoons
2014 Summer
Monsoons
October 2014 November
2014
December 2014 February 2015
Pakistan Plus 10% Minus 23% Plus 59% Minus 3% Minus 99% Minus 16%
Sindh Minus 21% Minus 78% Minus 94% Minus 48% Minus 100% Minus 74%
Balochistan Plus 11% Minus 33% Minus 42% Plus 10% Minus 100% Minus 42%
Punjab Plus 9% Minus 1% Plus 63% Plus 14% Minus 100% Minus 11%
KP Plus 13% Minus 32% Plus 173% Minus 19% Minus 98% Plus 15%
GB Plus 12% Plus 118% Plus 12% Plus 21% Minus 100% Minus 36%
AJ&K Plus 6% Normal Plus 1% Plus 1% Minus 100% No departure

26. Drought 2014 onwards:
• Water security in Tharparkar, Kohistan (Sindh), Cholistan and Balochistan;
• Food security and agriculture;
• Health:
• Livestock situation;
• The Balochistan drought situation
• Priority of needs identified by the communities: water, livestock, health,
food

27. Water security
132.83
128.67
131.31
137.22
122.31 121.80
17.16
12.54
7.02 8.26
1.69
5.02
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1961-62 To 1970-71 1971-72 To 1980-81 1981-82 To 1990-91 1991-92 To 2000-01 2001-02 To 2010-11 2011-12 To 2013-14
InflowVolume(MAF)
Period
Western Rivers Eastern Rivers

28. Health: Nutrition status 2014, < 5 deaths 2012, 2014
;
Districts Umarkot Sanghar
Kambar
S
Tharparka
r
Thatta
Shikarpu
r
Jacobabad Kashmore Badin Dadu
GAM
2014
25.3% 24.1% 22.3% 22.2% 19.2% 18.2% 13.% 13.3% 9.7% 4.2%
Districts Umarkot Sanghar Mirpurks Tharparkr Thatta Khairpur Sukkur Ghotki Badin Dadu
2012 198 441 234 318 59 436 1257 88 186 554
2014 259 592 314 587 203 356 1707 89 189 668

29. Health: < 5 deaths 2012, 2014; < 1 deaths 2012, 2014
Districts Umarkot Sanghar
Mirpurk
s
Tharparkr Thatta Khairpur Sukkur Ghotki Badin Dadu
2012 174 4083 373 245 99 1401 608 484 357 2124
2014 166 299 162 366 131 872 321 175 230 408
Districts Umarkot Sanghar Mirpurks
Tharprk
r
Thatta Khairpur Sukkur Ghotki Badin Dadu
2012 160 3771 351 135 66 1365 332 412 216 1710
2014 161 50 127 144 56 848 43 125 178 95

30. National Drought
Steering Committee
Provincial Drought
Steering Committee
Regional Drought Task
Force (DTF)
NDMA Drought
Monitoring Cell
• Planning Commission (Lead)
• Ministry of Water and Power
• Ministry of Climate Change
• Ministry of Food Security
• Ministry of Finance
• National Health Emergency
Preparedness and Response Network
• WAPDA
• NARC
• NDMA
• PMD
• PCRWR
• Planning & Development Department
(Lead)
• Irrigation Department
• Food and Livestock Department
• Health Department
• Education Department
• PDMA
• Community Welfare Department
• Social Welfare Department
• Provincial Nutrition Cell
• Commissioner (Lead)
• DCs
• DHO Health
• Livestock
• Food Controller
• Revenue Department
• Social Welfare
• Community Development Department
• Forest
• NGOs
• Community members
NationalProvincialRegional
First Responders
Vulnerable Districts and
Communities
Districts

31. Drought Monitoring: Issues
• Meteorological and hydrological networks are often inadequate in terms of
monitoring parameters;
• Forecasts often lack reliability on seasonal timescale and specificity, thus restricting
their use;
• Drought monitoring systems lack integration, including those of climate change,
water and soil parameters and socio-economic to map the drought magnitude, spatial
extent and potential impact;
• Drought early warning dissemination methods are lacking in reach to the end users,
and thus do not support decision making at multiple response levels;
• Data sharing is inadequate between government agencies and research institutions;
• Drought impact assessment, monitoring methods are not standard. .

32. Drought Monitoring:
• Global facilities & regional networks;
• In Pakistan, PMD Drought Early Warnng Centre uses Standard Precipitation Index. Fortnightly and
three monthly updates;
• SUPARCO issues monthly crops situation updates. Uses Keetch Byram Index;
• WFP disseminates monthly market prices bulletin and quarterly food security update;
• Need for Integration;
• Proposed integrated drought monitoring and response mechanisms for Tharparkar, Kohistan (Sindh)
and Cholistan

33. Drought Mitigation Strategies:
• Addresses (1) water, (2) food and agriculture, (3) health, (4) livestock and range
management; (5) cbdrm; and (6) climate change adaptation;
• Align mitigation with development, and emergency responses with mitigation;
Strategy development:
• Sustainable development;
• Sustainable consumption;
• Institution building + governance aspects;
• Reinforce structural capacity;
• Promote integration and coordination;
• Institutionalise research and capacity building;
• Promote climate smart management.

34. Drought Mitigation Strategies:
Water:
• Policy issues;
• Supply side management;
• Water demand management;
• Ecological solutions;
• Water governance;
• Desalination
• Emergency response management

35. Drought Mitigation Strategies:
Food and Agriculture:
• Policy inputs;
• Research and capacity building
• Promotion of less water demanding crops;
• Soil conservation;
• Watershed management;
• Water conservation;
• Emergency response management.

36. Drought Mitigation Strategies:
Health and Nutrition:
Reinforce needs based nutrition interventions;
Reproductive health;
Human resource;
Access and outreach;
Disease surveillance and responses;
Preventive and curative

37. Drought Mitigation Strategies:
Rangeland Management:
• Mapping of inventory building;
• Measures for checking desertification;
• Rangeland usage control;
• Reinforce goverance aspects;
• Promote communities inclusive management;
Livestock: Veterinary support, planning for emergency support, emergency fodder
solutions, community awareness raising and capacity building

38. Tharparkar Drought Response 2015
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
EmergencyFood
WaterTankering
Healthoutreach
WaterSecurity/ROPlants
NutritionCMAM
Ecological Interventions(water)
Livestocksanctuaries
Waterinfrastructure
Healthinfrastructure
MitigationActions
InfrastructureProjects
EmergencyResponse